Cultivation techniques in Gong Li

Cultivation techniques of plum trees

First, the economic value of Li

Plum is a fruit tree with strong adaptability, easy management, fast growth, early fruit bearing and easy harvest. Plums are also excellent fruits for fresh eating and processing. Fruit contains not only sugar, fruit acid, protein, fat and carbohydrate, but also carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium, phosphorus and iron. Therefore, plum is a kind of fruit with high nutritional value.

Plum fruit is nutritious, bright and beautiful, sweet and sour. It is not only suitable for fresh fruit, but also suitable for processing dried fruits, preserves and canned sugar water. For example, dried plums are very popular. They are refreshing, appetizing, quenching thirst and refreshing. They can be stored for several years without deterioration and are very popular in the international market. Plums, whether fresh or processed, are very nutritious and are good fruits that people like. At the same time, the fruits, roots, leaves and seeds of plums can be used as medicine. Eating one or two plums every morning and evening is good for treating indigestion and bleeding gums. Women can make wine and drink plum juice, which can make them beautiful. Dry Li Gen10g, chopped, washed and decocted, can treat toothache, thirst and leucorrhea. Ten grams of ebony kernel, decocted, is very effective in treating iron injury. Fresh leaves of plum can be properly washed, decocted, bathed or coated with juice, which can cure high fever in children.

In a word, plum is a fruit tree with local conditions, less investment, quick effect and great economic benefit, which is worth planting widely.

Second, the main cultivated varieties of plum

Plum has a strong ability to adapt to local conditions and can be planted in warm, cold, mountainous and flat areas. Therefore, Li is widely distributed in China and is rich in variety resources.

Plum varieties cultivated in our province mainly include:

1, Sanhua plum. Sanhua plum tree has strong vigor, strong adaptability, fast growth, early fruiting, easy yield and good quality. It is cultivated all over the province. These strains mainly include:

1 honey plum. There are two kinds of plums: big honey plums and small honey plums. Big honey plum blooms early, the fruit is big and round, and the flesh is red. The florescence of millet is a little late and the fruit is small. Both of them are crisp and sweet, fragrant, and the output is relatively stable.

Chicken and plums. There are two kinds of plums: big chicken and white chicken. The fruit of the former is oval, the meat is sweet and crisp, and slightly astringent. The latter is slightly smaller in fruit, small in stone, crisp in meat, sweet in taste and rich in aroma.

2. Conghua Sanhua plum. The fruit is slightly oblate. The flesh is purplish red, the meat is crisp, and the sweet juice is slightly sour. Trees have strong adaptability, fast growth, early fruiting and high yield, and are excellent varieties popularized in the whole province in recent years.

3. Nanhua Li. The tree is flourishing, with many branches, medium-sized fruit, yellow-green peel and pulp, soft and juicy pulp, sweet taste and good quality.

4. banana plums. The fruit is nearly round, moderate in size, small in nucleolus, sweet in taste, good in quality and resistant to storage and transportation. Third, the growth and fruiting habits of plums (1) growth habits

1 tree. Plum is a deciduous fruit tree, with rapid growth of young trees, strong germination and branching ability of buds, and easy formation of fruit branches. After three years of planting, it began to bear fruit. Six to twenty-five years is the peak fruit period, and it will age and decline after thirty years, but under the condition of careful management, there is still a certain output.

2. roots. Plum root system is developed, and the main absorption roots are distributed 20 ~ 40cm away from the surface. However, due to different planting conditions, the root distribution is different. When planted in loose and deep soil, the root system is deeply distributed, but in the garden with thin soil and high groundwater level, the root system is shallow. Plum trees are prone to tillering seedlings, so they should be hoed off immediately to avoid consuming nutrients.

3. bud. There are two kinds of plums: flower buds and leaf buds. Plums have strong germination ability. Under normal circumstances, all buds can basically germinate, and it is easy to cultivate high-yield trees.

4. branches. When plum was young, it developed more branches and long fruit branches. There are three kinds of fruiting branches of plum: long, medium and short. There are many flower buds at the base of long fruit branches, mostly compound buds; Short fruit branches have many individual flower buds in the axils of each leaf. For those that grow short, they form bouquets after flowering, so they are called bouquetlike short fruit branches. The flowers on the long branches of plum blossoms are easy to fall, and the flowers on the short bouquets are easy to bear fruit.

After the short fruit branches of plum bear fruit, the sharp leaf buds can be connected with the short fruit branches to continue to bear fruit, so the fruit of plum is generally not obvious, and it is easy to achieve stable and high yield.

(b) fruiting habits

Plum blossoms bloom earlier, usually from late 1 month to early February. After flowering and fruit setting, the fruit began to develop and expand. At this time, careful cultivation work is needed to obtain high yield. In the process of fruit development and expansion, the edible part develops from the ovary wall to form exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp. The exocarp of plum is turquoise before maturity, and gradually turns yellow or red after maturity. The pulp inside the exocarp is called mesocarp, which is the main part of food and accounts for more than 90% of the whole fruit weight. When it is mature, it is yellow or red.

Iv. plum's requirements for external environmental conditions (1) and climatic conditions.

1, lighting. Plum is a kind of fruit tree that likes light. Under good lighting conditions, the trees are vigorous and robust, with dark green leaves, high yield and good quality. If the light is insufficient, the branches are thin, the buds are few but not full, and the yield is low. Therefore, plum trees should be pruned to avoid overlapping branches, so as to make the distribution of leaf area symmetrical and improve the utilization rate of light energy. In the garden construction of plum trees, special attention should be paid to the selection of gardens and the reasonable arrangement of cultivation density and methods.

2. temperature. Plum has strong adaptability to temperature, but in its growing season, it still needs suitable temperature to make it grow, blossom and bear good fruit. Because plum blossoms early, flowers are vulnerable to severe freezing injury. In order to obtain high and stable yield of plum, effective frost prevention measures should be taken. The trunk can be painted white, and the ground temperature can be maintained by irrigation before frost, and the method of smoking and frost prevention can be adopted.

3. Moisture. Plums are sensitive to soil moisture. Too much rain or fog will hinder pollination during flowering. In the growing period, if there is too much water, the roots of plum trees will be deprived of oxygen, and toxic substances such as carbon dioxide and organic acids will accumulate in the soil, which will affect the development of roots and seriously suffocate plants. Therefore, plum trees should be planted in places with low groundwater level and no flood hazard. Water shortage in the early stage of young fruit expansion and rapid growth of branches will seriously affect fruit development, cause fruit drop and reduce yield.

(2) Requirements for soil conditions

Plum blossoms are not strict with soil, as long as the soil layer is deep, the soil is loose, the soil is well ventilated and well drained, and they can be planted in flat mountainous areas. For low-lying land, it is necessary to dig deep ditches and plant on high ridges to facilitate drainage and flood control. However, due to the shallow distribution of a large number of absorption roots of plum trees, the garden with strong fertilizer and water retention is the most suitable. Five, plum seedling method

To cultivate li miao, we must pay attention to the selection of varieties, adopt correct seedling raising techniques, improve the management level of nurseries, and make the cultivated seedlings grow vigorously, bear early fruits, and have high yield and high quality after orchard planting.

There are grafting method, cutting method and branching method for plum seedling. Grafting is the most commonly used in production, and cutting is also useful. Because the grafted seedlings can not only maintain the excellent characteristics of the original varieties, but also have strong adaptability, fast growth and early fruit. Cutting seedlings can also maintain the excellent characters of the original varieties.

(1) grafting method

First of all, the selection of nursery and soil preparation. Nursery should choose a place with flat terrain, deep soil layer, convenient irrigation, good drainage and sunny lee. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, it is necessary to plough deeply and rake carefully, apply sufficient base fertilizer, prepare soil and sow.

Second, the cultivation of rootstock seedlings. There are two kinds of rootstocks commonly used in plum grafting propagation: Li Miao rootstock and peach rootstock. When collecting, ripe fruits should be selected to collect seeds. Sowed seeds should be stored in the sand for a certain period of time to promote the after-ripening of seeds and ensure the germination rate. Sowing time: Generally, we choose 1 month for sowing. After sowing, we should always keep the border moist to promote seed germination. After germination, dilute and decomposed human and animal feces and urine water should be applied at seedling stage, and the initial concentration should be dilute, and then the application concentration can be gradually increased with the growth of seedlings. When the rootstock grows to 0.7 cm in diameter, it can be grafted.

Third, grafting. Grafting time: it is best to do it before the plant germinates and around the great cold. At this time, the grafting germinated quickly and the survival rate was high. Collection of scions: from well-developed and high-yielding adult trees, select branches with vigorous growth, no pests and diseases and full and complete buds as scions. Grafting method: single bud cutting can be used. Specific practice: cut off the scion. Cut the smooth side of the scion downward, close to the index finger, at a 45-degree angle about 1.7 cm below the bud point, and then cut the cortex forward from the position near the bud point, so as to make the cut surface smooth. Then turn the scion sideways, with the bud tip facing upwards, and cut the scion about 0.4 cm above the bud, with an angle of 45 degrees. Cutting position: Before cutting the rootstock, the upper part of the rootstock should be obliquely cut about10cm from the ground, and the cutting angle should be 45 degrees. Then, at the junction of cortex and xylem below the inclined plane, a knife should be cut vertically downwards, and the length of the cut plane depends on the length of the scion. Scion: Scion must be placed according to the size and length of rootstock section. Binding: after the scion is put away, it can be bound with the film tape cut from the seedling film. When binding, the bud point of the scion should be exposed and the rest should be completely sealed.

Finally, the management of grafted seedlings. After sprouting and growing branches, in case of drought, attention should be paid to watering. Erase the roots and buds in time. When the grafted seedlings are firmly healed, the membrane band should be released in time. Fertilization is based on water and fertilizer. Pay attention to intertillage weeding, control pests and diseases, ensure the normal growth of Li Miao, and leave the nursery on time.

(2) Some varieties of Prunus mume are used for cutting. Cutting time: after the branches mature in autumn and winter, before the plum tree germinates. Cutting method: excellent mother plants and annual branches should be selected for cuttings. Then cut the branches into13-17cm, with the upper end cut flat and the lower end cut obliquely, and the incision should be smooth. After the cuttings are treated with hormones, they are inserted obliquely into the soil according to a certain plant spacing, and one or two buds are exposed outside the soil. When inserting, be careful not to insert backwards and not to scratch the cortex. After insertion, put up a tent for shade to keep the soil moist, but prevent water accumulation. After the cuttings survive, it is necessary to strengthen fertilizer and water management to ensure the quality of seedlings.

Six, garden opening and planting

(A) the establishment of pear orchards

According to the requirements of plum trees for the external environment, generally, the land with deep soil layer, small slope, leeward sun and good drainage should be chosen as the garden. For low-lying waterlogged areas with poor drainage, deep ditches should be dug, and then high ridges should be planted to help eliminate waterlogging.

1, build a garden on the ground. In order to make full use of land and facilitate management, reasonable planning should be carried out before planting. The large area should be divided into several small plots, and main roads, branches and paths should be established between each small plum garden. The width of the main road is based on the principle that motor vehicles can travel, and the branch roads can pass through rickshaws. The path should be easy for managers to move. Irrigation and drainage system can't be ignored in garden construction. The irrigation system of pear garden consists of main canal, branch canal and small irrigation canal. During irrigation, the main ditch leads water to the garden, the branch ditch leads water from the main ditch to a small plot in the garden, and the small irrigation ditch leads water from the branch ditch to rows of plum trees. As for the drainage system, it consists of small drainage ditch, small drainage branch ditch and main drainage ditch on the edge of Xiaomei Garden. At the end of the main ditch is a water outlet. This is convenient for irrigation in dry days and drainage in rainy days.

2. Mountain garden construction. When establishing plum gardens in mountainous areas, soil and water conservation projects should be done well according to the slope, so as to preserve water, soil and fertilizer in plum gardens. Therefore, horizontal terraces are often used to build plum gardens in mountainous areas.

Horizontal terraces are beneficial to thickening soil layer, improving fertility, preventing erosion and irrigation management. Horizontal terraces are composed of ladder walls, terraces, side ridges and drainage ditches. Specific construction method: When building a horizontal terrace, the terrace should be broken and paved into a plane according to the planting row spacing, topography and contour lines. Terrace walls are usually made of stone or piled up with turf mud. The foot of the ladder wall should be wide, the upper part should be slightly narrow, and it is advisable to tilt inward slightly. Masonry or build by laying bricks or stones with peat mud balls should be firm, the wall should be neat, and the fill should be repaired and compacted to make it firm. When making a step surface, it should be high outside and low inside. Dig a drainage ditch at the inner edge of the step surface, and pile the excavated soil on the outer edge of the step surface to form a ridge, so that the rainwater will not flow down from the outer edge of the step surface, but flow inward from the step surface, along the drainage ditch, and enter the natural ditch or reservoir.

To build plum gardens in mountainous areas, roads and irrigation and drainage systems should also be set up. Roads can be built according to the terrain. Drainage can dig a ditch one meter wide and one meter deep above the garden, which leads directly to the natural drainage ditch to stop the flood discharged from the mountain. The drainage ditch in the garden is connected with the natural ditch or drainage ditch at both ends, and the water is discharged to the outside of Meiyuan and stored in a reservoir or a mountain pond for sprinkler irrigation and pesticide spraying in case of drought.

At the same time, shelter forests should be built in both flat plum orchards and mountain plum orchards. The tree species of shelter forest should adopt native tree species with strong adaptability, fast growth, long life, large crown and dense branches.

(2) Plum planting

1, planting season. Generally, planting in late autumn and early winter and planting in spring are two kinds, but planting in late autumn and early winter is the best. At this time, the wound of planting roots can heal in the same year, and strive for growth time, thus improving the survival rate of Li Miao.

2. Planting specifications. Rational planting is one of the main technical measures to improve the yield per unit area of plum. According to the growth and fruiting habits of plum, it can be planted with wide rows and close planting with row spacing of 2.7m× 4m.

3. Planting method. Before planting, the planting hole should be dug, which is generally required to be 0.8m deep and 1 m wide. The excavated topsoil and subsoil should be placed on both sides respectively. When filling the pit, the lower layer should be filled with topsoil and organic fertilizer at the same time to improve the fertility of the pit soil. When planting, roots should be removed as little as possible from the nursery in Li Miao, and mud balls should be brought. When planting, put the plum seedlings in the center of the planting hole, and the planting depth is based on the level of the upper part of the root neck and the ground. When planting, the roots should be stretched, and then the surrounding soil should be filled and slightly compacted. But don't step on it with your feet, lest you break the young roots. After planting, fully drench water, and cultivate dish-shaped pockets around the plants to facilitate watering and fertilization. Cover the tree tray with grass and spray water frequently on sunny days to keep the soil moist until planting. After planting, decomposed manure and urine water should be applied thinly to promote the germination of new buds and quickly form a crown.

Seven, plum garden management (a) plum garden fertilization.

1, young trees are fertilized. Small trees grow fast and sprout many times a year, which requires a lot of fertilizer. However, because the young roots are few and tender, and the ability of absorbing fertilizer is weak, the principle of fertilization is Ying Qin and sparse, and more fertilization is applied on the ground. For young trees in the first year and the second year after planting, in order to lay a good tree skeleton and form a crown as soon as possible, fertilizer can be applied seven times a year, that is, before and after spring shoots, summer shoots and autumn shoots, manure and appropriate amount of urea can be applied once each. The fertilization method is to dig a half-moon shallow ditch on the ground below the vertical line at the edge of the crown, fertilize in the ditch, and then cover the soil. As for fertilization in winter (1February), ditches are also dug on the ground near the vertical line of the crown edge. Apply 20 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, 4 kg of decomposed pig cow dung, 250 g of bone meal and 250 g of compound fertilizer to each plant, and then cover the soil.

The fertilization amount of the second young tree is higher than that of the first young tree.

In the third year after planting, in addition to laying the tree skeleton and expanding the crown, we should also focus on cultivating spring shoots and summer shoots, so that the summer shoots can develop into fruiting mother branches. Therefore, during the growth and development of spring shoots and summer shoots, most fertilizers should be applied all year round; Fertilize as little as possible in autumn, control the growth of autumn shoots of plum trees, reduce nutrient consumption, and lay a good foundation for next year's results.

2. Fertilize the fruit trees. Strengthening the fertilization of plum is an important guarantee to improve the yield and fruit quality. Fertilization is generally four times a year.

Master the application of flower-promoting fertilizer for the first time; Plum trees bloom early, and after flowering, the branches and fruits grow at the same time, which requires a lot of nutrients. The flower-accelerating fertilizer was applied ten days before germination, and each plant was applied with 250g of urea, 50g of potassium fertilizer150g, 250g of peanut bran (soaked first) and half of manure. The application method is to open two symmetrical ditches under the vertical line of the tree edge, and then cover the soil.

The second application of fruit fertilizer: in March and April, the fruit expands and the new shoots grow rapidly, which requires more nutrients and should be applied in time. Apply decomposed human and animal manure 15 kg, 300 g urea and 400 g compound fertilizer to each plant, and dig shallow ditches to cover the soil. However, spraying 55 kg of water with100g urea and100g potassium dihydrogen phosphate after flowering and young fruit respectively is beneficial to improving fruit setting rate and increasing yield.

Fertilize after the third fertilization. Fertilization after fruit is beneficial to restore the tree vigor as soon as possible, promote the growth of branches and buds, and lay a good foundation for high yield in the next year. Generally, fruits are fertilized after harvesting, and each plant is applied with 20 kg of manure water, 0/50 g of urea/kloc-and 250 g of compound fertilizer.

The fourth time, loosen the soil and apply winter fertilizer. The time is1February, combined with loosening soil and fertilizing. In this way, the soil can be improved and matured, and the water and fertilizer conservation capacity of the soil in plum orchard can be improved, so that the roots of plum trees will be leafy, the fruiting period will be prolonged and the yield will be increased in the coming year. This kind of fertilization is mainly based on soil mixed fertilizer and pig cow dung. Fertilization method: dig fertilization holes on the ground near the vertical line of the crown edge, and apply 25 kg of decomposed pig cow dung, 40 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, 250 g of peanut bran (decomposed first) and calcium superphosphate 1 kg to each plant, and then cover the soil.

(2) Soil management

1, young trees are managed, and there is a big gap between rows of young plum trees. In order to make full use of land, increase economic income and fertilizer sources, and adjust the microclimate of plum orchard, it is suitable for intercropping leguminous crops with short growth period, such as mung beans, soybeans, peanuts and other crops, so as to improve soil fertility, increase organic matter and maintain water and soil.

2. Li Yuan's deep ploughing changed the soil. The deep ploughing of plum orchard is the basis of high yield of plum trees, which should be paid attention to and arranged in a planned way.

The way of deep ploughing: Generally, hole-expanding deep ploughing is the most common way, that is, after the young trees are planted, with the growth of the trees every year, combined with fertilization, the tree disk expands outward until the trees are connected. Deep ploughing is carried out in late autumn and early winter. Organic compost or soil miscellaneous fertilizer should be applied during deep ploughing, and the excavated soil and organic fertilizer should be mixed and filled. This provides a good environment for the root growth of plum trees, which significantly increases the depth and breadth of root distribution and the total root quantity, thus promoting the robust growth of plants, with lush leaves, rapid growth of crown diameter, rich branches, good flower bud differentiation and more flowers and fruits.

3. Intertillage weeding and ridging. In order to make plum root system grow well, intertillage weeding can improve soil permeability, prevent soil hardening and enhance soil water retention capacity. Intertillage is carried out several times a year, in March, May, July and1October respectively. For Liyuan, once the root system is exposed, the growth of plum trees will be weak, whether it is flat or mountainous, so it is necessary to cultivate soil around the tree tray to promote the growth of new roots and make the trees grow vigorously.

4, drainage irrigation, plum is a fruit tree that is afraid of waterlogging. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season to prevent water from rotting roots. However, the root system of plum tree is shallow, so it needs proper irrigation in dry season, especially in fruit expansion period, which requires a lot of water. If lack of water, fruit development will be inhibited, leading to fruit drop and yield reduction. Therefore, timely irrigation in fruit period is an important link to win high yield.

Eight, plum crown management

Plum trees grow fast. If it is allowed to grow naturally, the branches will be dense, which will lead to the closure of the crown, which will easily lead to insufficient illumination in the inner room, and the resulting part will move out, with low yield, poor quality and low economic benefits. Therefore, according to the growth and development characteristics of plum trees, it is necessary to reshape the young trees and prune the fruiting trees, so that the trees can quickly form a high-yield skeleton, the branches can be distributed reasonably, the space can be used rationally, the lighting conditions can be improved, and the effective fruiting area can be increased, thus creating good conditions for early fruiting and high yield. The specific methods are: (1) plastic trimming.

1, young tree shaping. The main purpose of pruning young trees is to cultivate backbone branches, balance tree potential, adjust branch growth and quickly form a crown. The method is to cut the trunk of the young tree at a height of about 65 cm from the ground. Then three or four main branches with suitable distribution positions are selected as the main branches after branch extraction. Pay attention to the angle when choosing the main branch. The angle between the main branch and the trunk is generally 60 degrees. The selection of lateral branches, like the main branches, is also an important branch of the crown. Generally, 2 ~ 3 oblique branches are staggered from left to right on each main branch to promote the rapid expansion of the tree, fill the gap between the main branches and make the crown plump and symmetrical. In addition, while rapidly expanding the crown and cultivating the skeleton, we should do a good job in cultivating the fruiting branches, so that the crown is large but not empty, the branches are numerous but not crowded, and the fruiting area is large.

2. Prune the fruit tree. Results Pruning of trees was carried out in summer and winter after fruiting, which was beneficial to ventilation and light transmission of trees and reduced the harm of pests and diseases.

Summer pruning. It will be held in early July. Pruning in summer should be carried out according to the growth intensity and planting position of plum trees. If you cut off about a third of the long fruit branches, leave five to ten nodes in the middle to make full and complete buds; However, only half of the middle fruit branches are cut off, and four full and perfect buds are kept, so that the plant can germinate more moderately growing branches and easily produce short fruit branches; Short fruit branches and bouqueted short fruit branches have high fruit setting rate and should not be cut casually. If it is too dense, it can be thinned, but keep the short bouquets.

Pruning in winter. Long branches, pests and diseases, drooping branches, dead branches, slender branches and dense branches should be cut off. At the same time, we should also remove the winter buds. The trimming principle should be from top to bottom, from inside to outside, and the incision should be smooth.

(2) flower protection and fruit protection

Plum blossoms are numerous, but fruit dropping is also quite serious. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to prevent plums from falling flowers and fruits and improve the number of fruit sets.

1. Strengthening the management of fertilizer cultivation, especially the fourth winter fertilization, is conducive to increasing nutrient storage, improving the robustness of branches and buds, and reducing flower drop and fruit drop.

2, stocking bees. Generally, a strong bee colony is raised every four acres of plum orchard to help plum trees pollinate fully and improve the fruit setting rate. 3. Artificial pollination. When insect activity is low at flowering stage, artificial pollination is needed.

4. Establish windbreaks. If windbreaks have not been established, windbreaks can be set up on the north side of plum trees to reduce the damage of cold wind when flowering, increase the fertilization ability of plum trees and improve the fruit setting rate.

5, timely topdressing outside the roots. After flowering young fruits, spray100g urea and100g potassium dihydrogen phosphate with 55kg water. Topdressing should be applied outside the roots on cloudy days.

6. Roots and tillers germinated in Yi Lee should be removed during intertillage, so as not to compete for plant nutrients and affect growth and fruit. 7. Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases before flowering and in the young fruit period.

Nine. Prevention and control of main diseases and insect pests Strengthening the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of plum trees is one of the important measures to ensure the bumper harvest of plum trees year after year and improve the quality of plum fruits. Therefore, measures should be taken in time to prevent and control diseases and insect pests according to the occurrence law.

(1) Prevention and control of major pests

1, aphid. The aphid that harms plum trees is the peach aphid. The insect overwinters in the bud axils and bark cracks of plum branches with eggs in winter. This kind of insect has strong reproductive ability and many generations. When damaged, most of them gather on the back and twigs of plum trees to suck juice, which makes the damaged leaves shrink and curl, affects the tree potential, causes fruit drop and reduces the yield of plum trees.