growing environment
Vitis amurensis does not require high soil conditions, and all kinds of soil can grow well. But the soil with good drainage and deep soil layer is the best. The characteristics of Vitis amurensis are drought tolerance and fear of waterlogging.
Breeding mode
Cutting propagation is the main method of seedling propagation of Vitis amurensis at present. It can be divided into green cutting and hard cutting, with hard cutting as the main one.
Hard-branch cutting is to cut annual branches with full buds at the top with the length of 16- 18 cm trimmed in winter. The upper end of the cuttings is cut flat, the cut is about 1 cm on the bud, and the lower end is cut obliquely to form more than two cuttings. Keep the top bud of the cutting and cut off the bottom bud. Before cutting, α-caproic acid 150mg/kg was used to treat α-caproic acid 16-24h, and the temperature was kept at 15-20℃. Cutting seedbed can be used as an electric hotbed or a fire-resistant hotbed. Cutting time is from the end of March to the beginning of April. The temperature of cuttings in seedbed should be about 20 days after * * * insertion and 25-45 days after * * * insertion, so as to ensure proper temperature and humidity. 45-60 days after the late * * * is the seedling stage, and the water and temperature should be properly controlled.
cultivation techniques
Carry out soil preparation
Deep ploughing and maintenance: the whole garden was deeply ploughed in autumn one year before planting, with a depth of 50 cm. If the whole garden can't be turned deep, planting ditches or pits should be dug, with a depth of 50-80 cm and a width of 60-80 cm.
Field planting
Time: autumn one year before planting.
Methods: It can be carried out simultaneously with garden deep ploughing and ripening. Planting ditches are generally required to be 50-80 cm deep and 60-80 cm wide. In the garden with fertile soil and deep soil layer, planting holes can also be dug, which can be square or round, 60×60 cm wide and 50 cm deep. The specific method is: pile the surface soil and the lower raw soil on both sides respectively, and backfill the surface soil first. When the topsoil is insufficient, the topsoil between rows can be filled to two-thirds of the whole ditch, mixed with decomposed organic fertilizer, and raw soil can be filled in the upper layer or spread between rows. After backfilling, the planting ditch is higher than the row.
Fertilize soil or land
Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer can be used if conditions permit. The application amount of organic fertilizer is more than 5 tons per mu; The fertilization amount is 30-40 kg of ammonium nitrate, 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 25 kg of potassium chloride per mu. The application depth is below 30 cm.
decrease
The method of shaping and pruning is: two new shoots are left to grow upward in the year of seedling planting, and three mature new shoots after defoliation in autumn form a fixed main vine, which is generally cut off at the fully mature bud eye, with a height of about 60-70 cm. After the second year of germination, the branches within 30 cm from the ground will be pulled out when they are timid. Choose a stout new branch on each node of the mother branch and erase the weak from the twin branches. Secondary branches will be picked at 1-3 leaves, and new branches will be picked at 8- 10 leaves. In mid-August, the elongated branches were cored. After defoliation in the winter of the following year, 2-3 buds are left on the annual branches of each main vine for short-tip pruning, and 8- 10 buds are left on the extended branches for pruning, with a length of 60-70 cm. After germination in the spring of the third year, the treatment of secondary branches is the same as that in the second year. When pruning in winter after defoliation in autumn, the pruning length of branches is about 0.6-0.8 m, resulting in the pruning length of mother branches of 2-3 knots. In order to make young trees mainly long trees and not bear too much fruit, only the lowest fruiting mother branch closest to the main vine is kept on the lateral vine, and 2-3 buds are left for short pruning, and the fruiting group is pruned on the lateral vine after the fruiting peak. The pruning in the fourth year is the same as that in the third year, except that the extended branches continue to be pruned. At this point, the plastic trimming is completed.
control of insect
The most serious disease is downy mildew. The main pests are Cerambycidae, coccidia and leaf weevil.
Prevention and control methods: Amisi has good protective and preventive effects. In order to have a better effect, it should be applied before the onset. It is suggested to apply pesticide three times per grape production cycle: the first time is before the flowering of * * * grapes in mid-April; The second time was in the withering stage of grapes-young fruit * * * in mid-May * * *; The third time was before bagging grapes in early June.
Pesticides for pest control should be used in turn to reduce drug resistance and improve control effect.
Key points of vitis amurensis cultivation
Vitex negundo is not strict with soil, but the fields with deep soil layer, good cultivation, loose soil and convenient irrigation and drainage are more suitable for Vitex negundo growth and are favorable conditions for high-yield cultivation. Both dry land and paddy field are suitable for the cultivation of vitis amurensis. Planting specifications: border width 1.5m, furrowing and ridging, plant row spacing of 0.6m× 1.5m, planting about 750 plants per mu.
The planting of wild grapes should be framed, so there will be more results. There are two ways to mount wild grapes. One is the traditional plane trellis. The length and width of the trellis can be determined according to the size of the land area and the actual terrain, but the maximum growth space area of Vitis amurensis can only be equal to the land area. Harvesting vines is more labor-intensive. Another form of scaffolding is the vertical fence type. That is, a cement column with a thickness of 10 cm and a height of more than 2 meters is erected at the head and tail of the boundary, and several bamboo columns are erected every 2-3 meters in the middle, and 3-4 iron wires are pulled up and down in parallel to fix the vertical fence.
After planting grapes, field management is very important. Fertilization is usually carried out after vines are harvested. The first fertilization is from the end of February to the beginning of March every year. At this time, the temperature begins to rise and new buds begin to grow, which is the best fertilization period. Fertilizer types can be mixed with farm manure and compound fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer used each time is about per mu 15 kg. The second fertilization was carried out from the end of May to the beginning of June, and then combined with ditch cleaning and soil cultivation. The third fertilization should be applied in August, when there is more rainfall, so pay attention to eliminating waterlogging in the field.
After the last harvest of Vitis amurensis in June 5438+February every year, shallow hoeing, sunbathing and ridging are carried out at the border to prevent roots from growing in the next year. Weeds grow quickly in summer. 20% Gramoxone (200-300ml) water should be sprayed after each vine leaf harvest. Pay attention to low spraying when using, so as to avoid phytotoxicity caused by spilling wild grape plants.