First, choose a garden
Pollution-free sweet cherries should be produced in agricultural production areas with good ecological conditions and far away from pollution sources (paper mills, cement plants, printing and dyeing plants, etc.). ) and sustainable production capacity. It must meet the environmental requirements of GB/T 18407.2-200 1 on the quality and safety of agricultural products and the origin of pollution-free fruits.
Second, the garden planning
Scientifically and reasonably determine the row spacing of plants and match pollination trees.
Third, variety and rootstock selection
The varieties should be big fruit type, high quality and high yield varieties popularized in recent one or two years: Hongguang, Xianfeng, Rennie, Rabin, Meizao, Binku, Friendship and so on. Rootstock is suitable for Isatis indigotica and sour cherry.
Fourth, planting
According to 5. 1-5.6 of NY/T44 1-200 1. The organic fertilizer used in planting ditches and holes should be agricultural fertilizer and commercial fertilizer specified in 3.4-3.5 of NY/T394-2000, and the ratio of main planting varieties to pollination trees should be no less than 4: 1.
V. Management of soil, fertilizer and water
soil management
1, deep ploughing for soil improvement
Divided into ditching and whole garden turning. Mountain orchards should be ditched before planting, with a width of 100㎝ and a depth of about 60㎝, and can be backfilled after ditching. When backfilling, organic fertilizer is mixed, topsoil is put on the bottom layer, and subsoil is put on the top layer, and then sufficient irrigation is carried out to make the soil sink. The turnover of the whole garden is generally carried out in autumn with the application of base fertilizer, and the appropriate depth is about 20㎝.
2. Intercropping
After rain or irrigation in the orchard growing period, intertillage and loosen the soil in time to keep the soil loose and free from weeds. The depth of intertillage is 5 ㎝- 10 ㎝, which is beneficial to temperature regulation and moisture conservation.
3. Cover and bury the grass
After fertilization and irrigation in spring, cover the grass. The covering material can be wheat straw, wheat bran, corn straw, hay, etc. Cover the crown thickness 10- 15 ㎝, press a small amount of soil on it, and turn it over 1 time after covering for 3-4 years. It can also be combined with deep digging and burying grass to improve soil fertility and water storage capacity.
4. Planting green manure and green grass between rows
Planting clover and alfalfa in rows to increase soil organic matter.
(2) Fertilization
1, fertilization principle
Organic fertilizer is the main part, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, to maintain or increase soil fertility and soil microbial activity. The applied fertilizer should not adversely affect the orchard environment and fruit quality.
2. Types of fertilizers allowed to be used
① Farmhouse fertilizer
Farm manure according to 3.4 in NY/T394-2000. Include compost, compost, manure, biogas manure, green manure, crop straw manure, mud manure, cake manure, etc.
② Commercial fertilizer
Various fertilizers according to 3.5 in NY/T394-2000. Including commercial organic fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, inorganic (mineral) fertilizer, foliar fertilizer, organic and inorganic fertilizer, etc.
③ Other fertilizers
Fertilizer made of organic materials such as grain, fish residue, cow hair waste, bone meal, amino acid residue, bone glue waste, livestock and poultry processing waste, sugar factory waste and so on, which is registered and allowed to be used by the agricultural department.
3, prohibit the use of chemical fertilizers
(1) Urban garbage without harmless treatment or garbage containing metals, rubber and harmful substances.
② Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and undecomposed human excrement.
③ Fertilizer products that are not allowed to be registered.
4. Fertilization method and quantity
① base fertilizer
Mainly farmyard manure mixed with a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Fertilization amount is calculated according to fresh fruit 1kg and high-quality farmyard manure 1.5kg-2.0kg. Generally, 2,000-3,000 kg of organic fertilizer should be applied to every 666.7m2 orchard during the full fruit period. The application mode is mainly furrow application or spreading application, and the fertilization position is within the crown projection range. Trenching is to dig a radial trench or annular trench around the tree crown with a depth of 20 ㎝-30 ㎝; Spreading is to spread fertilizer evenly under the crown and turn it over 20㎝.
② Topdressing
Topdressing soil Three times a year, before and after the first germination, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; The second time, in the stage of flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were mainly used, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were mixed; The third time was in the late stage of fruit growth, mainly potassium fertilizer. Fertilization amount is determined by local soil conditions and fertilization characteristics. Results Generally, pure nitrogen 1.0 kg, pure phosphorus (P2O5)0.5 kg and pure potassium (K2O) 1.0 kg should be applied topdressing per 100kg of sweet cherry. Fertilization method is to ditch under the crown with the depth of 15 ㎝-20 ㎝, and irrigate in time after topdressing. The last topdressing was carried out 30 days before fruit harvesting.
Spraying fertilizer on leaves. 4-5 times a year, usually twice in the early growth stage, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; 2-3 times in the later stage, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, which can supplement the trace elements needed for the growth and development of fruit trees. Concentrations of common fertilizers: urea 0.3%-0.5%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2%-0.3%, borax 0. 1%-0.3%. The last foliar spraying was carried out 20 days before fruit harvest.
(3) Water management
The water quality of irrigation water shall meet the requirements of GB/T 18407.2-200 1 Standard 3.2. Six, plastic pruning
According to 7. 1-7.2 of NY/T44 1-200 1. Mainly use the improved spindle shape or spindle shape pruning, and improve the plastic pruning technology. When pruning in winter, cut off branches of diseases and pests and remove diseased hard fruits. Strengthen the pruning of sweet cherry in the growing period, pull the branches and open the corners, and cut off the upright and strong branches, dense branches and budding branches at the cutting mouth in time to increase the ventilation of the crown.
Seven, flower and fruit management
Focus on pollination during flowering, thinning flowers and fruits, preventing late frost and freezing injury, and watering scientifically. Fly bees or wall bees in flowering period, and use feather duster to assist artificial pollination. Flower thinning can be combined with winter cutting and flowering re-cutting, and fruit thinning is generally carried out after physiological fruit drop.
Eight, pest control
1, control principle
Based on agricultural and physical control, with biological control as the core, according to the occurrence law and economic threshold of pests and diseases, scientific use of chemical control technology can effectively control pests and diseases.
2. Agricultural control
Measures were taken to cut off branches of pests and diseases, remove dead leaves, scrape off cracked bark of trunk, turn over the tree tray, cover the ground with straw, and apply fertilizer scientifically, so as to curb the occurrence of pests and diseases.
3, physical prevention and control
According to the biological characteristics of pests, methods such as manual brush killing, straw rope wrapped around tree trunks and black light lamp are used to trap and kill pests.
4. Chemical control
According to the biological characteristics and hazard characteristics of the prevention and control objects, biological pesticides, mineral pesticides and low-toxic organic synthetic pesticides are allowed, toxic pesticides are limited, and highly toxic, highly toxic and highly residual pesticides are prohibited.