Planting techniques of black olive
Tree, 20 meters high and 45 cm in diameter at breast height. Branchlets are 10 mm thick, purple-brown when dry, and there are columnar vascular bundles around and in the center of pith. Stipules absent. 4-6 pairs of leaflets, papery to leathery, hairless, broadly ovoid, ovoid or round, sparsely round, 6- 17 cm long and 2-7.5 cm wide, sharp, short and blunt; Base rounded or broadly cuneate, oblique, entire; The lateral veins are (8-) 1 1(- 15) pairs, and the reticular veins are obvious. Inflorescence axillary, scattered cymose panicles (sparse near racemes), glabrous; There are many flowers in male inflorescence and few flowers in female inflorescence. A few flowers are hairless, the male flowers are about 7 mm long and the female flowers are about 6 mm long. Male flower calyx is 2.5 mm long, obviously lobed, and female flower calyx is 3.5-4 mm long, lobed or nearly truncated; The petals of female flowers are about 8 mm long. 6 stamens, glabrous (only male flowers have two rows of bristles), male flowers are close to 1/2, and female flowers are more than 1/2. Disk cup-shaped, 0.5- 1 mm high, fringed, with bristles on the edge and inside, male flowers fleshy, with a cavity in the center; The female flower is thin, with 6 wavy shallow teeth on the edge. Pistil is hairless and does not exist in male flowers. Infructescence is 8-35 cm long with 1-4 fruits; The fruit stalk is long (about 2 cm long), the calyx is nearly flat, with a diameter of 8- 10 mm, the fruit is purple-black when it matures, with a narrow oval shape, a length of 3-4 cm and a diameter of 1.7-2 cm, and the cross section is round to an inconspicuous triangle. Exocarp is thin and has fine wrinkles when dry. The cross section of the stone is nearly round, the thickness of the stone cover is about 3 mm, and it is smooth or has 1 inconspicuous ribs in the middle. Seed1-2; The sterile room is moderately degraded. The flowering period is April-May, and the fruiting period is May-165438+1October.
Cultivation techniques of black olive
Field planting
Olive is suitable for planting in areas with an annual average temperature of about 20℃, an absolute minimum temperature of not less than 0℃ and an altitude of less than 300 meters. Olives have low requirements for water and soil, and can be planted on sloping fields and low-lying lands with red and yellow soil. If the soil layer is deep and the soil is fertile, it is better to plant sandy soil.
The survival rate of grafted seedlings of black olive is low. Generally, it is planted with 2 ~ 3 bagged seedlings with real leaves, with a row spacing of 4 meters? 5 meters. Generally, dry straw 15 kg, lime 1 kg, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 3-5 kg and livestock manure 20 kg are put into each hole. Dry straw, calcium magnesium phosphate and lime are put in the bottom layer, livestock manure is put in the middle layer, and topsoil is put in the top layer. When planting, make the root neck flush with the ground. After planting, put the tree tray straight and cover it with weeds.
Grafting and plastic surgery
The grafting of black olive seedlings began in the second year after planting, and the suitable grafting time was? Equinox? Around (mid-to-late March), that is, when the spring shoots have not sprouted but the branches are full and the bud eyes are full. Before grafting 1 month, rootstock seedlings were not fertilized to improve the grafting survival rate. Choose branches with full buds and no diseases and insect pests as scions. Cut off the leaves immediately after the scion is picked. Abdominal grafting was carried out at the place where the rootstock was 30cm from the ground, and each plant was grafted with 1 ~ 2 scions. After survival, cut off the trunk at a distance of 10cm from the interface.
After grafting, it is necessary to regularly check the budding situation of black olive, erase the bud tip on the rootstock, reduce nutrient consumption, ensure the growth of bud and improve the survival rate. After budding, apply thin fertilizer to promote the growth of shoots, remove the film package in time and protect the shoots from wind cracking.
In the second year after grafting, the stem should be fixed to promote branching, and the height of the trunk is generally 40 ~ 50 cm. The first layer has 3 ~ 4 main branches, and the base angle of the main branches is 60 ~ 70 degrees. Adjacent branches are evenly distributed, and the distribution position of each layer should be staggered with the main branches of adjacent layers in the future. Generally, the interlayer distance is 50 ~ 60 cm, leaving 4 ~ 5 layers. After dwarfing, the height of the tree should be controlled at about 4 meters.
The pruning of young trees adopts the combination of short cutting and thinning branches and topping to control the top, short cutting and long branches, thinning the inner cavity branches and overlapping branches, topping to control the crown top and opening a skylight to control the tree height. After three years of shaping and pruning, a dwarf, high-yield and compact natural round-headed crown can be formed.
The main value of black olive
Medicinal value
Functional indication
Root: relax tendons and activate collaterals, dispel wind and remove dampness. Used for rheumatism, lumbocrural pain and numbness of hands and feet.
Leaves: clearing away heat and toxic materials, reducing swelling and relieving pain. Can be used for treating common cold, upper respiratory tract inflammation, pneumonia, and multiple furuncles.
(1) Compendium of Materia Medica: evil water and moisture are in the main heart.
② Essential medicine: stop bleeding.
3 "Seeking Materia Medica": Work is close to olives.
④ The Collection of Lingnan Materia Medica records that fire can burn, stop bleeding and resolve phlegm. Less salt, called black bean sauce, can eliminate milk carbuncle after frying and washing.
dosage
Oral: decocted, 3- 10g. External use: appropriate amount, washed with water; Or tamping; Still studying until the end.
economic value
Seed oil is used for food, soap making or other industrial oils. The wood is grayish yellow-brown, the material is quite solid, and the use is the same as that of olives.
Edible
Fruit can be eaten raw, and pulp can be preserved? Lin jiao? (or? Olive black beans? As a dish, dried plums are excellent ingredients for making cakes and cooking.
Edible method
Soak raw olives in hot water for dozens of minutes. When the meat becomes soft, remove the water and soak it in concentrated salt water. You can eat it as pickles in three days. If you want to make an olive horn, cut it in half with thread and marinate it with young salt. If it is pitted, mashed, made into blocks or made into paste, it is called olive cake and olive sauce. In addition, it can also be used to extract oil. The skin is said to be used to make dyes, and the color is bright red.
Is it that the core of the element is opened to take its core? Lazy? It is one of the top fillings for making cakes, and it is in Guangdong Mid-Autumn Moon Cake. Five benevolence? It makes sense. So every year, many people spend their spare time on olive seeds for the needs of cake makers. The core-shell after removing the element core is a good combustion material. Kung fu tea? One of kung fu is charcoal, and it is generally believed that the best charcoal is elemental charcoal, followed by? Hazel charcoal? Take the fire and burn it fiercely, and the embers are few and odorless. Therefore, in the old society, charcoal with elements as the core became the pets of literati. The carving of element core is one of the famous handicrafts in Guangdong, and artists can use it to carve ships, flower baskets, figures, animals and so on. A boat carved with a grain of elemene has pavilions, figures and even utensils, and everything. These nuclear carvings are traditional export handicrafts. In addition, some people use them to print, but they are not popular.
What is the best variety of black olives? Is the car an olive? It is characterized by delicious and soft meat, which rarely goes bad (with a loose taste). Rotten olives are hard and tasteless, so they are unfit for eating.
The importance of Ulan was not realized until today. As early as the12nd century, there were the following records in Song people's notes "Diane in Lingnan":
Olives, like olives, are blue-black, with rotten meat and sweet taste, and can also be used as cooking scraps, but their long kernels are poor. Among them, the benevolence is pine and beautiful, and the wine and tea are all precious. Those who give back to each other, relying on benevolence alone, are slightly violent and dry, and take benevolence from thorns.
People in Guangfu eat black beans, which are generally elegant. At least steam it with some oil before eating, but chaozhou people is very simple. Just soak it in salt water to a certain extent and you can eat it as a meal.
Wu Lan's Material Culture
origin
Attachment: The earliest name of China Olive is Loureiro (1790). Koenig (1805) transferred this name to Canarium, and mistakenly added the original name Pimela as a new specific epithelium instead of the original species. According to Article 55 of the International Nomenclature of Plants? When a species is transferred to another genus or placed under another name of the genus without changing its rank, if the increase of the species is legal, it must be preserved .....? . Therefore, Koenig's olives are illegal. In 18 14, Roxhurgh published Black Olive (= C. Acutifolium (DC. ) Merrill) Another olive based in New Guinea and other places. 1896, Engler transferred Pimela nigra Lour. To the canary islands. The combination is olive Niger (Lour. ) English. (1896). According to the principle of priority law, the combined names published by engler in the last 82 years are also illegal, and they are foreign bodies with the same name published by Roxburgh. In order to avoid confusion, and considering that C. pimela has been widely used as the scientific name of elm for a long time, Leenhouts( 1959) has retained this specific epithet as the new name of the same model, that is, the writing method adopted by this journal: Canarium pimela Leenhouts.
nuclear ship
The Chinese textbook published by People's Education Publishing House describes a nuclear ship with a "red wall on the back" engraved with a black olive core. It is called a treasure in Taiwan Province Province. In Zengcheng for hundreds of years, there have been a group of craftsmen who carved the black olive into various flower baskets, ships, figures, animals and other handicrafts. Chen Dezhang, a craftsman in the Qianlong period, was called to work in the Qing Dynasty Construction Office. He stayed for eight years and was carved in 1737? Nuclear ship? Later, it became a plaything of Qianlong, and now it is hidden in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. See the documentary for details? National Palace Museum in Taipei? Episode 7? Wonderful workmanship? .
The legend of black olives
My friend, you must have heard many legends about olives: Athena taught the ancient Greeks the olive tree, which defeated Poseidon and won the ancient city of Athens. The witty homing pigeon brought back an olive branch, which gave Noah new hope for the ark for the rest of his life. Hercules tapped the ground with an olive branch to let the trees take root. The ancient Olympic Games used the olive branch as a prize, which is a western culture and a symbol of peace and hope.
China is the hometown of olives. There are many stories about olives among the people. In ancient times, there was a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in Luofushan. On the Mid-Autumn Festival, a man named Raul claimed to have three diseases: yellow swelling, laziness and poverty. He asked the master to see a doctor. The old Chinese doctor took out ten purple-black olives from the drugstore and told him: Take one of these ten tablets every day, and then come back for a follow-up visit. ? Roman word surprised, how to eat such a big olive? The master told him to eat the whole black olive and pay attention to the method, otherwise it wouldn't work. The master said that to eat olives, you should soak them in moderate hot water first, then divide the olive meat into two halves with a knife and peel off the olive core and meat. Half of the olive meat should be eaten immediately, and the other half should be eaten with some salt in the olive blank to make olive horns; You should pay more attention to eating nuts. Use a sharp knife to cut off the nuts and keep them intact, which will have a great effect. Raul took the medicine according to the master's doctor's advice. In the first few days, either the core is too hard to cut, or the core is too brittle to split in two. Later, he sharpened his knife and trained his strength, and everything came true. What he didn't expect most was that people said that medicine was bitter, but his medicine was fragrant and delicious, and he never got tired of eating it. Ten days later, Raul came to the master for a follow-up visit. The medicine prescribed by the master is also black olive, but the weight is ten times as much as before, and the way of eating is different. The master told him to soak all the olives immediately after returning home, make all the olive meat into olive horns, and eat two slices every meal after drying; After drying, all the seeds are planted in the ground until new fruits grow. In this way, Raul not only cultivated a black olive forest with hard-working hands, but also mastered the process of pickling olive horns, squeezing olive oil and cutting cores. All three diseases of his body have been cured, and his children and grandchildren are no longer lazy and poor.
For thousands of years, black olive has not only become a form of livelihood for hometown people, but also become the pride of hometown people. Zengcheng olive sculpture has become an intangible cultural heritage. In fact, olives represent the fine tradition of China people and the symbol of hard work and simplicity.