morphological character
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Taiwan Province milk jujube belongs to jujube, also known as Mao Ye jujube, Indian jujube, Myanmar jujube and Guo Xixi jujube. Taiwan Province milk jujube is native to southern Asia Minor, North Africa and eastern India. Since it was introduced from Taiwan Province Province in the middle and late 1990s, it has been widely planted in Guangdong, Fujian and other places.
Taiwan Province Milk Jujube is famous for its crisp and sweet fruit, refreshing fragrance and unique flavor. The pulp is rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and a lot of flavonoids. [ 1]?
distribution range
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Often distributed in Taiwan Province Province, Fujian, Zhangzhou and other places. [2]?
cultivation techniques
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Selection of cultivation sites
Slope should choose the south slope, southeast slope or southwest slope with sufficient light; The flat land with low groundwater level and deep soil layer should be selected. [3]?
Planting time
It is best in February-April every year, and it is better to use fake seedlings in nutrition bags. After planting, water the foot root, and then water it every 2-3 days until it survives.
planting density
The planting point is 0.6m square, and the soil is covered with sufficient organic fertilizer; It is best to plan the close planting with the plant spacing of 3m×4m(55 plants) or 3m×5m(44 plants), and then change it to 6m×4m(27 plants) or 6m×5m(22 plants) after sealing.
Pollination tree configuration
When Sumi is the main planting variety, it can be used as pollination tree with other better varieties according to the ratio of 15-30%. [3]?
Soil, fertilizer and water management
1 annual tree: Fertilization shall be started every month after the seedlings survive. At the beginning, 0. 10% urea was added to each plant with 10% decomposed dilute manure water, and then the concentration and dosage were gradually increased, and the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were appropriately increased, and topdressing was carried out for 5-6 times throughout the year until10.
Trees over two years old: Re-apply base fertilizer and timely topdressing. Apply base fertilizer before sprouting, piling and pruning in spring. Topdressing is carried out four times a year, in May, June, July and August respectively. The first two fertilizations promoted shoot growth and flower bud differentiation, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was about 4∶2∶5. Fertilization ratio: base fertilizer accounts for 40% of the annual consumption. 50 kg seaweed organic fertilizer (2 bags per mu), 50 kg Tianji organic fertilizer (25 kg per mu) and 25 kg soil conditioner (2 bags per mu) can be selected as base fertilizers, which is helpful to improve soil organic matter content, neutralize soil pH value and improve soil physical and chemical properties and soil structure. Pre-flowering fertilizer accounts for 20%, swelling fertilizer accounts for 20%, and root topdressing accounts for 20%.
3 topdressing: Because jujube in Taiwan Province Province is flowering and bearing fruit at the same time, it has a large amount of flowers. Besides macroelements, it is also sensitive to trace elements such as magnesium, boron, calcium, zinc and iron. Therefore, generally, 0. 1-0.2% borax is sprayed at flowering stage, once every 7- 10 days for 3-5 times, and 0. 1% urea and 0.2-0 can be added at the same time. It can also be sprayed with water boron 1500 times of leaf fertilizer 1000 times, green Feng Bao 1500-2000 times, calcium ammonium polysaccharide 800- 1500 times or commscope liquid boron1000-/kloc-0.
4. Orchard water management: During the jujube growing period from May to July in Taiwan Province Province, pay attention to ditch cleaning and drainage to prevent plum rains. A moderate drought is needed from July to August. If it is too dry, water it in time, and the soil should maintain a certain humidity to avoid sudden drying and sudden wetting, otherwise the fruit will easily crack or fall.
5. Soil improvement: combined with clearing the garden in winter, the sun can be turned deep, and the soil can be improved and disinfected with "guest sand or guest soil sand" to increase the application of organic fertilizer, improve the comprehensive fertility of soil and improve the soil structure.
Tree management
Plastic pruning is usually carried out in February-April every year. Regeneration of main branches: from the end of February to the middle of March every year, the main branches are sawed off from 40-50cm above the ground. After new branches germinate, 2 -3 branches are selected as main branches, and the number of auxiliary main branches is related to tree age, planting density and so on. When the new shoot length is 40-60cm, the rest management is the same as before. Vertical support and binding: The natural opening of green jujube trees in Taiwan Province Province leads to drooping branches and easy splitting. Therefore, upright posts are necessary. When pruning, it is necessary to cut off the horizontal branches, long branches, over-dense branches and mopping branches, and cut off the young fruits at the end of the branches together with the flower heads until there are enough hanging fruits at the end of the flowering period, so as not to affect the expansion and quality of the first fruits.
Flower and fruit period management
1 Adjustment of production period: In order to adjust the fruit maturity of jujube in Taiwan Province Province, supplementary light is usually used. The specific method is: from early June to mid-July, hang 40W incandescent lamp at about 1m above the canopy, every 666.7m? 10- 12, 30-40 days, night lighting. Lighting is better at 9- 1 1 hour every night.
2. Improve the fruit-setting rate: In addition to supplementing light, there are other measures: ① girdling at flowering stage, starting from the distance between the main branch and the base 15-20cm, and girdling at the interval of 5cm around the trunk 1/3; ② In addition to spraying boron at flowering stage, gibberellin 15-30ppm and cytokinin 600 times solution can also be sprayed; (3) In case of drought in flowering period, water can be sprayed in the garden around noon to increase the air humidity in the garden to facilitate pollination and fertilization; ④ Put bees or fishy fish in the orchard to attract other insects such as flies to pollinate and improve the fruit setting rate.
3 flower thinning and fruit thinning: the amount of green jujube flower thinning is relatively large. Therefore, fruit thinning and bagging should be carried out as soon as possible. When young fruits grow to the size of peanuts, combine pruning to remove dense fruits, small fruits, deformed fruits and damaged fruits. Generally, it is better to leave one fruit in one section or one fruit in two sections, and leave more thick branches, otherwise leave less. Finally, the fruit yield of the whole leaf reached (2-3): 1. Early thinning to reduce nutrient consumption. [3]?
Eliminate pests and diseases
1 diseases: mainly powdery mildew, anthracnose, jujube blight, black coal disease, ring spot disease, root rot, etc.
Powdery mildew: Powdery mildew is the most common and serious disease of jujube. August-September is the peak of the disease. Most or all damaged fruits and leaf backs are covered with white powder. Prevention and control methods: ① Do a good job in clearing the garden in winter: remove dead branches, fallen leaves and weeds in the garden, burn them centrally, and spray fungicides for disinfection once. (2) Chemical control: Ye Xiu 1500 times solution or Sheng Da M-45 500 times solution or 25% Terprine 1000 times solution was sprayed at the initial stage of the disease, and then it was sprayed every 7- 10 days for 3-4 times.
Anthracnose: It mainly occurs in summer and autumn, and both shoot growth and fruit development occur. You can choose 3 1500 times of chlorpyrifos+avermectin chlordimeform 1000 times+Akkad 1500 times, and spray for 2-3 times every 7 days.
Jujube blight: it mainly occurred in June 5438+01-65438+February, and it was severe in case of continuous low temperature and rainy weather. The leaves were scalded by water, resulting in a sparse mold layer on the back, which made the leaves fall off easily. At the initial stage of the disease, the diseased leaves were removed and sprayed with 600 times of 90% Yishuangling wettable powder or 500 times (Sheng Da M-45) or 500-800 times of 55% frost net powder.
Pests: mainly mites, Bactrocera dorsalis, moths, thrips, psyllids, leafhoppers, scale insects, armyworms and so on.
Mites (red spider): Adults and nymphs eat leaves and fruits. Control method: At the initial stage of occurrence, avermectin with 1.8% is used 2000-3000 times, acaroid mite is 3000 times or acaroid mite is 3500 times.
Other pests (such as scale insects: Stinkang 1000 times+Kinsey 1000 times; Armyworm: kocide 3 1500 times; Bactrocera dorsalis: shunning 1500 times) can be combined with other pests, topdressing outside the roots, and at the same time, comprehensive prevention and control of various pests and diseases should be done. [3]?
Three-element deficiency
Jujube in Taiwan Province Province has a lot of branches, leaves, flowers and fruits, which take away a lot of soil nutrients. Improper fertilization is easy to cause element deficiency, especially sensitive to trace elements such as magnesium, boron, calcium, zinc and iron. In the whole management process, it is necessary to supplement trace elements in time.
Magnesium deficiency: when magnesium is deficient, the old leaves turn yellow and the veins remain green. Correction methods: ① Spraying 0.2-0.3% magnesium sulfate outside the roots at flowering stage, once every 7- 10 day, 3-4 times; In orchards with serious magnesium deficiency, magnesium sulfate 15-30kg or magnesium boron 25kg can be applied per mu every year. Magnesium deficiency is easy to cause powdery mildew, so active measures should be taken to prevent it.
Boron deficiency: There is a great demand for boron in Zizyphus jujuba. Timely boron fertilizer supplementation can improve the yield and quality, and achieve the effect of upgrading and increasing value. During the vegetative growth period, jujube trees were short of boron, new shoots at the top of branches stopped growing, young leaves were deformed, the leaves were dull, the back of leaves was dark brown, and the top veins turned yellow and fell off. Boron deficiency at the initial flowering stage is characterized by slow flowering, few flowers and different fruits. At the fruiting stage, the top fruit lacking boron is corked and brown, forming a cavity, which makes the pulp hard and the flavor worse. The surface of the peel is raised like a tumor, which reduces the commercial value of the fruit. 25 kilograms of magnesium and boron can be applied per mu of base fertilizer. In the reproductive growth period, that is, from flower bud formation to fruiting period, 0. 1% water boron solution can be sprayed on the leaves, and sprayed every 10- 15 days for 3-5 times.
Calcium deficiency: after calcium deficiency, the quality and storability of fruits will decrease. Two bags of soil conditioner can hold 25 kilograms, and 20 kilograms per mu can get half a bag [3]?
Timely harvest
When the surface green of the fruit begins to fade to light green and gradually turns to white or light yellow, it can be harvested. When the harvest is over-ripe, the meat tends to soften and the taste of the meat becomes weak, thus affecting the quality.