China problem.
Couplets, also known as antithesis, antithesis, spring stickers, Spring Festival couplets, couplets, Taofu and couplets (named after the pillars hanging in halls and houses in ancient times), are a kind of dual literature, which originated from Taofu. It is a antithetical sentence written on paper, cloth or engraved on bamboo, wood and columns. It is a unique art form of Chinese language, with concise and profound meaning, neat antithesis, coordinated levels, the same number of words and the same structure.

Legend has it that couplets originated from Meng Chang, a master of Shu in the Five Dynasties. It is a traditional cultural treasure of the Han nationality. Spring Festival couplets are called Spring Festival couplets, funeral couplets are called elegiac couplets, and wedding couplets are called violet couplets. Couplets are a national style written by using the characteristics of Chinese characters, and generally do not need to rhyme (only the antitheses in the rhyme need to rhyme). Couplets can be roughly divided into poetry couplets and prose couplets.

Custom of Spring Festival couplets

With the rise of poetry in the Tang Dynasty, prose couplets were excluded. Prose couplets are generally informal, straightforward, and do not avoid repetition. They do not overemphasize the equivalence of parts of speech without losing duality.

Spring Festival couplets have a long history. It is said that they originated from Meng Changjun, the master of Shu after the Five Dynasties. He inscribed on the peach symbol on the door of the dormitory: "New Year's Eve, Qing Yu, the number of festivals, Changchun", which means the word "inscribed peach symbol" (see "Shu Lang"). This is the earliest couplet in China and the first Spring Festival couplet. [2]

As a custom, couplets are an important part of Han traditional culture. In 2005, the custom of couplets was listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage in the State Council, China. The custom of couplets is passed down and spread in Chinese-speaking areas and ethnic groups with cultural origins of Chinese characters, which is of great value for promoting Chinese culture.

Historical exploration

Couplets are antithetical literature. The parallel symmetry of this language is similar to the so-called "Tai Chi gives birth to two instruments" in philosophy. In other words, everything in the world is divided into two halves of yin and yang symmetry, and the essence of thinking is extremely similar. Therefore, we can say that the philosophical origin and deep-seated national cultural psychology of China's couplets are binary concepts of Yin and Yang. The dualism of yin and yang is the basis of China's ancient world outlook. It is the way of thinking of ancient people in China to grasp things with the binary concept of Yin and Yang. This idea of duality of yin and yang has a long history. The divinatory symbols in the Book of Changes are composed of yin and yang, and the Book of Changes says, "One yin and one yang is the Tao." Laozi also said: "Everything is negative and holds Yang, and it is harmonious to rush." ("Lao Zi" Chapter 42. Xunzi thought: "Heaven and earth combine to create everything, and Yin and Yang combine to change." (Xunzi's Book of Rites) Huang Lao's silk book says: "The way of heaven and earth is left and right, yin and yang." This concept of Yin and Yang is not only an abstract concept, but also widely penetrated into the understanding and explanation of everything in nature and human society in ancient China.

The preface to the Book of Changes says, "Where there is heaven and earth, everything is men and women, men and women, couples, fathers and sons, princes and ministers, ups and downs, and manners." In Yi Zhuan, various concrete things are used to symbolize Yin and Yang. Yin represents Kun, earth, female, woman, son, minister, abdomen, lower, north, wind, water, lustre, flowers, black and white, suppleness and so on. Correspondingly, Yang represents dryness, sky, male, husband, father, monarch, head, up, south, thunder, fire, mountain, fruit, red and yellow, vigor and so on. This ubiquitous concept of yin and yang has penetrated into the subconscious of the Han people, thus becoming the collective unconscious of the nation. The concept of yin and yang is manifested in national psychology, and one of the important characteristics is the persistence and infatuation with things in the form of "two" and "pair". The format of couplets is strict and the part of speech is relative. Traditional couplets are connected in form, with the same content, harmonious tone and rigorous antithesis.

Couplets originated in the Qin Dynasty and were called Fu Tao in ancient times. With regard to the earliest couplets in China, Mr. Tan Chan-xue wrote in the fourth issue of Knowledge of Literature and History 199 1 that the earliest couplets in China appeared in the Tang Dynasty. According to the Dunhuang suicide note with volume number Stein 06 10 unearthed from the Tibetan scriptures cave in Mogao grottoes:

Years old: Sanyang began to spread, and the four orders began to open.

Fuqing is new at the beginning, and Shouluyan.

Also: Sanyang returns to the beginning, and the fourth order reaches Kyrgyzstan.

Yan Fu's new day celebrates that life has no boundaries.

Beginning of spring Day: When the copper turbidity begins to celebrate the banquet, the jade method begins to adjust the yang.

In addition to three disasters, Five Blessingg has suffered countless disasters throughout the ages.

Baoji can ward off evil spirits, and Yan Rui can ward off evil spirits.

Beginning of spring □ (Home), Fukiko, Sun Chang.

Also: Sanyang began to spread, and Simeng (Meng) began to open.

Zhao Zhixin, the author of Sound Spectrum, clearly pointed out: "Two sentences are connected, and four sentences are unique (sentences), which began in the Six Dynasties, and the Yuan (original) is not close." Wang Fuzhi said that couplets originated from regular poems, just like "beheading and gouging out feet, harming people's physiology"-Qing history words.

Couplets originated from the symmetry of characters and sounds in China, and appeared before the Zhou Dynasty. With the development of papermaking and calligraphy, couplets have become an independent style.

Couplets are short in form and concise in words, which is not only a vivid artistic expression, but also an excellent cultural heritage. The antithetical couplets were developed on the basis of ancient Fu Tao and antithesis. The earliest couplets in China appeared more than 1000 years ago. According to historical records, on the eve of the Spring Festival in the twenty-seventh year of Zheng Guang (AD 9 * * *), Meng Chang, the master of Houshu, was good at learning couplets on weekdays, so when the new year came, he suddenly made a decree and asked ministers to write antithetical sentences on the "Fu Tao Board" to test his talents. Ministers each wrote a picture and waited patiently for the inspection. Meng Chang looked at them one by one, but he was not satisfied. So he personally put pen to paper and wrote "Qing Yu in the New Year" on the "Fu Tao Board"; The festival number is Changchun. " This is the earliest Spring Festival couplets written by China. The exquisite format of couplets not only has a long history and traditional habits, but also has a unified and fixed format on the basis of widespread use by the masses. From the literary point of view, it is a special style that is more valued and strict in China folk cultural heritage. In terms of format, it is closely related to the fact that there are two doorframes and a lintel in the middle of real life, and accordingly it consists of three parts: the first part, also called sentences; Bottom line: the second sentence, also called antithesis; Banner: Also called horizontal batch or horizontal row. The upper and lower couplets are the main part of couplets, which are both wonderful and indispensable. In addition, in the practical application of couplets, no matter how long the upper and lower couplets are, there are generally no punctuation marks, which is also very particular about the format. But there are exceptions

From the perspective of literary history, antithetical couplets evolved from antithesis in ancient poems. This development process has roughly gone through three stages. [4]

Double stage

The time span is pre-Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In China's ancient poems, some neat antitheses appeared very early. Several ancient ballads that have been handed down to this day have already seen their origins. Such as "digging wells to drink water, ploughing fields to eat", "doing at sunrise and resting at sunset" and so on. In the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, antithetical sentences became more common. There have been some neat sentences in the hexagrams of the Book of Changes, such as: "Those who can see can be lame." ("Lu" hexagram "63"), "Go to heaven first, then go to the ground." (Ming Yi's "Shangliu" hexagram) The neat sentences in Yi Zhuan are more common, such as: "Look up at astronomy and look down at geography." ("Declining Cohesion"), "Correspondence with one voice, seeking with the same spirit, wet water and dry fire, cloud following dragon, wind following tiger ... are all according to their own categories." (Biography in Classical Chinese)

There are many antithetical sentences in The Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period. Liu said in the History of Parallel Prose in China: "The law of opposing ancient and modern times is almost perfect in the Book of Songs." He listed examples of correct name pairs, similar pairs, renju pairs, disyllabic pairs, overlapping pairs and disyllabic pairs. Such as: "Qing Er, leisurely in my heart." ("Zheng Feng Ji Zi") "There are floating elements in the mountains and lotus in the hills." There are many antithetical sentences in the Tao Te Ching. Liu Zeng said: "The arbitration law in Tao Te Ching has undergone great changes, and there have been serial counterparties, uneven counterparties and sub-word counterparties. Some people repeat their words. Anyway, there is something right. " China's parallel prose history is an example: "What you believe is not beautiful, and what you say is not true. Good people don't argue, and debaters are not good. " (Chapter 8 1) "Independence and changelessness, freedom and danger." (Chapter 22) Look at the antitheses in hundred schools of thought's essays. Such as: "full loss, modest benefit." ("Shangshu Wucheng") "Take a fat horse and go into battle lightly." "The Analects of Confucius Yongye") "Honest people are magnanimous, and villains are often sad." (The Analects of Confucius) and so on. Cifu, which arose in the Han Dynasty, is a new style that pays attention to literary talent and rhythm. Duality, a rhetorical device with neat beauty, comparative beauty and beauty, has been widely and consciously used in the creation of Fu. For example, in Sima Xiangru's "Zi Xu Fu", there are: "Drum, sound; The car follows the route and rides on the team. " [4]

Parallel coupling stage

Parallel prose originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and flourished in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. As can be seen from the name, parallel prose is a dual style, which is mostly composed of antitheses. The continuous use of such antithetical sentences is also called parallelism or parallelism. In Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Ming, Liu Xie commented that parallel prose is "a hundred words are right, and the price is strange", taking Wang Tengting Preface written by Wang Bo in the early Tang Dynasty as an example;

When Wei is in September, the sequence belongs to Sanqiu. The water is cold and the pool is clear, and the smoke is purple. Yan Yan likes to walk on the road and watch the scenery to worship Afghanistan. Near the Emperor Changzhou, it is the old fairy temple. Mountains and clouds are heavy; Feige is full of blood, and there is no land under it. Heting ancient bamboo, the haunt of poor islands; Gui Dian Lan Gong is the posture of hills.

Embroidered, Yamahara full of vision, Kawasawa full of vision. Yan Lu, the hometown of Zhong Mingding's delicious food; Ge boat maze, green finch Huanglong axis. Clouds selling rain Ji, colorful. Sunset and lonely Qi Fei, autumn waters and sky are the same color. Fishing boats sing late and resound all over the coast of Peng Li; Yan Zhen was stunned by the cold, and his voice broke Hengyang's pu.

They are all composed of antithetical sentences, among which "the sunset and lonely Qi Fei, autumn water and sky are the same color" is an eternal antithetical sentence. This antithesis is the further development of antithesis in ancient poetry, which has the following three characteristics: First, antithesis is no longer purely a rhetorical device, but has become the main metrical requirement of style. Parallel prose has three characteristics, namely, four or six sentence patterns, antithesis and allusions. Second, the number of dual words has certain rules. Mainly "46" sentence pattern and its variant forms. Mainly include: four-character dual, six-character dual, eight-character dual, cross dual and twelve-character dual. Third, the antithesis is quite skillful, but there are many heavy words (such as "Zhi, Er"), and the tone and rhythm of the antithesis are not fully mature. [4]

Legal coupling stage

Duality, the antithesis in metrical poems. This poetic style, also known as modern poetry, was formally formed in the Tang Dynasty. But its origin began in Wei and Jin Dynasties. During the Cao Wei period, he wrote ten volumes of the Sound and five volumes of the Rhyme, which separated the clear and turbid sound from the palace, the merchants, the horns, the zither and Yu. In addition, Sun Yan also wrote Er Ya Yi Yin, using the method of anti-tangent phonetic notation. He is the founder of arc tangent. Generally, five-character or seven-character metrical poems are all eight sentences, and there are two couplets in the middle, which are called parallel prose and necklaces. They must be opposite, and the sentence pattern, level and meaning are all relative. This is a standard couple. [4]

Take Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain as an example;

The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand.

The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.

Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness.

After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged.

The jaw joint and neck joint of this poem, "leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward." "I came from three thousand miles away. Sad this autumn, with my sorrow for a hundred years, I climbed this high alone "is extremely stable." Far better than the parallel prose dialogues in parallel prose. In addition to five or seven-character poems, Tang poetry also has three rhymes, six rhymes and arranged rhymes, and the couplets in the middle are also antithetical.

Couples also have three characteristics: first, antithesis is the metrical requirement of style; Second, the number of words changed from even sentences to odd sentences, and finally fixed at five or seven words; Third, the antithesis is accurate and stable, and the tone is mature.

Fu's On the Characteristics of China Couplets summarizes the characteristics of couplets into five opposites:

Uniqueness and universality

It is generally believed that couplets are the most unique literary form in China. What is unique about it? Mainly in structure and language. Couplets can be called "dual structure" style. Standard couplets always consist of two opposing parts. The former part is called "Lian", which is also called "sentence", "antithesis" and "antithesis". The latter part is called "bottom link", which is also called "antithesis", "antithesis" and "antithesis". These two parts are paired. Only the upper part or the lower part can be regarded as semi-joint. Of course, many couplets, especially those written and hung, have horizontal comments in addition to the upper and lower couplets. Horizontal criticism is an organic part of this kind of couplets, which is often a summary, the finishing touch or compatible with couplets. Generally, it is four words, but also two, three, five and seven words. From the linguistic point of view, the language of couplets is neither a verse language nor a prose language, but a special language that pursues antithesis and richness. The special "language structure" of couplets is completely determined by the special nature of Chinese and its characters. The uniqueness of this "language structure" makes the creation of couplets different from other literary forms in conception, conception, layout and writing. With the same objective object and content, we always try to observe and describe things from two aspects and angles, and strive to "shape" the language into a binary and symmetrical structure.

Parasitism and tolerance

The so-called parasitism refers to couplets developed from parallel prose in China's ancient ci and fu. In short, they are a pair of compound sentence, so they can be parasitic in various styles. Poetry, ci, qu, fu, parallel prose, even prose, drama, novel, all have no neat antithesis. On the other hand, couplets are extremely inclusive. It can combine the characteristics of other styles, absorb the expressive techniques of other styles, especially long couplet and super-long couplet, and simply combine the achievements of Chinese stylistic techniques. For example, the refined meaning of poetry, the exaggeration of fu, the long tone of words, the significance of songs, the free and easy prose, the short rhyme of scriptures, etc., are all eclectic and innovative.

Practicality and artistry

As mentioned earlier, couplets are a classical literary form of China, which is naturally literary and artistic. It embodies the artistic style of Chinese characters in China with unprecedented flexibility and perfection in poems, words and songs. The beauty of couplets lies in symmetry, contrast and unity of opposites. In Song Dynasty, Hu Zai recorded it in Fu Zhai Man Lu, the last volume of Tiao Xi Yu Yin Cong Hua. Yan Shu once invited Wang Qi to dinner and said his last sentence: "I can't help spending it", but I hated it. Answer: "I have seen Yan before." Yan Shu was overjoyed and wrote this wonderful antithesis into the word Huanxisha. Yang Shen called this antithesis "a beautiful second language, a natural equivalent". This is the artistic charm of couplets.

The artistry of couplets can be summarized by a pair of couplets by contemporary scholar Mr. Bai: it is sincere and sincere to the non-trail, which can be satirized and sung, comparable to poetry and prose, just like a pearl reflecting Baoyu; Combining this grand view has a long history and is also interesting. It adds luster to halls, mountains and rivers and people, just like old trees and new flowers.

Fashion and elegance

People often say that * * * appreciates the elegant customs of couplets, which is true. Imagine that there is another literary form, like couplets, which is dominated by scholars and elegant people. The obedient son of a woman likes listening to music. It can not only enter the ivory tower, but also enter the people of Long Mu, which is both a Chun Xue and a beautiful chin. What is this wonderful unity? The reason is that couplets are a simple and complex, pure and rich art. As mentioned above, the rules of couplets are not complicated, especially the color and style of language, and there is no requirement for theme and content. They are generally short and pithy, and are widely used in social life. Unlike other literary forms, they have an elegant face, and they are easy to learn, understand, remember and write. As long as it is right, regardless of the vulgarity and elegance of the language, the size of the theme and the depth of thought, it will become a couplet. But other literature is not inevitable. Poetry is elegant and connotative, such as "mountains and rivers are blurred, wells are dark, yellow dogs are white, and white dogs are swollen", which can only be called "doggerel". Most people are afraid to ask poetry for fear of writing limerick. And couplets, if written by every family and posted on holidays, are the most popular in literature. However, couplets are both vulgar and elegant. The rules of couplets are simple and the form is pure, but they are profound and infinite in terms of Tao and art, short and meaningful, and the word is natural, which is beyond the reach of vulgar hands; The long giant is embroidered, just like an epic. Unless it is big, it can't be done. Those excellent places of interest reflect the mountains and rivers and shine forever; Those famous philosophical aphorisms are handed down to the world and will last forever; Isn't it elegant that those people with lofty ideals are generous and aboveboard?

serious

Generally speaking, literature and art are serious, and people oppose the random creative state of literature and language.

Wuhou Temple couplets

Degree. But for couplets, the situation is different. Couplets are serious. For example, at the end of Qing Dynasty, a man named Zhao Fan wrote a couplet in Wuhou Temple in Chengdu. This connection is serious. Li Anyun:

If you can attack his heart, you will be self-defeating. Since ancient times, knowing that soldiers are not good at fighting;

It is wrong to combine leniency with severity without judging the situation. You should think hard about governing Shu in the future.

This pair of couplets not only summarizes the characteristics of Zhuge Liang's use of troops in Sichuan, but also summarizes Zhuge Liang's general plan of governing Sichuan, thus putting forward his own political views of pros and cons, combining leniency with severity, peace with war, and being both civil and military. It is very philosophical and contains profound dialectics, which is thought-provoking. Compared with any excellent philosophical poem in history, it shows no weakness. Since its publication, the association has received rave reviews. What people "value" is the profundity and seriousness of this connection. When Mao Zedong visited Wuhou Temple on 1958, he read this couplet carefully and spoke highly of it.

5 classified editing

According to the purpose

1. Universal couplets-such as Spring Festival couplets,

2. Special couplets-such as tea couplets, birthday couplets, wedding couplets, wedding couplets, elegiac couplets, industry couplets, motto couplets, gift couplets, title couplets, etc.

3. Spring Festival couplets: special couplets for the New Year.

Such as: Kyushu willow spits green; Peach and apricot compete for spring in May.

4. Greeting couplets: used for birthday, marriage, housewarming, having children, opening business and other festive occasions.

Such as: a pair of red hearts for the four modernizations; Two new hand-painted pictures. (Xi Lian), as happy as the East China Sea; Life is better than Nanshan. (first couplet)

5. elegiac couplet: mourn the dead.

For example, books have a strong future and will shock the world; Let the spirit shine forever and then benefit the people.

6. Give couplets: praise or encourage others to use them.

Such as: wind, rain, reading, the sound in the ear; Family affairs, state affairs and everything in the world care about everything.

7. Self-encouragement: For self-encouragement.

For example, books about the country are often read; Nothing is useless to body and mind.

8. Industry Association: Different industries are posted at the gate or in the store.

Such as: to know things from ancient times to the present; I have to read five books. (Bookstore) Although it is a clean business; But it's top kung fu. (Barber shop) welcomes guests in spring, summer, autumn and winter; Entertain people from east, west, north and south. (Hotel)

9. Yan Zhilian: The purpose of ambition.

Such as: I would rather be Zhao's ghost; Not for him, minister.