Explanation 1. fruit
Scientific name litchi
Alias Dali and Dan Li
This family belongs to Sapindaceae and Litchi.
Characteristics and characteristics of evergreen trees. Bark grayish brown, undivided. Even-numbered pinnate compound leaves alternate, with 2-4 pairs of leaflets, oblong-lanceolate, and 6- 12 cm long. Flowers are small and apetalous, forming a terminal panicle. The fruit is spherical or ovoid, red when ripe, with obvious protrusions on the peel, brown-red seeds, flowering in March-April, and ripe in May-August. I like warm, hot and humid climate, I like light, and I am afraid of frost. Growth and development need high temperature and high humidity, and the optimum growth temperature is 23 ~ 29℃, and 10 ~ 12℃ grows slowly. Sufficient moisture is needed, and the annual rainfall is required to be above 1200mm. Soil has strong adaptability, but it is better that deep soil layer, good drainage and irrigation, organic matter above 2%, loose soil and acidic sandy loam (pH 5 ~ 6) can promote the proliferation of rhizosphere bacteria.
Distribution originated in southern China, the main producing areas are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan Province and other provinces, with a small amount of cultivation in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan. /kloc-was spread all over the world at the end of 0/8, and countries with large planting areas have developed into commercial production, such as Thailand, Vietnam, India, Australia, the United States and South Africa.
Litchi fruit is rich in nutrition and has certain medicinal and nourishing effects. In addition to fresh food, it can also be processed into dried litchi, canned litchi in syrup, litchi juice, quick-frozen litchi and litchi wine. Litchi is a good nectar source fruit tree with large flowers, long flowering period and large honey secretion.
Litchi medicinal
Sexual taste orientation
Root: slightly bitter, astringent and warm.
Aril (pulp): sweet, sour and warm.
Nucleus: sweet, slightly bitter, astringent, warm.
Functional indication
Root: detumescence and pain relief. Used for epigastric pain.
Aril (pulp): benefiting qi and enriching blood. It is used for asthenia, chronic diarrhea due to spleen deficiency and bloody collapse after illness.
Nuclear: regulating qi, dispersing stagnation and relieving pain. Used for hernia pain, hydrocele of tunica vaginalis, testicular swelling and pain, stomachache and dysmenorrhea.
Usage and dosage of stone: 3 ~ 5 yuan. Root number 1 2.
Excerpted from the National Collection of Chinese Herbal Medicine
Litchi is a tropical fruit produced in southern China. Fruits are strung on trees like grapes, usually in a ball shape of about an inch, with a thin red hard shell outside, white transparent pulp inside and a dark brown stone in the middle. Litchi is an important fruit crop in southern China, with an annual output of over one million tons.
Litchi history
Litchi in China ancient books was originally called "Litchi". It is generally believed that litchi originated from the wild forest in the south of China. In the 3rd century, Jaco's Lu Wu recorded that "there are many lychees in Cangwu, which were born in the mountains and planted by others". Cangwu is in today's Guangxi. Wild litchi trees can still be found in the virgin forests of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. It is also recorded in Miscellanies of Xijing that in the second century BC, when Emperor Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, Qiu Zhao Tuo used to eat lychees. Litchi was registered as a Lingnan specialty in People in the first century and Guang Zhi in the third century. It can be seen that litchi has been planted and produced in southern China for 2000 years.
Litchi is planted in today's China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan and Taiwan Province provinces, ranging from 18 degrees north latitude to 28 degrees north latitude. Litchi is also cultivated in many countries outside China. Most countries in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam and Thailand, have recently produced litchi. On the other side of the globe, Florida and California in the United States and Queensland in Australia have also introduced litchi seed cutting.
Litchi preservation
Litchi that is not kept fresh has the characteristics of "one day changing color, two days changing fragrance, three days changing flavor and four days losing fragrance". The preservation of litchi is relatively difficult. It is said that Ming Chengzu sent litchi from Lingnan (also known as Sichuan) to Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty, which made Yang Guifei laugh. In order to preserve the color and fragrance of litchi, he had to cut down the whole litchi tree and send it by express mail. The common modern preservation method is to choose varieties that are easy to preserve, and preserve them at low temperature and high humidity (2-4 degrees Celsius, 90%-95% humidity). The modified atmosphere is also used to reduce the proportion of oxygen to slow down oxidation; Or cooperate with drugs for sterilization and antisepsis.
Fresh litchi is on the market every Friday, and July to August is the best time to make it. Fresh litchi just picked can often be bought in cities near the place of origin. As for places far from the place of origin, you can only buy frozen ones. Canned lychee is also very popular. Generally, the shell and core are removed and soaked in light sugar water. The taste is far from fresh, and it is often used as a cold drink or dessert.
Litchi varieties
There are many varieties of litchi, among which cinnamon and glutinous rice paste are the best varieties and the choice of fresh food; Diaoqing is a precious and hard-to-find variety. "Luogang Guiwei", "Bicun glutinous rice paste" and "Zengcheng Guilv" are known as "Three Unique Litchi".
Hanging green: Because the shell is slightly green, six points are divided into dividends, and each point is named after a circle of green lines. According to "Guangdong Xinyu", hanging green is "crisp as a pear, and the pulp is gone. If you shell it, it will remain unchanged for three days. " Among them, Zengcheng Guaqing has always been a tribute of the emperor. According to legend, during the Qianlong period, Zengcheng people cut down 100 hanging green trees due to the annual tribute, and there was only one mother tree left in the hanging green garden in Litchi Town, Zengcheng, which was called "hanging green in the west". There is still a result of hanging green in Xiyuan every year. 200 1, there is a litchi hanging in Xiyuan, setting a world record for auctioning "the most expensive fruit".
Guiwei: It is characterized by sweet-scented osmanthus, and the meat is cool and sweet. The skin is light red, the lobes on the skin are sharp and prickly, and the skin is thin and brittle; There are normal large nuclei and degenerated focal nuclei. There is a kind of cinnamon called "duck head green" with dark green patches, which is an excellent variety.
Glutinous rice paste: It is characterized by thick meat, rich juice and sweet as honey. The skin is bright red and thin, and the lobes on the skin have no peaks. The nucleus is so small that it has degenerated into seedless.
Other common main litchi varieties are:
March Red: It is the most precocious variety, and it is listed around May every year.
Feizixiao: Early-maturing variety with red skin. Legend has it that Emperor Tang Ming smiled at Yang Guifei, and the litchi sent thousands of miles away was the princess's smile.
Hu Aizhi: According to legend, an ancient Shangshu passed by Lingnan and took lychees sent by villagers into his arms, hence the name.
Jade purse: the fruit is huge, the meat is thick and the core is small.
Litchi nutrition
The sugar content of litchi pulp is as high as 20%; Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains up to 70 mg of vitamin C, and also contains protein, fat, citric acid, fruit acid, phosphorus, calcium, iron and other ingredients.
But litchi is very angry, and some people will have a bad mouth or nosebleed if they eat too much. There is a saying in Guangdong that "one litchi has three fires". People who are angry with themselves will react after eating a dozen. The popular folk solution is to drink a proper amount of bitter salt water or honey water.
As the saying goes, "three fires in one bite of litchi", don't think it is an exaggeration. For yin deficiency and liver heat, the evidence is conclusive. I have a patient who caught fire because he was with a group of people.
It should be noted that litchi is something for nourishing blood, strengthening yang and reducing fire. Faced with this beautiful fruit like white jade, people with fever can only bear it. Gout and diabetes patients should not eat more.
If you eat too much lychee, you can take one of the following teas to reduce the fire. Use Scrophularia 3 yuan (9g), Ophiopogon japonicus 3 yuan (9g) and three corduroy flowers to make a bowl with three bowls of water. Or eat cold watermelon and drink a bowl of lotus leaf and melon water, or turn down the fire a little.
It is said that boiling water in litchi shell can cure the physical discomfort caused by eating litchi. Yang Guifei used this one-step method to eliminate the sequelae of litchi, such as nausea, limb weakness and dizziness. You might as well try. People with yin deficiency and heat or liver fire should remember that eating less lychee is better than eating more lychee. Those who are peaceful or deficient in cold can enjoy the fruits of Lingnan without worry.
Brief introduction of litchi
Litchi, native to China, is a good fruit in Lingnan, with good color, fragrance and taste. Known at home and abroad, it is known as the "king of fruit". Litchi is a subtropical fruit tree, evergreen tree, 20 meters high, with even pinnate compound leaves, round panicles, small flowers, no petals, green and white or light yellow, and fragrant. Orchard-shaped, the peel is mostly scaly, bright red and purple. When the pulp is fresh, it is translucent, fat-like and delicious. It belongs to the family Sapindaceae.
Litchi Litchi is rich in nutrition. According to the analysis, every 100 ml of fruit juice contains vitamin C13.20 ~ 710.72 mg, and soluble solids 12.9 ~ 2 1%, which is a nutritional product for improving health. According to Compendium of Materia Medica, litchi can "quench thirst, benefit people's color ..., soothe the nerves and improve intelligence, invigorate qi (nourish the brain and strengthen the body), cure scrofula, treat tumors and tumors ..." and other diseases.
Litchi has the characteristics of extensive cultivation and long life. Litchi management has the advantages of less labor, low cost and high income. Its output value plays an important role in fruit tree production. Fresh litchi and dried litchi are exported at home and abroad. Litchi can not only be eaten fresh and dry, but also can be canned, pickled, brewed and made into other processed products, which is an important raw material for developing food industry. Litchi kernel contains 57% starch, and can also be used to make wine, and it can make more than ten kilograms of wine per hundred kilograms. The fragrance of flowers is full of honey, which provides a good honey source for the development of beekeeping industry. Peel, bark and root contain a lot of tannin, which is the raw material of pharmacy, and seeds can also be used as medicine. Litchi is dry, fine, sweet and solid, moisture-proof and corrosion-resistant. It is an excellent wood for building, shipbuilding, bridging and furniture. Branches and leaves can be used as fuel. Therefore, litchi is a treasure and can be comprehensively utilized. It is a fruit tree with broad development prospects and high practical value.
So far, there are more than 60 varieties of litchi, of which more than a dozen are well known. Such as Guiwei, Feizixiao, glutinous rice paste, March Red, Bai La, Lingshan Li Xiang and Nanjuhong.
Eat litchi in moderation.
According to Su Xiang, director of physical therapy department of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and a famous health care expert, litchi is the fruit of a plant of Sapindaceae. Its pulp is rich in nutrition, containing 66% glucose, 5% sucrose, 1.5% protein, 1.4% fat and a lot of vitamin C. It is really the best in fruits. However, in the season when litchi is fragrant, if you eat a lot of fresh litchi for several days in a row, many people often have symptoms such as dizziness, palpitation, pallor, hunger and cold sweat. Even in severe cases, convulsions, irregular breathing, weak pulse and even sudden coma may occur, similar to hypoglycemia. This is acute litchi poisoning, also known as litchi disease. So how to deal with litchi disease? In case of litchi disease, patients should lie flat immediately, and then drink a cup of concentrated sugar water to recover, but severe patients should be sent to hospital in time for treatment.
Who should not eat litchi?
Litchi is warm and dry, and it is best to eat less (preferably within 0.25 kg at a time) for those with yin deficiency and strong fire. If you are suffering from acne, sores, colds or acute inflammation, you are not suitable to eat litchi, otherwise it will aggravate your condition. But if the body is weak, stomach cold is suitable for eating more.
China is the hometown of litchi. As early as 2000 years ago, there were records of litchi cultivation. Now there are wild litchi forests in Hainan Island, which proves the origin of China. Since ancient times, litchi has been listed as a precious fruit and is known as the "king of all kinds of fruits". In the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907), litchi was once a royal tribute. Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem: "Chang 'an embroidered pile, a thousand doors open at the top of the mountain. Riding a princess in the world of mortals, no one knows it is litchi. "It says that in order to let Yang Guifei eat fresh litchi, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty sent litchi to Chang 'an from thousands of miles away every year, resulting in many deaths. It not only shows the preciousness of litchi, but also exposes the luxurious life of feudal emperors.
Litchi in China is mainly distributed in southern Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Taiwan Province and other places. These areas are located in subtropical zone, with warm and humid climate, and the soil is mostly alluvial soil and sandy loess, which is most suitable for litchi growth. Especially in Guangdong, the cultivated land area accounts for 70% of the whole country. At present, there are more than 300 varieties of litchi in the world, including 170 in China. Litchi tree is an evergreen tree with slow growth and large crown. Generally, it blooms and bears fruit in early April and matures in June. It takes about 10 years for a small tree to grow, blossom and bear fruit, and the full fruit period is about 30 years. Litchi trees can grow to a thousand years old. There is a "Song Jiaxiang" litchi tree in the Song Ancestral Hall in Putian County, Fujian Province. It is 65,438+0,300 years old, and it still bears fruit every year, showing a kind of vitality. A big plum tree can bear 1000 kilograms a year, which is more than 3000 kilograms. Litchi shell is scaly, about 3-4 cm in diameter. The skin is red and the meat is white. If the meat is frozen, it is translucent. Eating litchi is expensive because it is fresh, the pulp is full and juicy, and it melts in the mouth, sweet and refreshing. In order to keep "fresh", people will specially bring some branches and leaves when picking litchi. Litchi without branches and leaves is called "shedding branches", and its color and fragrance are slightly inferior. Litchi can be eaten raw, dried, or canned and sold at home and abroad. Litchi contains a lot of glucose, sucrose, vitamins and protein. It has certain curative effect on anemia, palpitation, insomnia, asthma, hernia pain and other diseases.
Litchi is a famous fruit in Lingnan, which belongs to subtropical precious fruit and one of the four famous fruits in Lingnan. It originated in southern China and has been cultivated for more than 2000 years. Among them, the fruit king litchi, especially the variety commonly known as "glutinous rice paste", has a small core and sweet meat. It is entirely conceivable that Su Dongpo's "300 lychees a day, willing to grow up to be a Lingnan person" shows the true feelings of satisfaction.
Litchi is an evergreen tree with a height of 30m in the field and a DBH of1m. Bark grayish brown, undivided. Even-numbered pinnate compound leaves alternate, with 2-4 pairs of leaflets, oblong-lanceolate, and 6- 12 cm long. Flowers are small and apetalous, forming a terminal panicle. The fruit is spherical or ovoid, red when ripe, with obvious protrusions on the peel, brown-red seeds, flowering in March-April, and ripe in May-August. I like light, warm and humid climate and deep acidic soil rich in humus, and I am afraid of frost. At present, there are more than 100 litchi varieties in China and more than 60 in Guangzhou, which are widely distributed in Conghua, Zengcheng and several suburbs in Guangzhou.
Litchi in the shape of fruit? Here,? The color is pleasing to the eye, the meat is like congealed fat, sweet and crisp, sweet and delicious. Excellent varieties include glutinous rice paste, cinnamon flavor, hanging green, princess smile and so on. , and the number of boughs and black leaves is the largest, accounting for about 70% ~ 80% of the total output.
The quality of litchi is best with cinnamon and glutinous rice paste. Guiwei is attractive for its crisp and sweet meat, while glutinous rice paste is famous for its small core, thick meat and rich juice. In the past, it was called "Three Unique Litchi" together with "Bicun Glutinous Rice Paste", "Luogang Guiwei" and "Zengcheng Gualv". Among the three outstanding figures, "Zengcheng Guaqing" is the most precious and has been listed as a tribute by the court. "Zengcheng hangs green" has a red shell with green in it, four points are slightly green, and six points are dividends. There is a green line around each litchi. The pulp is white and crystal clear, sweet and refreshing, and has a unique flavor. The hanging green tree, which lives in the hanging green garden in Licheng Town, Zengcheng, is the ancestor of hanging green litchi, with a tree age of more than 400 years and a height of more than 5 meters. Several generations of Gualv descendants have been successfully cultivated, and more than 65,438+000 plants have been planted in several towns and villages in Zengcheng.
Litchi is rich in nutrition, and the sugar content of pulp is as high as 20%. Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains up to 70 mg of vitamin C, and also contains protein, fat, phosphorus, calcium and iron. Litchi is not only a good fresh fruit, but also can be baked into dried litchi, canned litchi, concentrated into juice, wine, boiled litchi gum and so on.