Analysis on the characteristics of ancient gardens in China Abstract: This paper mainly analyzes the spiritual connotation of ancient gardens in China, that is, "deeply influenced by painting, poetry, literature and other arts." And the characteristics of ancient gardens in China in physical content, that is, the natural beauty of uncanny workmanship is applied to the construction of artificial gardens, and the characteristics of gardens in layout, that is, "the mountains are close at hand and the scenery is beautiful; Stacking mountains to control water; In this paper, China gardens are briefly summarized from three aspects: seeing the big from the small and seeking the imaginary from the real. Key words: the poetic and picturesque natural beauty of ancient gardens in China. The layout of the garden is to use and transform the natural landscape or artificially open up a certain area of landscape, combined with architectural modeling, sketch art and plant viewing, thus forming a recreation and living environment with the beauty of visual landscape as the main body. That is, mountains (natural mountains, man-made mountains), water (natural water and natural water management) and things (plants, animals and buildings) that are utilized, transformed and built on a certain terrain (lot) have the functions of tourism, hunting, viewing, tasting, offering sacrifices, offering sacrifices, resting, playing, writing, painting, leisure and playing. This view is a relatively complete and systematic definition of garden at present. It attempts to make a comprehensive interpretation of the garden from the aspects of site selection, construction mode, constituent elements and main functions, which is worthy of being an innovative viewpoint with high value and seems to be a classic definition of the word "garden". Gardens appeared as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, and classics appeared in poems after the Western Jin Dynasty. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the word "garden" was used in a wider range, mostly in various leisure fields. In the long historical development process, the people of China created the "China Garden", which is a garden system with a long history and unique style. As one of the three major gardening systems in the world, China's garden art has made brilliant achievements, bringing people beautiful enjoyment and enlightenment. China gardens are known as "solidified poems and three-dimensional paintings", which not only contain various forms of natural beauty, but also condense the essence of social beauty and artistic beauty, integrating the overlapping landscape management, architectural art, flower cultivation and literati painting art in China. Pavilions are hidden in the waves, which is the unity of natural beauty and artistic beauty. So, what are the characteristics of gardens in China? 1. Deeply influenced by painting, poetry, literature and other arts. There were no special gardeners in ancient China, and many gardens were directly managed by literati and painters. This makes China gardens have a strong poetic and picturesque emotional color from the very beginning. Among them, painting has the most direct and far-reaching influence on gardens. In a sense, the forerunner of gardens is painting. Gardens in China have always been developed under the background of painting. Although there was no monograph on gardening theory in ancient China, there were numerous works on painting theory. Landscape painting, in particular, formed an independent painting from Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and established its own basic theory in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Although painting theory is about painting experience, it can also be used as the guiding principle of gardening activities because of analogy. The most basic principle that landscape painting follows is "Nature is from the outside to the inside, and the heart is from the inside to the outside" (3) Committed to the pursuit of natural beauty. They believe that nature itself is the embodiment of beauty, and all the factors that constitute natural beauty are beautiful angels, such as flowers, trees, insects and fish, which are immutable, otherwise it will destroy nature, simplicity and wildness. However, when people in China, especially the literati in China, observe natural factors or natural scenery, they often integrate their personal feelings, express their feelings with things, and turn a garden that describes natural beauty into a garden that exudes personal feelings. Therefore, China gardens pay attention to taking from nature, which is superior to nature, embodies the high condensation and generalization of natural beauty, and organically integrates human feelings with natural beauty to reach a poetic realm. In addition, since the ancient gardens in China have been replaced by literati painters, it is inevitable to show their interesting temperament and emotional appeal. As a literati class, these people will undoubtedly be influenced by social philosophy and ethics at that time. In addition, it seems to be more romantic in advocating nature, pursuing quietness, escaping from reality and yearning for primitive nature. All these together create the unique quiet and elegant taste, romantic and elegant demeanor and unpretentious temperament and sentiment of literati. Perhaps these are one of the reasons for the unique garden style in China. Second, the perfect combination of artificial beauty and natural beauty. China gardens are treated differently from other buildings. The basic principle of garden architecture is: based on nature, higher than nature, try to combine artificial beauty with natural beauty. The interest it expresses can be summarized as "poetic and picturesque", and these principles and characteristics are not available in other buildings. Based on this feature, these elements are indispensable for China gardens. First, the stone gardens in China pay attention to no gardens, no mountains and no stones. Early use of natural rocks, and then pay attention to artificial mountaineering skills. Lushan Mountain is a unique gardening tradition in China. Its image conception is based on the real mountains in nature, such as peaks, rocks, mountains, caves, caves, streams and slopes, but it is a "rockery" recreated by landscape workers. Rockfill is a mountain, rockfill is a peak, and paving soil is an island, all of which are simulated natural peaks. The majestic person takes the trend of Huangshan Mountain, and the exquisite person takes the show of Guilin, which makes people feel as if they are in a small world and close to nature. European and Islamic gardens do not have the skill of piling mountains like China gardens, and they mainly rely on selected natural stones for artificial transformation. Followed by water.

Gardens are dry without water, but live with water. Water control and gas generation come down in one continuous line, making water endless, mountains full of water color, deep artistic conception, broken meaning, making people feel endless. China landscape gardens can not be separated from mountains, but also from water. The water management techniques and artistic conception in China landscape gardens all come from the rivers, lakes, streams and waterfalls in natural scenery, which are from nature and higher than nature. In terms of landscape organization, lakes and marshes are taken as the center, streams, Shui Gu and waterfalls are supplemented, and rocks, flowers, pavilions, pavilions and other garden buildings are used to form clear water, steep rocks, exquisite pavilions and rich forests, which makes the reality, light and shadow, shape and space harmonious, giving people a sense of clarity and space. Occasionally, there is half an acre of water in the garden, clouds in the sky, blue waves swimming fish and lotus water lilies, which undoubtedly add infinite vitality to the garden art. The artificial waterscape in European gardens is rich and diverse, and all kinds of splashes win. In Islamic gardens, pools are often arranged at intersections to symbolize heaven, and water bodies around them symbolize Ruhe River, Mihe River, Jiuhe River and Shuihe River respectively. In addition, fountains and drip irrigation in Islamic gardens are also distinctive waterscapes.

Once again, plants

China is known as the "mother of world gardens" and is rich in ornamental plant resources. The Book of Songs records many kinds of flowers and trees, such as plum blossom, bluegrass and begonia. For thousands of years, people have cultivated countless famous flowers, fragrant grasses and beautiful trees through introduction, grafting and other cultivation techniques, and made the gardens colorful and extraordinarily beautiful. Trees and flowers in the garden are not only important factors in the garden, but also an important part of the landscape. Trees, flowers and plants are not only important themes of landscape, but also many "landscapes" in gardens are named after plants.

Literati paintings in past dynasties in China often personified plants, which produced a certain artistic conception and realm from the vast space of direct association, aftertaste, exploration and thinking of plant images, posture, light and shade, color, sound, color and fragrance. In European gardens and Islamic gardens, some garden plants are regarded as gods in the early stage, and they are often trimmed, queued and arranged into various geometric patterns or animal shapes in the later stage, which is interesting and pleasing to the eye. The buildings and rocks in the garden are fixed entities, while the water body is a whole fixed and local flowing landscape. Plants are creatures that change with seasons and ages. The change and growth of plants in the four seasons not only makes the spatial image of garden buildings change correspondingly in spring, summer, autumn and winter, but also produces time difference in spatial proportion, which makes the fixed and static architectural environment have a vivid and changeable seasonal sense. In addition, plants can also play a role in coordinating the building with the surrounding environment. Finally, animals.

In ancient times, human ancestors lived by fishing and hunting, and they became familiar with the life of mammals through hunting. In the era of agriculture and animal husbandry, people domesticated wild animals, domesticated some into domestic animals, and raised some in the mountains, and hunted and watched them all the year round. This is the primitive garden-hunting gardens in Babylon and Egypt. Since Qin and Han Dynasties, China gardens have entered the stage of natural landscape. Listening to the roar of tigers and apes, watching birds and enjoying flowers, and caring for natural landscapes are the needs of the royal family for fun, and they are also the fairyland of natural inaction pursued by literati. Many rare birds and animals were raised in medieval monarchs, aristocratic palaces and manors in Europe, and a large number of animals were also raised in medieval palaces in Arab countries. These animals are just pets used to satisfy the royal family's enjoyment or decadent life, which ordinary people can't witness. It was not until the success of the bourgeois revolution that the animals that once belonged to the royal family and nobles began to open to the public, and a special animal viewing area was established. Ancient gardens and animals were born together, and it was not until the rise of modern gardens that they were truly separated. Third, the unique architectural layout China classical gardens are fascinating because they are built by the method of "the mountains are close at hand and there are many scenic spots". Gardens, big or small, emphasize small and medium. The Grand View Garden is a big garden, but there are still some small and interesting scenes in the process of viewing. Just like the Humorous Garden on Wanshou Mountain in the Summer Palace, that's the concept of recreation. Visitors can rest there, not always walking to see the scenery, but also stopping to enjoy the quiet fun. Gardens are inseparable from overlapping mountains and managing water. Suzhou Wangshi Garden is a small garden with a pond half an acre square. But the surrounding pools are all piled up with rocks, forming a number of caves, which makes people feel monotonous. There are half pavilions, water pavilions and small bridges in the mountain pond, all of which are low and commanding, and running water is visible; Based on the bridge, it will cause the meaning of finding the source of running water. Looking around, it has infinite significance, and the scale of the world will not be cramped. China gardens also pay attention to borrowing scenery. For example, Jichang Garden in Wuxi is a piedmont garden, and the legal representative of Manchu is Shan. It is the natural mountain scenery in the park that has the effect of scenery outside the park and scenery inside the park. Borrowing scenery often takes water as a mirror, and the scenery in the water is called borrowing mirror. There are also landscape building techniques such as borrowing from afar, neighbors, people and things. Through the doorway, flower wall and window of the building, you can borrow scenery and enrich the landscape. In Canglang Pavilion in Suzhou, Huangshi rockery is stacked along the river outside the gate as a revetment. There are dozens of flower windows on the cloister in the park, and the view seems to be inseparable from the outside of the park. This is a landscaping technique by borrowing scenery. It is another important feature of China classical gardens to see the big from the small and seek the imaginary from the real. The small valley in Yangzhou Garden is small in area, and at best it is a bay of water, a rockery and a building. However, by piling up stones and mountains, gardening gives people the illusion of looking at the mountains and rivers from a distance. The garden is landscaped with exquisite lake stones, small bridges and flowing water, abrupt rockeries and reflections of houses. Look carefully at the transparent lake stones, such as tigers, lions, ghosts and various postures. Look at the mountain again, the moss is mottled and the vines are hidden. There seems to be a narrow path in the valley, and there used to be a hole, which makes people feel the interest of this hut more and more. References: Theway, People's Publishing House, Analysis of Classical Gardens in China,No. 1 Edition, Peng Yigang, China Building Industry Press,No. 1986,No. 1 Edition, China Ancient Architecture and Gardens edited by Lu Aiying, Higher Education Press, July 2005,/kloc. 65438: ① Lu Aiying Higher Education Press, in July, ancient architecture and gardens in China, such as Miscellaneous Poems by Zhang Han in the Western Jin Dynasty, had the sentence "It's auspicious in late spring, Baiyang Garden", and Galand in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty had the sentence "The beauty of gardens and mountains is not as good as that of kings". (3) Natural landscape was used as a model by foreign teachers, and endogenous refers to extracting its essence through artists' feelings.