Chrysanthemum )Tzvel。

Alias: Shouke, Jinying, Huanghua, Qiuju, Taoju, Ni Jing, Chrysanthemum, Yannian, Hermit Flower Classification: Perennial Herbaceous Flower Family: Angiosperms, Dicotyledonous Plants, Platycodon grandiflorum, Compositae, Flowering Period: Spring and Autumn.

The plant height of chrysanthemum is 20 ~ 20~200cm, usually 30 ~ 90 cm. The stems are light green or brown, mostly erect branches except cliff chrysanthemum, and the base is semi-lignified. Simple leaves alternate, oval to oblong, with serrated edges. The head is terminal or axillary, and one or several flowers are clustered. The ligulate flower is female, and the tubular flower is bisexual. Tongue-shaped flowers are divided into four categories: bottom, spoon tube and abnormity. They are rich in colors, including red, yellow, white, ink, purple, green, orange, pink, brown, snow blue and light green. Tubular flowers have developed into "laurel petals" with various colors, such as red, yellow, white, purple, green, pink, multicolor and intermediate colors. flower ...

Chrysanthemum planting information

Chrysanthemum common sense

Chrysanthemum introduction

The plant height of chrysanthemum is 20 ~ 20~200cm, usually 30 ~ 90 cm. The stems are light green or brown, mostly erect branches except cliff chrysanthemum, and the base is semi-lignified. Simple leaves alternate, oval to oblong, with serrated edges. The head is terminal or axillary, and one or several flowers are clustered. The ligulate flower is female, and the tubular flower is bisexual. Tongue-shaped flowers are divided into four categories: bottom, spoon tube and abnormity. They are rich in colors, including red, yellow, white, ink, purple, green, orange, pink, brown, snow blue and light green. Tubular flowers have developed into "laurel petals" with various colors, such as red, yellow, white, purple, green, pink, multicolor and intermediate colors. Inflorescences vary in size and shape, with single and double petals; There are flat and spherical; There are long flocs, short flocs, flat flocs and rolled flocs; There are hollow and solid ones; There are straight, drooping, diverse styles and complex varieties.

Chrysanthemum is a perennial herb with erect stems, branched or unbranched, and pilose. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 5 ~ 15 cm long, pinnately lobed or cleft, petiole short, leaves white pubescent. The head is 2.5 ~ 20 cm in diameter and varies in size. The involucral bracts are multi-layered, and the outer layer is pilose. Tongue-shaped flowers come in various colors. Tubular flowers are yellow.

To be sure, the origin of chrysanthemum is varied, which is pluralistic rather than unit origin. Chrysanthemum is a cross-pollinated plant. In the long-term practice, people use interspecific hybridization or even interspecific hybridization to obtain new characters of chrysanthemum, and obtain the separation of new characters through sexual processes such as backcross and hybridization. In this way, after gene recombination and character separation, there are more and more new characters. In this process, conscious artificial hybridization and random natural selection can occur simultaneously or alternately. However, the manual selection process of eliminating the inferior and selecting the superior will always play a leading role. Chrysanthemum chromosomes are extremely limited. The only recorded chrysanthemum is hexaploid, 2n=54. Another possible way to produce new varieties of chrysanthemum is somatic mutation (bud mutation), and new varieties can be obtained by fixed bud mutation.

Origin: China.

Symbolic significance: purity, nobility, nostalgia, success and longevity.

Toxicity: non-toxic

Special uses: ornamental value, gardening plants.

Flowering: Autumn Chrysanthemum from September to 10 and Xia Ju from April to June.

Medicinal value: clearing away heat and toxic materials.

Edible value: buy wine, cook porridge and make tea.

Plant height: 60 ~ 120cm.

Soil: rich in humus, loose and fertile, well drained.

Temperature: 18 ~ 2 1℃

Moisture: drought-tolerant, the most taboo waterlogging.

Sunshine: I like cool and cold.

Life form: perennial herbs

Ecological habits: terrestrial plants

Environmental distribution: hilly areas

Distribution: China, Japan.

Morphological characteristics of chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum is a perennial herb with a height of 60- 150 cm. Stems erect, branched or unbranched, pilose. Leaves alternate, short-stalked, ovate to lanceolate, 5- 15 cm long, pinnately lobed or cleft, cuneate at the base, white pubescent at the lower part, coarsely serrated or deeply lobed at the edge, and cuneate at the base and stalk. The flower heads are solitary or clustered at the top of stems and branches, with a diameter of 2.5-20 cm and different sizes, and one or several are clustered at the top of stems and branches; Because of different varieties, there are great differences. The involucral bracts are multi-layered, the outer layer is green, strip-shaped, the edge is membranous, and the outer side is pilose; Tongue flowers are white, red, purple or yellow. Colors are red, yellow, white, orange, purple, pink, crimson and so on. There are many varieties cultivated, which are varied in size and variety. Shapes range from single petals to flat petals and spoon petals, among which tubular flowers are often specialized into various tongue-shaped flowers. Flowering: September-165438+1October. Stamens, pistils and fruits are mostly underdeveloped.

The young stems of chrysanthemum are light green or brownish, gray or fluffy. Most stems die after flowering. In the second spring, the underground stems grew evil buds. Chrysanthemum leaves are solitary and alternate, with petiole length of 1-2 cm, stipules or degeneration on both sides of the stalk, oval to oblong leaves, notched and serrated edges.

The shape of leaves varies with varieties and can be divided into eight categories: regular leaves, deep regular leaves, long leaves, deep long leaves, round leaves, sunflower leaves, awning leaves and boat leaves. Chrysanthemum (flower head), born at the top of the branch, is about 2-30 cm in diameter, and the flower bud is composed of green flowers outside the inflorescence.

There are two kinds of flowers on the inflorescence: one is a single flower, commonly known as "flower heart", the corolla is connected into a single shape, which is bisexual, with a pistil in the center, a 2-split stigma, and an ovary at the lower position of 1, which surrounds the five main medicinal stamens; The other is tongue-shaped flower, which is born on the edge of inflorescence and commonly known as "petal". The stamens in the flower degenerate, with 1 pistil. Tongue-shaped flowers are colorful, and their shapes can be divided into five categories: flat, spoon-shaped, tubular, laurel-shaped and irregular. Achene (commonly known as "seed") is1-3mm long and 0.9-1.2mm wide. Its upper end is slightly pointed, flat, wedge-shaped, with longitudinal ridges and brown surface. An endosperm-free seed is produced in the fruit, which matures in the following year 1-2, and the 1000-grain weight is about 1.

Chrysanthemum varieties have great diversity, so taxonomists discuss the primitive ancestors of chrysanthemum. Or think that wild chrysanthemum is the original ancestor of chrysanthemum, or think that chamomile is the original ancestor, or think that its original ancestor is small red chrysanthemum, or list a series of possible original ancestors. Some scientists in China have also carried out interspecific hybridization experiments, and made some speculations and experiments in exploring the real source of chrysanthemum. No matter speculation or experiment, we try to put the origin of chrysanthemum on one or two species of this genus, and try to point out which of these vast varieties is the most primitive, that is, to find out the most primitive chrysanthemum variety.

Chrysanthemum flower heads are terminal or axillary, and one or several flowers are clustered. The ligulate flower is female, and the tubular flower is bisexual. Tongue-shaped flowers are divided into four categories: bottom shape, spoon shape, tube shape and abnormity, with rich colors, including red, yellow, white, ink, purple, green, orange, pink, brown, snow blue and light green. Tubular flowers have developed into "laurel petals" with various colors, such as red, yellow, white, purple, green, pink, multicolor and intermediate colors.

Inflorescences vary in size and shape, with single and double petals; There are flat and spherical; There are long flocs, short flocs, flat flocs and rolled flocs; There are hollow and solid ones; There are straight, drooping, diverse styles and complex varieties.

Achene (commonly known as "seed") is1~ 3mm long and 0.9 ~1.2mm wide. Its upper end is slightly pointed, flat, wedge-shaped, with longitudinal ridges and brown surface. Seeds without endosperm are produced in fruits. The fruit is ripe in the following year, and the 1000-grain weight is about 1. Autumn chrysanthemum is from September to 10, and summer chrysanthemum is from April to June.

Ecological habits of chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum has strong adaptability, likes cold and is cold-resistant. The suitable growth temperature is 18 ~ 2 1℃, the highest is 32℃ and the lowest is 10℃. The low temperature tolerance limit of underground rhizomes is generally-10℃. The lowest night temperature at flowering stage is 17℃, and it can be reduced to 15 ~ 13℃ at flowering stage (middle and late stage). I like plenty of sunshine, but I also tolerate shade a little. More resistant to dry, the most taboo waterlogging. I like sandy loam with high and dry terrain, deep soil layer, rich humus, looseness, fertility and good drainage. It can grow in slightly acidic to neutral soil, and the pH value is 6.2 ~ 6.7. Avoid continuous cropping.

Autumn chrysanthemum is a short-lived plant with a long night, and its stems and leaves grow nutritionally under the long sunshine of 14.5 hours every day. Darkness above 12 hours per day and night temperature of 10℃ are suitable for flower bud development. But different varieties have different reactions to sunlight.

Chrysanthemum has strong adaptability, likes cold and is relatively cold-resistant. The suitable growth temperature is 18~2 1 degree, the highest growth temperature is 32 degrees, and the lowest is1degree. The low temperature tolerance limit of underground rhizomes is generally negative 10 degrees. Loose and fertile sandy loam with good drainage can grow from slightly acidic to neutral, so continuous cropping is prohibited. Chrysanthemum is a short-day flower, which has certain resistance to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and chlorine.

Chrysanthemum is a short-day plant, which can blossom early under short-day conditions. Love sunshine, avoid shade, endure early and be afraid of waterlogging. I like the warm and humid climate, but I can also resist the cold. Roots can overwinter underground in severe winter. Flowers can withstand slight frost, but higher temperature is needed for seedling growth and bud formation. The optimum growth temperature is about 20℃.

Chrysanthemum has strong adaptability, likes cold and is cold-resistant. The optimum growth temperature is 18-2 1℃, the highest is 32℃, and the lowest is 10℃. The low temperature tolerance limit of underground rhizomes is generally-10℃. The lowest night temperature at flowering stage is 17℃, and it can be reduced to 15- 13℃ at flowering stage (middle and late stage). I like plenty of sunshine, but I also tolerate shade a little. More resistant to dry, the most taboo waterlogging. I like sandy loam, which is located in Gao Qian, with deep soil layer, rich humus, loose fertility and good drainage. It can grow in slightly acidic to neutral soil, and the pH value is 6.2-6.7. Avoid continuous cropping. Autumn chrysanthemum is a long-night plant, and its stems and leaves grow nutritionally under the long sunshine of 14.5 hours every day. Darkness of 12 hours per day and night temperature of 100 degrees Celsius are suitable for flower bud development. But different varieties have different reactions to sunlight.

Cultivation techniques of chrysanthemum

Cultivation mode

Chrysanthemums can be divided into potted chrysanthemums, ground-covered chrysanthemums, cut chrysanthemums and special-shaped chrysanthemums (artistic chrysanthemums) according to their cultivation methods.

Single chrysanthemum (variety chrysanthemum, specimen chrysanthemum): cultivated with big chrysanthemum, one plant in each pot, one flower in each pot, one plant stands out. It can fully reflect the characteristics of varieties, and can be used for variety identification besides ornamental purposes, so it is also called variety chrysanthemum or specimen chrysanthemum.

Multi-chrysanthemum (multi-chrysanthemum, multi-variety chrysanthemum): cultivated with large flowers, one plant in each pot, with dozens of flowers. Used in gardens, venues, etc.

Desk chrysanthemum: plant chrysanthemums in small pots, one for each pot and one for each plant. The branches stand upright, the leaves are beautiful, and the skirt covers the pot. Small flowers are big and not high enough. It is suitable for several desks and can be arranged in the hall, bedroom and study.

Potted Chrysanthemum: Chrysanthemum seedlings are planted in Wajian. After budding, take out the tile tube and move it into the basin for viewing.

Potted Chrysanthemum: First plant chrysanthemum seedlings in the ground, and when the chrysanthemum seedlings grow to a certain size, put them into a pottery pot for cultivation from the hole of the pot, and cut off the root of the pot bottom for viewing after the color is developed.

Ground Cover Chrysanthemum: Ground Cover Chrysanthemum is a unique species group in Xiao Ju, which is mainly cultivated as open-air ground cover plants. Ground-cover chrysanthemum has the characteristics of macro-beauty, which can be used for garden green space cultivation, cluster planting, belt planting, sticking planting, flower bed value and potted flower arrangement.

Cut chrysanthemum: Cut chrysanthemum is a cutting cultivation method of cutting flowers with stems and leaves from cultivated chrysanthemum plants for supply. The ground planting production can be divided into big flower, medium flower and many flower branches according to varieties. According to the cultivation method, it can be divided into single part and multiple parts.

Modeling chrysanthemum: Modeling chrysanthemum is to cultivate chrysanthemum plants into specific types for viewing through artistic treatment of different chrysanthemum varieties.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum): On a single chrysanthemum, more than 1000 flowers of the same size and arranged neatly are produced. After hanging and shaping, it is round or hemispherical. The wreaths can reach 3-4 meters in diameter, and some are tied into patterns. Chrysanthemum is mainly used in festivals and chrysanthemum exhibitions, which is spectacular and enhances the atmosphere.

Cliff chrysanthemum: produced in small chrysanthemum, with many branches, dense flowers, wide back and narrow front, symmetrical head and tail, long and drooping. The small one is about 1 meter long, and the big one can reach 4-5 meters. As an environmental decoration, this kind of chrysanthemum is placed beside rockeries and rocks in halls or gardens, which is full of wild interest.

Chrysanthemum: A chrysanthemum plant with upright trunk, distinct layers and symmetrical colors, such as a pagoda, which is cultivated artificially. This kind of chrysanthemum can be composed of several or more layers, with a height of 3-4 meters. It stands out among the flowers in the garden and is very spectacular.

Modeling Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum): Bundle potted plants or potted plants in Xiao Ju with small bags, and put them on flower stands in the form of pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, bamboo or various animals made of exotic elements to add garden landscape.

Chrysanthemum in bonsai: Xiao Ju is the main material, and it is pruned and shaped into various ancient trees by bonsai techniques. Cliff posture or artistic bonsai with a certain theme. Chrysanthemum bonsai includes the types of chrysanthemum heap: native, grafted and epiphytic; Ju Jing type: jungle type, ammonite type and flood-drought type. In addition, there are classifications of flower-hugging forms. That is, according to the posture change of chrysanthemum tongue-shaped corolla arrangement, there are internal hug, chasing hug, folding hug, natural hug, exposed hug and disorderly hug. Some are classified into high, medium and short according to the height of chrysanthemum plants; There are also strong, medium and weak according to the growth of chrysanthemum plants. Although there are many classification methods, the commonly used classification methods are petal classification and pattern classification.

Potted cultivation management (potted chrysanthemums can be roughly summarized into three ways. )

One-step rooting culture method

This method is often used in the Yangtze River, Pearl River Basin and Southwest China. That is, cutting in May. Pot plants in June, stop pinching in early August, strengthen fertilizer and water management to promote their growth in September,10-1flowering. There are five ways to pot chrysanthemum in different places: putting it in pots after cutting has the advantages of less root damage, positive color and long flowering period, but it is more labor-consuming; Plant the pot in a crock, cultivate the cuttings in a crock surrounded by three tiles, and dig out the pot when the flower buds are colored. This method is more labor-saving than the former, but it is easy to damage the roots when digging seedlings, and the quality of flowering period and flowers is not as good as the former; In-situ planting and pot-covering method, the cutting seedlings are planted on high ridges, placed in large-hole pots at the beginning of July, so that the seedlings extend out of the pot holes, soil is added in stages, and underground roots are cut off when developing colors; Pot grafting method: sow Artemisia annua seedlings in March, graft chrysanthemum on Artemisia annua seedlings in May, and then manage according to pot cutting method. In this way, the plants are strong, the flowers are big and the flowers bloom early, but it takes a lot of labor. Through ground planting and pot grafting, the cultivated Artemisia annua seedlings were planted in the border in March, grafted in May, and moved into the pot when the buds were colored. Its advantages are convenient management, strong plantability and large flowers. The disadvantage is that the root injury is heavier.

Two-stage root culture method

This method is widely used in Northeast China, and also applied in Jiangxi and Hunan. Cutting in May-June, after the seedlings survive, putting them into pots and adding soil to the depth of 1/3- 1/2. Stop pinching from late July to early August. After the lateral branches grow along the edge of the basin, adjust the height of the plant by the method of disk branches, fix the branches to make them evenly distributed and cover the upper part, and soon the roots will grow on the branches pressed by disk. When the branches grow to a certain height, they can be adjusted again and then fertile soil can be added. By this method, the chrysanthemum has neat and beautiful appearance, short plants, plump leaves, stout branches, large flowers and long flowering period. Because it takes root on the branches, it is called secondary root cultivation.

Three-stage root system culture method

Common cultivation methods in north China. It takes 1 1 year from winter stalk insertion to flowering in the next year. Beijing Yiju experts summarized the following four stages, namely, overwintering, primary election in late autumn and winter, cutting seedling and strong foot bud; Spring planting: In mid-April, divide the seedlings into pots, put ordinary rotten leaves on the pots, and do not apply chemical fertilizer, summer sowing. In mid-July, when the full buds grow to about 10cm, the seedlings with sound development and full buds are selected to be planted in pots and raised in autumn. In mid-July, the selected strong seedlings were moved into a pot with a diameter of 20-24 cm, and the pot soil was ordinary culture soil. Pour the chrysanthemum seedlings out of the small pot with a mound, plant them with the new buds as the center, cut off the redundant tillers, add soil to the depth of the original seedlings, and compact them. After changing pots, new plants and mother plants grow at the same time. After the new plants thrive, the old plants are cut down along with the soil. After cutting off the female parent, loosen it, fill it into common culture, and add 20%-30% decomposed compost. By this time, the pot was already 80% full of fertile soil. 1 week later, the new roots of the third section came out, and the new and old sections formed strong roots. During the whole cultivation process, change pots 1 time, fill soil twice, and plant take root three times.

Growth management

Potted chrysanthemums should be short and strong, with large flowers and bright colors, and their feet should not fall off. If the plant is too high, it will affect the ornamental effect.

To dwarf chrysanthemums, the following measures can be taken:

1. Newly turn the soil, water it, give enough fertilizer, and spray a new high-fat film 600-800 times on the soil surface, which can protect the ground from fertilizer, water and water evaporation, prevent sun and drought, keep warm and prevent freezing, prevent soil hardening and suffocation, and isolate the source of pests and diseases.

2. Shallow cutting and shallow planting: Shallow cutting can not only avoid the influence of high temperature drying, but also improve the survival rate of cutting and reduce the height of chrysanthemum. After cutting 1 month, the first transplanting can be carried out. Planting should be shallow when transplanting to prevent excessive water and nutrients from causing plants to grow white. Spraying new high-fat film after transplanting seedlings can effectively prevent water evaporation and seedling transpiration, isolate pests and diseases, shorten the slow seedling stage, quickly adapt to the new environment and grow healthily.

3. Water and fertilizer control: To cultivate chrysanthemums with short plants and large flowers, water and fertilizer management must be carried out according to the principle of "control first and then promote", that is, water and fertilizer should be intercepted during the vegetative growth period to prevent virtual growth and achieve the purpose of dwarfing plants.

4. In the later period of vegetative growth and the flowering period of pregnant buds, watering, fertilizing, weeding and spraying Hua Zhuang Di Ling should be increased, which can promote full and strong buds, full petals, fragrant flowers and prolonged flowering period.

Chrysanthemum breeding model

Chrysanthemum is propagated by cutting, rameting, grafting and tissue culture.

1. Cutting can be divided into shoot cutting, shoot cutting and leaf bud cutting. Cutting buds, cutting plant foot buds in autumn and winter for cutting.

The criterion for selecting buds is to stay away from plants and have full buds. Remove the lower leaves, plant them in flowerpots or bed inserts in greenhouses or greenhouses according to the plant spacing of 3-4 cm and the row spacing of 4-5 cm, keep the room temperature at 7-8℃, and plant them outdoors after spring warming. Softwood cutting, which is the most widely used method, is usually carried out in April-May, with cuttings of 8- 10 cm as cuttings, which take root at the temperature of 18-2 1℃ for about 3 weeks, and then colonize for about 4 weeks. Insert the bed in the open field, the medium element is sand, and the bed should be shaded. All-optical spray bed is inserted without shadow. Leaf bud cutting, cutting a leaf with axillary buds from branches, is only used to propagate rare varieties.

2. Lamian Noodles

Generally, around Tomb-Sweeping Day, chrysanthemum plants were dug up, separated according to the natural form of roots and planted in other pots.

3. Transplantation method

In order to make chrysanthemum grow strong and make it into "ten auspicious brocade" or big chrysanthemum, Artemisia annua or Artemisia annua can be used as rootstock for grafting. Artemisia seeds are sown in a greenhouse in late autumn, or raised in a hotbed in March. When the seedlings are 3-4 cm high in late April, they are moved to pots or planted in fields, and grafted in sunny days in May-June.

4. Tissue culture

Using tissue culture technology to propagate chrysanthemum has the advantages of fast propagation, many seedlings, no virus and maintaining variety characteristics. The basic culture medium is MS, with appropriate amount of plant hormones, pH5.8. Shoot tips, tender stems or flower buds of chrysanthemum are used as explants, which are cut into small pieces of 0.5 cm for inoculation. The temperature of the culture room is 25℃ 65438 0℃. 8 hours a day, the light intensity is 3000-4000 lux. After 1-2 months of culture, seedlings can be induced.

Control of chrysanthemum diseases

Common diseases of chrysanthemum include brown spot, black spot, powdery mildew and root rot. The pathogens of the above diseases are fungi, which are caused by high soil humidity and poor drainage and ventilation.

Therefore, it is advisable to choose a place with good ecological conditions for cultivation, pay attention to drainage, remove diseased plants and leaves, and burn residual roots.

Potted soil should be disinfected with 1: 8 formalin solution, and bordeaux solution, 80% wettable zineb solution or 50% wettable thiophanate solution should be sprayed during the growth period.

Pests include aphids, red spiders, inchworm, crested tiger, grubs, liriomyza sativae larvae and so on, which can be controlled by artificial killing and spraying.