Growing habits:
Sweet orange is a tropical and subtropical evergreen fruit tree, which likes light (annual sunshine 1200- 1400 hours) and oxygen (air humidity 65-80%) and has good soil permeability. The mountainous area with a slope below 25 degrees and an altitude of 250-400 meters is slightly acidic soil with good drainage performance, deep and moist soil layer and high organic matter content. [4] Annual average temperature 18- 19? c，≥ 10？ C annual accumulated temperature 6000-6500? C, 1, average temperature 7? C or so, extreme low temperature -3? C, the annual rainfall is about 1000 mm, the relative humidity is 65-70%, and the annual sunshine is about 1600 hours. The temperature difference between day and night is large (conducive to the improvement of fruit quality).
Cultivation techniques:
First, choose land to build a garden.
Choose a place with abundant sunshine, no pollution source nearby, a slope below 25 degrees, an altitude of 250-400 meters, good drainage performance, deep and humid soil layer and high organic matter content.
Unified planning, dig terraced fields according to contour lines, the width of terraced fields is 2.5-3m, the digging length is 80× 80× 80cm, the row spacing is 2-3× 4m, and there are 55-80 plants (667m2) per mu. Base fertilizer: 20-25kg of straw green manure, 0/0-/0/5kg of organic manure, 0/0-2kg of microbial bacterial manure and 2kg of calcium superphosphate, which are buried in each hole in layers. After fertilization, the covering soil is 20-25 cm higher than the table top, which is a planting mound.
Second, soil management.
1, interplanting green manure to improve soil
Mountain hills are mostly red soil, yellow soil and purple sand soil, with sticky, sour and thin soil, poor permeability and water retention, and low organic matter content. Therefore, interplanting green manure in sweet orange orchard can improve soil structure, continuously improve soil organic matter and fertility, and reduce chemical fertilizer input; Prevent soil erosion, preserve fertilizer, water and drought; Adjust the temperature to promote the normal physiological activities of sweet orange; Promote the growth of sweet orange, significantly improve fruit yield and quality; Attract a large number of natural enemies, improve the biological control ability of sweet orange orchard, reduce pests and diseases and reduce the use of pesticides. The method is that after weeds are completely eliminated in the field, grass species (such as clover, peanut grass, ryegrass, fishbone grass, etc.) are planted. ) strong adaptability, large amount of fresh grass planted artificially outside the tree tray, short stems and shallow roots, which is beneficial to the reproduction of natural enemies of pests; Or when weeds in sweet orange orchards are cleared, malignant weeds (such as Bermuda grass, thatch grass, sedge, etc. ), while natural benign weeds (such as dandelion, green bristlegrass, Pogostemon, etc. ) stored outside the tree tray. Young sweet orange orchard has a small crown, which can be used for interplanting cash crops (such as peanuts, beans, Chinese milk vetch, fertile radish, etc.). ), but it is not suitable to interplant tall vines such as tobacco, corn, watermelon and sweet potato.
2. Reaming to improve soil
Usually after planting for 3 years, hole enlargement and soil improvement are carried out every year. The method of hole expansion and soil improvement is to turn deep outward along the outside of planting ditch or the last hole expansion ditch, and it is required to leave no partition wall and see the roots to avoid damaging too many fibrous roots; The reaming groove is 50-60 cm wide and 60-80 cm deep; It is suggested to apply coarse organic fertilizer (such as green manure, weeds, straw, etc.). ) 20-35kg+5-8kg of organic fertilizer+2-4kg of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (12-6-12)+0.5- 1 kg of microbial bacterial fertilizer+65438 of calcium superphosphate per plant. It is required to lower the coarse fertilizer, put the fine fertilizer on it, mix the soil and fertilizer evenly, and water it in time after backfilling. The time of hole expansion is combined with the application of base fertilizer. Generally, the garden will be built and put into production after the autumn shoots mature in September-165438+10; The fruitless young sweet orange orchard can be carried out after the spring shoots mature until the middle of 165438+ 10.
Third, fertilization management.
1, young trees are fertilized
① Fertilization of young trees planted in that year: the young trees planted in that year mainly survived and grew, but their roots were underdeveloped. Fertilization methods are often applied frequently and thinly, with few times. From half a month to mid-August after survival, topdressing should be done every 10- 15 days, and 20 kg of paste fertilizer 100- 150 times liquid+600-800 times liquid mixture of rooting agent should be applied to each plant, and then base fertilizer should be applied in autumn and winter.
② Fertilization of young trees before results: Young trees (2-3 years old) adopt the principle of frequent fertilization and thin fertilization, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as the auxiliary. Fertilize 6-8 times a year, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:0.25-0.3:0.5.
Apply a germination-promoting fertilizer 65,438+00-65,438+05 days before germination in spring, summer and autumn or 65,438+00-65,438+05 days after germination in spring, summer and autumn, and apply an organic fertilizer+organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (65,438+02-6) to each plant.
Top dressing 1-2 times after self-cutting for each new shoot, and applying organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (12-6-15-0.2kg) for each plant. With the increase of tree age, the amount of fertilization increased year by year. In the coming year, the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be appropriately increased, and at the same time, the application of available nitrogen fertilizer should be stopped after the end of August.
Deep application of base fertilizer in autumn and winter. Deep application of 2-3kg organic fertilizer per plant+0.2-0.3kg organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (12-6-12)+0.2-0.3kg microbial bacterial fertilizer+0.5- 1kg calcium superphosphate.
2. Fertilization of early fruit trees
The early fruiting (4-6 years old) sweet orange tree should not only continue to expand its crown, but also have a certain yield, and its fruiting branches are mainly early autumn branches. Therefore, fertilization should focus on the strong autumn shoots, and the amount of fertilization will increase year by year with the increase of tree age and fruit yield.
① Spring bud fertilizer: in early February, 0.2-0.3 kg of compound fertilizer (30-0-5) and 0.2-0.4 kg of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (12-6-12) were applied to each plant.
(2) attack autumn shoot fertilizer on strong fruit: in the middle and late June, apply 2-3kg organic fertilizer +0.5- 1 kg compound fertilizer (16-8-18)+0.2-0.3kg microbial bacterial fertilizer +0.5- 1 kg calcium superphosphate to each plant.
③ Base fertilizer: from September to June, combined with hole expansion and soil improvement, winter fertilizer was applied in autumn, and each plant was applied with 20-25 kg of coarse organic fertilizer+5-6 kg of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (12-6- 12) and 2-2.5 kg of microbial fertilizer+0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate.
④ Fruit picking fertilizer: after fruit picking, each plant should be applied with paste fertilizer 100- 150 times 30-40kg.
3. Fertilization of fruit trees
Sweet orange entered the peak of fruiting (more than 7 years old), and the vegetative growth and reproductive growth reached a relative balance. Results Spring shoots are the main branches, and spring bud fertilizer and fruit-strengthening fertilizer should be the main fertilizers. Fruit-picking fertilizer should be applied appropriately and trace elements should be supplemented in time. Annual plant application:
① Spring bud fertilizer: in the middle and late February, apply bio-organic fertilizer 1.5-2kg+ organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (12-6-12) 0.5-1kg+calcium superphosphate 0.3-0.5g per plant.
② Fruit-strengthening fertilizer: 4-6 kg of bio-organic fertilizer+0.5-65,438+0 kg of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (16-8- 18) and 0.3-0.5 kg of potassium cola were applied to each plant in the middle and late June.
③ Base fertilizer: from September to June, combined with hole expansion and soil improvement, winter fertilizer is applied in autumn, and 30-35kg of coarse organic fertilizer (such as green manure, weeds and straws)+6-8kg of organic fertilizer+3-4 of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (12-6-12) is applied to each plant.
④ Fruit picking fertilizer: after fruit picking, apply bio-organic fertilizer 1- 1.5kg+ organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (12-6-12) 0.5-1kg+0.5 kg calcium superphosphate to each plant.
4. Fertilization method
(1) Strip fertilization: at the outer edge of the crown drip irrigation line, two opposite sides are provided with strip fertilization ditches, and fertilizer and soil are evenly mixed and applied into the ditches, and the positions are changed each time;
(2) Annular fertilizing ditch: annular fertilizing ditch is opened along two opposite sides of the outer edge of the crown drip line, and fertilizer and soil are evenly mixed and applied into the ditch, and the position is changed every time;
(3) radial ridging: starting from a certain distance from the tree trunk within the crown projection range, 4-6 radial ridges and grooves with shallow inside and deep outside are dug outwards, and fertilizer and soil are evenly mixed and applied into the holes, and the positions are changed every time;
(4) Hole fertilization: Dig a number of fertilization holes within the crown projection range, mix the fertilizer and soil evenly and apply them into the holes, changing the position each time. Soilless fertilization method:
⑤ Tree tray spreading: In the rainy season of spring and summer, before (or immediately after) the rain, the tree tray can be used to spread topdressing. Fertilization should be carried out several times, not too much at a time, so as to avoid serious losses when there is heavy rainfall; Fertilizer should be spread evenly, not concentrated in one place, especially not too close to the stump;
Be careful not to spread fertilizer on branches and leaves when paving; Before and after fertilization of young sweet orange trees, it is best to loosen the soil properly to prevent the topsoil from hardening.
⑥ Application of water and fertilizer: After being diluted by 150 times with paste fertilizer or cola potassium, it is applied to the crown. In order to prevent the root system from floating, the amount of water and fertilizer used for adult trees should not be less than 30 kg at a time until the young trees are thoroughly watered. In order to reduce the loss of water and fertilizer and make water and fertilizer go deep, you can also dig a strip or annular ditch with a depth of 15-20cm on both sides of the outer edge of the crown drip irrigation line, and pour water and fertilizer into the ditch. After the ditch is completely infiltrated, it can cover a thin layer of soil to reduce evaporation. After repeated use, the fertilization ditch can be completely filled.
5. Top dressing outside the roots
① When the sweet orange withers by 2/3-3/4, spray it on the leaves once with 800 times of Huaguofeng+65438 times of high potassium essence +0500 times of plant guardian. For perennial trees or trees with small flowers, consider spraying in Xie Hua 1/2 in advance.
② Seven days after the sweet orange blooms or at the young fruit stage, spray 800 times of dilute calcium+65,438 times of high potassium concentrated solution+0,500 times of plant guardian on the leaves once.
(3) After the second physiological fruit drop, apply 800-fold liquid of Huaguofeng+800-fold liquid of Guoliang+800-fold liquid of Plant Guardian on the leaves once each, and then spray it every 15-20 days for 2-3 times.
Fourth, water resources management.
1, irrigation
Sweet orange is sensitive to water during the germination and flowering period (March-May) and fruit expansion period (7-65438+1October). If drought occurs during this period, it should be irrigated in time. Every irrigation should be thoroughly watered, and too little water can not play its due role, which increases the management cost. The watering amount of each adult fruit tree shall not be less than 100 kg, and it shall be watered once every 10- 15 days. In the dry season of autumn, winter and summer, on the basis of water conservation and drought resistance such as mulching and shallow tillage, orchard irrigation should be carried out in time to promote fruit setting and prevent fruit cracking. During the period of/0/5-20 days before fruit harvesting, irrigation is forbidden except for special drought to prevent the sugar content and storage performance of sweet orange fruit from decreasing.
In addition, irrigation should be done in time before the arrival of low temperature frost in winter to increase soil temperature and reduce freezing injury.
Step 2 drain water
In the rainy season of spring and early summer, it is necessary to ditch and drain in time to prevent water accumulation in the orchard and prevent the roots from being in a state of hypoxia for a long time due to water accumulation, leading to root rot and rotten feet.
Five, plastic pruning
1, shaping and pruning principle
① light transmittance; The main branch spacing should be wide, and the side branches should not touch each other; Appropriately thinning some big branches around the crown, leaving enough space for light to enter, guiding sunlight into the inner room, and correspondingly increasing the volume of results;
② Balance; Keep the growth balance of lateral branches, avoid uneven strength of each branch group and reduce fruit yield; Keep the ratio of old leaves, new leaves and flowers at 2:3:2 to ensure the seed setting rate; Adjust the ratio of leaves to fruits to avoid fruit hanging in different years;
2. Pruning period
(1) Pruning in winter: Pruning is mainly carried out after fruit picking and before spring bud germination in the following year. In areas with severe frost, in order to prevent freezing injury, it is advisable to keep as many old leaves as possible for wintering, and the pruning period should be around "beginning of spring".
② Spring pruning:
Pruning is mainly to adjust the proportion of old leaves, new leaves and flowers in bud stage;
③ Summer pruning:
It is mainly pruned after the spring shoots mature and before and after the autumn shoots are pulled out;
3, pruning technology and effect
① Shortcut:
A pruning method for cutting off a new branch or perennial branch. Usually, cutting off the new shoots of the current year can promote branching, reduce the height of branches and enhance the tree potential; Truncation of perennial branches reduces the number of branches of hair tips and makes new branches more vigorous.
② refinement:
Cut new branches, perennial branches or branches from the base branches. Thinning can reduce the total number of branches of trees, which is conducive to alleviating growth potential and promoting flowering and fruiting.
③ Retraction:
Thinning a large branch group, removing the weak part at the front end, and then moderately chopping the branches with strong cuts. Through retraction, the vegetative growth of cutting branches is promoted, and the original declining branch group is updated into a new branch group with strong growth potential.
(4) Bud and bud:
When the sweet orange buds germinate sporadically, apply it continuously for 2-3 times, and when more buds are mature, let them evenly extract a large number of new buds.
(5) coring:
During the growing season, a part of the top of the new branch that has not stopped growing is removed. In fact, this is a very gentle shortcut during the growing season.
6. Hold, pull and hang branches:
By applying external force, the growth direction or angle of new branches and buds is changed, so as to adjust the growth potential and distribution space.
4. The shaping and pruning of small trees
① plastic methods:
Generally speaking, trees adopt a natural cycle of happiness. That is, the height of the culture trunk is about 40 cm (40-60 cm on the gentle slope of the flat land) through high stem shaping; Cultivate 3-4 main branches, the main branches should be evenly distributed, and the spacing should be about 10-20cm. 9- 12 auxiliary main branches (that is, each main branch cultivates 3-4 auxiliary main branches) tree structure. The specific method is as follows:
In the first year, after choosing to keep the main branch, within 30-50 cm from the ground, choose to keep 3-4 new shoots with strong growth potential, reasonable incident angle, uniform distribution and a distance of 5- 10 cm, and pay attention to coring as the main branch for cultivation. Except for a small number of 5-8 leaves used as auxiliary branches for coring, the rest were removed. The main branch is supported by pulling branches or columns, so that the main branch forms an included angle of 45-55 degrees with the trunk.
Before germination in the next spring, the remaining main branches should be appropriately cut short and thinned; After the spring shoots germinate, choose one vigorous branch at the top as the extension branch of the main branch, and the rest as the supporting branch of the lateral branch;
In the third year, continue to cultivate extension branches, choose to keep the second and third grade main branches and configure side branches; Before sprouting in spring, the extension branches of the main branch and the first auxiliary branch should be appropriately cut short. After germination in spring, a vigorous branch should be left at its top to continue as an extension of the main branch and the auxiliary branch. After sprouting in summer and autumn, a strong summer and autumn shoot should be left as the extension branch of the main branch and the auxiliary branch respectively.
② Pruning method
During the whole young tree period, pruning should be as light as possible except for the extension branches of the main branches and auxiliary branches. At the same time, in addition to properly thinning the dense branches, try to use the means of removing the heart, wiping the buds and putting the shoots instead of short-cut thinning.
5. Prune the first fruit tree
The pruning of the first-bearing trees is mainly to cut off the extended branches of the backbone branches (main branches and deputy main branches) at all levels, erase the summer shoots and promote the robust development of the autumn shoots. Leave 8- 10 leaves for the over-long vegetative branches, pick the core in time, retract or cut off the fruiting branches. When there are many vegetative branches in summer and autumn, the "three-thirds system" can be adopted: that is, cutting off the strong branches of 1/3, thinning out the weak branches of 1/3, and keeping the medium branches of 1/3.
Usually, the technology of "two promotion (promoting spring shoots and early autumn shoots) and two control (controlling summer shoots and late autumn shoots)" is adopted.
6. Prune big trees in full fruit season
Pruning of big trees in full fruit stage is mainly to retract fruiting branches, fallen flowers and fallen fruit branches and declining branches, cut off dead branches, pests and diseases, and update side branches, branches and branchlets in time. Cut off the "skylight" on the crowded trunk branches to make the canopy ventilated and light-permeable. The "three-three system" treatment (short strong, medium strong, weak weak) is implemented for the autumn shoots that germinated in that year, so as to keep the relative balance between branches and fruits and prevent the fruits from bearing in big and small years.
7. Renewal and pruning of old trees
When most branches in different parts of the crown become weak branches, it needs to be completely updated.
① Branch group update:
All the weak branches around the crown are cut short, and the strong branches or medium branches are kept. Try to keep the leafy branches, which can quickly restore the tree.
② Explicit update:
For trees with extremely weak tree potential and most leaves falling off, the main branches and auxiliary main branches that do not meet the requirements of shaping should be sawed off. Truncate the branch group of all remaining branches. Pick new branches in time, promote branching, and quickly form COVID-19.
③ Update cycle:
Old trees must be updated and pruned before sprouting in early spring. At the same time, the cuttings should be protected by waxing, sawed off and the trunk painted white. Attention should be paid to the protection and shaping of new buds after germination in spring.
Six, flower protection technology
The number of flowers in the sweet orange tree has a great relationship with the strength of the tree. Generally, there are many weak trees, few strong trees and medium trees. According to related experiments, the number of flowers in weak trees is about 20 thousand, the fruit setting rate is about 0.4%, and there are 80 fruits, which are too small; There are about 2,000 flowers in Wang Qiang, the fruit setting rate is 65,438 0.8%, and there are 36 fruits, which are too large. The average number of flowers is about 5000, the fruit setting rate is 2.8%, the number of fruits is 140, and the fruit is medium. Therefore, the general principle of thinning flowers and fruits is: different trees adopt different methods, with more flowers and more thinning, less flowers and less thinning, strong trees and medium trees. The specific method is as follows:
1, sparse in winter
Thinning in winter is generally carried out during the period from fruit picking to germination. If time is too late, it can also be carried out at flowering stage.
(1) Sparse deciduous branches
Sparse all fallen leaves in spring, and cut off the peripheral leaves in autumn.
(2) thinning weak branches.
Thinning weak branches less than 5 cm in length.
③ Dense and dense branches.
Take the methods of three divided by one and five divided by two for over-dense clumps. If the cluster branches are strong, the strongest branches will be sparse. If the cluster branches are all weak branches, the weakest branches are sparse.
(4) Withdraw the fruiting branch group.
For the middle and lower fruiting branches, cut off the fallen fruit branches, fruit pedicle branches and weak spring shoots, and leave the spring shoots for the middle and lower fruiting branches to retract.
⑤ Sparse branches
For overcrowded branches, according to the situation, they can be cut off from the base or branches with spring shoots. The principle is to clean up the inner hall space.
2. Sparse flowers at flowering stage
The flower thinning time is generally from the time after the bud appears to the time before the flower withers. As long as the operation is convenient, the sooner the better.
Flower thinning is mainly aimed at sweet orange trees with excessive flowers, as well as leafless inflorescence branches, leafless single flower branches, fine flower branches and dense flower branches. Drain in time and keep leafy single flower branches and leafy inflorescence branches. The leafless single flowers on the golden mean branches in the crown have certain fruit-setting ability and should be properly preserved.
First-bearing trees should also reduce the amount of flowers by thinning flowers to prevent too many fruits from aging prematurely, resulting in "small old trees."
3, thinning fruit
Fruit thinning is done in 2-3 times, not in one step.
The first fruit thinning should be early. Generally, in the middle of June after the second physiological fruit drop, the sweet orange trees with too many fruits should be thinned in time, and the small fruits, deformed fruits, diseased fruits, dense fruits, mechanically damaged fruits and stiff fruits should be thinned according to the principle of "sparse and sparse, superior and inferior". Trees with fewer flowers and branches in spring will have more fruit thinning. Replacing branches with fruits and increasing the proportion of new leaves are conducive to restoring tree vigor.
The second time was carried out in the middle and late July, combined with short cutting and shoot release, which mainly removed small fruits, deformed fruits, premature fruits and sunburned fruits, as well as single fruits with obviously rough skins.
The third time was carried out in the first half of September, mainly to remove small fruits, deformed fruits, cracked fruits, sunburned fruits and pests.
Usually, the yield per mu (667 square meters) is controlled at about 3000 kg in the full fruit period.
Seven, fruit protection technology
1, bagging
Bagging sweet oranges can effectively prevent navel oranges from cracking, sunburning and reticulated fruits. Generally, a special paper bag for citrus is selected, with a single layer of white and translucent, and the specification is 19× 15cm. Bagging period is after the second physiological fruit drop; Bagging can be done at the same time as fruit harvesting.
2, anti-cracking fruit
The fruit cracking of sweet orange is more serious in the expansion period, especially Pengna sweet orange. The fruit cracking rate is generally around 20%, and it can reach more than 50% in severe cases. Preventive and control measures:
(1) Balance water supply, reduce the difference between dry and wet soil, especially when it doesn't rain for a long time, timely irrigate or spray water, improve the microclimate of the orchard, increase the relative humidity of the air, and avoid fruit cracking due to excessive dryness of peel and excessive moisture change of pulp.
(2) Straw is covered on the tree tray or between rows, so as to enhance the drought resistance and water retention capacity of the orchard and adjust the temperature.
(3) timely prevention and control of pests and diseases, especially pay attention to the prevention and control of scale insects and rust ticks.
④ Before and after the second physiological fruit drop and in the early and late June before fruit bagging, 800-fold liquid of Huaguofeng and 800-fold liquid of Phytoguardian were sprayed 1 time, respectively, and the effect of crack prevention and fruit protection was obvious.
Eight, harvesting
1, harvest in time
Sweet orange is a kind of fresh food, and it must reach its inherent color and texture before it can be harvested, otherwise it will reduce the commodity performance and market competitiveness. Determining the suitable harvest time has great influence on the yield, quality and storage and transportation performance of sweet orange fruit. Early harvest, poor fruit development, low fruit juice content, affecting yield, fruit color, aroma and taste are not at the best level, reducing quality; When the fruit is harvested too late, the mature fruit is easy to fall off naturally and is not resistant to storage and transportation. It is best to pick in batches, ripen first and then harvest.
2. Post-harvest treatment
Postpartum treatment, also known as commercialization treatment, is a process of cleaning, waxing, grading and packaging harvested fruits, which makes the fruits look neat and beautiful, reach certain standards and specifications, become bulk commodities, and is conducive to domestic and foreign sales. This is an important process in which fruits are transformed from products into commodities.