Time division of Japanese history
Japan is an island country, located in the east of Asia and the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. Its territory consists of Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Hokkaido and more than 7,200 small islands, covering an area of 378,000 square kilometers.
The confirmed human history on the Japanese archipelago can be traced back to about 30,000 years ago, even 65,438+10,000 years ago. The whole history of Japan can be divided into 16 eras from Paleolithic Age to Heisei Age (now).
1, Paleolithic age
Japanese people developed greatly at the end of the Paleolithic Age, and developed slowly for most of the Paleolithic Age (about100000 years ago). Archaeological studies have found that primitive humans from northern China entered the Korean peninsula hundreds of thousands of years ago, and a few of them began to migrate to Japan again (about 10 million years ago).
The earliest human fossil in Japan was 10 million years ago. Archaeology and anthropology hold that the Japanese nation is mainly composed of nomadic people in Northeast Asia, Altai Mongolians, Manchu, Tungusic and Turkic people, ancient Zhongyuan people, Wuyue people in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, a small number of Malays and a small number of Indian zhina people, and gradually migrated to Japan and evolved.
Since the late Warring States period, a large number of Yan, Qi, Chu and Yue people fled to the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Later, in the Qing Dynasty, the northern part of China was ravaged by war, and China people immigrated to the Korean Peninsula one after another, and then from here to Japan or directly to the Japanese archipelago.
2. Rope Age
About 65438+2000 years ago, due to the end of the last ice age, it began to heat up sharply, which made great changes in people's culture and life, and the whole island entered the next rope age. At this time, Ryukyu was far more developed than Japan, because Ryukyu became a vassal state of China earlier, accepted advanced China culture earlier than Japan, and began to record historical facts in Chinese characters.
About 65438+2000 years ago, the era of rope writing was divided into six periods: the initial stage, the early stage, the early stage, the middle stage, the late stage and the coffin stage. At this time, people made ropes to write pottery and settled in the early days. Most of them live in semi-crypt houses (vertical caves), use bows and arrows to hunt, fish in shellfish tombs, collect plants, etc., and use the system made. It is also cultivated, and rice is planted in the later period to the next year.
In Japanese mythology, Emperor Jimmu is the descendant of the sun god Zhao Tian, who founded Japan in 660 BC and ascended the throne.
3. Yayoi era
With the migration of immigrants, the culture of pottery, iron, copper and paddy field appeared in Japan in the early yayoi period, which made Japan gradually become an agricultural society. In the middle of Yayoi, the slave king of Kyushu paid tribute to the Han Dynasty and was given a golden seal.
By the second half of the 2nd century, civil wars were frequent in small countries, and it was not until the middle of the 3rd century that they became big. Yamato? After a long period of expansion, it gradually conquered most parts of central Japan, and its leader was originally called? Your majesty. Later renamed the emperor.
4. Ancient tomb raiding times
The distribution of ancient tombs is basically all over the southern part of Honshu Island, mainly in the Yamato Basin in Nara and Osaka, but not found in Hokkaido. Graves in this period are huge cave mounds with trenches around them. Front and rear circles? The form of tomb system is the most representative. The tomb is surrounded by hollow clay statues. These tubular earth dolls may be used for martyrdom, so they are called? Wheels? .
It costs a lot of money to build these tombs, and only a few ruling classes can afford it. By 20 13, 7 1 ancient tombs were discovered, of which keyhole-shaped tombs were the most common, Osaka Dashan Tomb, also known as? Rende Mausoleum? It is reported that it is the largest ancient tomb in the world. There are often many bronze mirrors, jewels and other objects in ancient tombs. In the later period, there were weapons and armor in the tomb.
Ancient tombs can be divided into early, middle and late periods. Since the 8th century, cremation has become popular, and ancient tombs have gradually declined, opening the era of Buddhist architecture. At this time, the earliest Japanese history books "Gu Ji" and Japan's "Ji Shu" were compiled one after another, thus entering the historical era of Japan.
5. Asuka period
Asuka period was named after the bird place in Nara County (now Asuka Village, then the capital of Fujiwara), and Buddhism spread through Baekje during this period.
In 587, at the Battle of Yi Zhe, Suvo Ma Zi defeated the Ministry of Property and gained control of the imperial court.
In 592 AD, a royal woman, Toyotomi Kitaji, who was related to the Su family by marriage, ascended the throne of the ancient emperor. She nominated Shoto Kutaishi (the prince of the stable gate) as the Regent and carried out political reforms centered on strengthening imperial power. Shoto Kutaishi formulated 12 decrees and 17 constitutions, and sent envoys and overseas students to study in the Sui Dynasty.
Su I entered Luyi and killed his son, the prince of northern Shaanxi. In 645, the eldest brother Prince (Emperor Tianzhi) and Nakatomino Kamatari (Fujiwara Sickle Foot) conspired to assassinate Su I and entered Luyi, ending Su I's dictatorship. In the same year, Emperor Kotoku acceded to the throne, issued a new imperial edict to reform Dahua, and promoted Dahua's innovation.
In 672, Emperor Tianzhi died, and his son, the Prince of Judah, succeeded to the throne of Emperor Hirofumi. Prince Hairen, the younger brother of Emperor Tianzhidi, competed with him for a position, and a war broke out, known as Ren Shenzhi's rebellion.
In 7 10, the Yuan and Ming emperors moved their capital to Pingchengjing, and the Asuka period ended.
6. Nara era
Nara era is an era with Nara (Heichengjing) as its capital. From 7 10 (the third year of copper mining) to 784 (the third year of extension), it was the heyday of the legal society, which was manifested in the political and economic system, class relations, culture and foreign relations.
During the reign of Ren Guang and Emperor Kanmu, the imperial court tried to rectify the chaotic political situation, reduce financial expenditure, reform the military system, expand its territory to the northeast, seek plastic surgery and re-strengthen the legal system.
7. In peacetime
The Heian period is a historical era with Heian Jing (Kyoto) as its capital. It began in 794 (13th year of Yan Li) when Emperor Kanmu moved its capital to Heian Jing, and finally the Kamakura shogunate was established in 1 185 (the first year of Wenzhi), which lasted for 400 years.
The manor system allows people who cultivate farmland to own farmland permanently. They form interest groups and annex the manor by force, which gradually becomes the source of military power in various places.
8, kamakura shogunate era
After the Yuan Dynasty pacified Ping's family, the Wu regime era with Kamakura as the national political center was established, which began with the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate in 1 185 (the first year) and ended with the demise of 1333 (the second and third years of Zhengqing), with a cycle of 149.
During the reign of North Island, Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan invaded Japan twice, but both failed. Later, tokugawa era declined and could not be maintained. Finally, he dispatched troops to Daigo and was defeated by the general of the crusade and the Ueno family.
9. Southern and Northern Dynasties
After Daigo destroyed the Kamakura shogunate, it carried out the first imperial restoration and implemented the New Deal, which was known as the Jianwu New Deal in history. The Ashikazu family forced Daigo to abdicate, and the new emperor Guangming made him the conqueror of the Northern Dynasties.
After Daigo abdicated Weiqi, he retreated to Yoshino (now Nara Prefecture) of Yamato with three artifacts symbolized by the Emperor, which was used by the Southern Dynasties and finally formed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
10 Muromachi shogunate
Zumu was originally a giant in Ueno, but he was also a member of the Kamakura shogunate from the Tide Dynasty. Zumu Zun opened a shogunate in Muromachi, Kyoto, to serve the Muromachi shogunate.
The unification of the Northern and Southern Dynasties was carried out by the third generation of ashikaga yoshimitsu. After reunification, he tried to usurp the throne, but after his death, the fourth generation of Ashikaga Yoshimochi stopped it. Because Ashikaga wanted to set up a shogunate in Kyoto and a mansion in Kamakura to deal with the Southern Dynasties, it caused chaos in Kanto.
During the reign of the eighth generation of Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Ren Ying Rebellion broke out due to the issue of inheritance rights. Since then, the authority of the shogunate has declined. Some of the defending names that were originally sealed by the shogunate in various places were gradually usurped by Wei Dai (aides), family ministers and Chinese people, and some were able to maintain political power until the Warring States Period, which began with Ren Ying's rebellion and finally ended with the demise of the shogunate. It is called the Warring States Period in history.
1 1, Warring States Period
The Warring States Period refers to the late Muromachi period, An Tian and Taoshan period, also known as the Taoshan period in An Tian (1573 to 1603).
In the first year of Tenzin (1573), Nobunaga exiled the last Ashikaga Yoshiaki, and the Ashikaga shogunate was declared extinct. Later, he gradually became the most powerful military leader in the country and began to actively expand his ruling territory. Until the tenth year of Tenzin (1582), Takeda, a famous family of Jiafei, was eliminated, almost completely controlling Feng Jingen and the East China Sea, and extended its influence to China and Jiaxinyue.
In the same year, Akechi Mitsuhide launched the change of Beneng Temple, and Oda Noshin died (or disappeared). His eldest son, Oda Governor Oda Nobutada committed suicide after losing to Akechi Mitsuhide, and the whole Oda clan immediately fell into chaos.
1584, a battle broke out between Yukio Hatoyama and Tokugawa Ieyasu, a local famous soldier in the East China Sea. After some confrontation, the two sides reconciled and formed an alliance. In the same year, Dabancheng was completed, and Yukio Hatoyama took this as a base area and began to plan for the reunification of the country.
After four large-scale Crusades, 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, given by the Emperor, completed the unification of the whole country, which made Japan enter the first peaceful period in a hundred years, and the actual political center of the whole country was transferred to Toyotomi in Osaka. 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, and the whole country fell into chaos again.
12, edo shogunate era
The period from 1603 (the eighth year of Keio) to 1867 (the third year of Keio) is called the edo period. The edo shogunate was established in edo. As soon as politics is stable, the economy will develop with it. In the era of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the economy was prosperous, and Luyuan culture prevailed among businessmen and citizens.
In the middle of Edo, the shogunate's finance was in trouble, and Tokugawa Jizong implemented the security reform to temporarily restore the finance, but it deteriorated again.
At the end of the shogunate, it was forcibly founded by European and American countries through Matthew? Perry came to sail and signed unequal treaties such as the Japan-US Kanagawa Treaty, which led to the split of the locked country. With the prosperity of the founding of the People's Republic of China and the thought of respecting the king and resisting foreign countries, the authority of the shogunate plummeted due to the assassination of the shogunate and the Saiying War, and finally Tokugawa Yoshinobu returned the political power and territory to the imperial court.
13, Meiji era
Meiji period (1868-19 12) is called Meiji period. After the ancient imperial edict and Chen Wu War, the Meiji Imperial Government of Japan was established.
The old princes lived a hard life under the New Deal, which turned into the Southwest War. Later, the order was gradually restored, and the new government actively introduced various systems in Europe and the United States and abolished the establishment of counties. These reforms were called the Meiji Restoration.
On the one hand, the new government established the state system, such as the establishment of the imperial parliament and the Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire; On the one hand, it has rapidly developed into a modern country under the impetus of the national policy of cultivating industry and strengthening military strength (making Qiang Bing a rich country).
In addition, in 1879, Ryukyu, the tributary state of the Qing Dynasty, was changed to Okinawa Prefecture. Japan won the Sino-Japanese War in 1894 and the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, and occupied Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands (including Diaoyu Island) through unequal treaties such as the treaty of shimonoseki, and seized the southeast of the country, 65,438+.
Culturally, Japan introduced new knowledge and art from Europe and America, and with the individualistic novels that Japan had never seen before, literature began to appear, which was different from that before the Edo era.
Religiously, it has changed the phenomenon of the confluence of gods and Buddhists (separation of gods and Buddhists) in the past, and there has been a movement to suppress Buddhism (abolishing Buddhism and destroying Buddhism) and so on.
14, Taisho era
Taisho period (19 12-1926) is called Taisho period. Emperor Meiji 19 12 died, and Zi Jiaren succeeded to the throne, changing the era of Dazheng.
In the first year of Taisho, the first constitutional protection movement (namely Taisho Democratic Movement, Japanese: Taisho デモクラシー) was triggered by the collapse of the army, and party politics began to appear.
In the early period of Taisho era, there was World War I, which was the peak of Japan's national strength since Meiji Restoration. However, in 192 1 year, Emperor Taishō was regent by Prince Hirohito due to illness, and the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred in 1923. After World War I, Japan was losing ground in international peace conferences, and Japan's life became more and more difficult.
Powerful people constantly struggled with political parties, and the second constitutional movement took place, and universal suffrage was implemented (1925). Saionji Kinmochi, the only elder, also recommended the Prime Minister and advocated? The normal way of constitutionalism? .
15, Showa era
192665438+On February 25th, Emperor Taishi died and Crown Prince Hirohito succeeded to the throne, which was the Showa era.
During the First World War, Japan's economy developed rapidly, and the domestic political situation overthrew the imperial army in order to control the military and political power.
Since then, due to the idea of controlling soldiers from outside to inside to change the country's political system, Japan has launched a large-scale aggression against East Asian countries, including China, and Japan has become the main aggressor in the Far East and the Pacific in World War II.
1On August 5th, 945, Japan accepted the Potsdam Proclamation and surrendered unconditionally to the allied forces.
After the war, political parties sprang up like mushrooms after rain, and the Coalition government collapsed. Ji Tianmao regained his position and formed a cabinet four times in a row, which is unique in Japanese history.
After the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, Japan resumed its national sovereignty. After Sato formed the cabinet, Japan's economy rose further and the United States returned Okinawa. After the war, Japan's economy developed rapidly and became an economic power second only to the United States.
16, Heisei era
Hirohito died in Showa 64 (1989) 1.7, and Zi Mingren succeeded to the throne. He died the next day (1.8) and changed to Heisei, which is called Heisei era (1.989 till now).
1993, due to the failure of the liberal democratic party to achieve political reform, the haneda faction rebelled under the no-confidence case, leading to the general election. Under the recommendation of Haneda School and Masayoshi Takemura, Yukio Hatoyama, the representative (leader) of the Democratic Party, was elected as the 93rd Japanese Prime Minister in the special parliamentary prime minister nomination election in September 16, and formed a cabinet on the same day.
The establishment of the new cabinet marks the official entry of Japanese politics into the ruling era of the Democratic Party. After the war, Japan realized its real meaning for the first time? Regime change? .
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