1, case demonstration:

Macao, known as Haojin 'ao in ancient times, has been the territory of China since ancient times. Archaeology has proved that as early as the Neolithic age, our ancestors were active in Macao; By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, with a large number of soldiers and civilians fleeing south, the population increased. Since the Ming Dynasty, it has been under the jurisdiction of Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province.

Portugal is one of the earliest European countries to colonize and expand in the world, and it is also the first western country to invade China. 15 1 1 years later, Portuguese pirates came to the southeast coast of China through the Straits of Malacca, engaged in illegal activities, and attempted to land in Macau, which was prohibited and intercepted by the coastal garrison in China. 1535, the Portuguese bribed Ming officials to facilitate the call of merchant ships in Macao. /kloc-in 0/553, on the pretext that merchant ships ran into rocks, waves entered warehouses, and tributes were soaked, he requested to borrow land in Macao to dry, bribed Wang Bai, the deputy envoy of Guangdong Sea Channel, and was allowed to land in Macao. From 65438 to 0557, the Portuguese began to build large-scale buildings in Macao, build houses and settle down for a long time, and formally occupied Macao. This year was designated as the beginning of the official opening of Macao. Since then, the Portuguese have built forts, set up strongholds, built tall buildings, built cities and pretended to be masters in Macao. Although the Ming government allowed Portuguese to live in Macao, it always exercised sovereignty and power over Macao, strictly grasped the land ownership of Macao (Portuguese living in Macao paid 500 taels of land rent every year, which was collected by Xiangshan County), set up a special management organization, guarded by the army, and prohibited from crossing the border at will. During this period, the Portuguese living in Australia gained three rights: first, the right of abode; Second, the right to trade; Third, autonomy. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the management mode of Macao in the Ming Dynasty was basically followed. * * After the war, the national strength of the Qing government declined, and Portugal began to seek to formally annex Macao. 1843, Portugal proposed to the Qing government to exempt land rent, which was rejected. 1849, Portuguese Governor Amalio publicly declared Macao as a free port, closed the Guangdong Customs office in Macao, expelled the Qing government officials in Macao, and colonized Macao. Amazon incident? . Soon the Portuguese and Macao authorities refused to pay the rent to the Qing government, and seized Taipa Island and Coloane Island, thus forming the present Macao border. However, at this time, the Portuguese side has not yet obtained information from recognized international law. Permanent residency? And management.

The situation reversed in 1887. At that time, after the Sino-French War, the Qing government's treasury was empty, but it needed a lot of money to organize the navy and westernization, so it did not hesitate to quench its thirst by drinking poison, and sent personnel to Hong Kong to negotiate with the British authorities to levy a * * tax to prohibit smuggling in Hong Kong and Macao. The British authorities in Hong Kong proposed that tax collection at customs clearance should be carried out at the same time as in Macao. During the negotiations, the Qing government hired Robert Hart, an Englishman and director of the General Administration of Customs and Taxation of China, as the Chinese representative and consultant. Hurd sent JamesDuncan Campbell, a trusted Englishman and representative of China Customs in London, to Lisbon, Portugal for secret talks, and even admitted that the Portuguese would occupy Macau forever in exchange for temporary cooperation in taxation. In Hurd? Coax and cheat? Under the matchmaking, the Qing government was eager to levy * * tax and was at its mercy. 1887 On March 27th, James Duncan Campbell signed the Draft Meeting on behalf of the Qing government in Lisbon, allowing Portugal to stay and manage Macao and its territory forever, which is no different from Portugal's governance in other places. On February 1 day of the same year, China and Portugal formally signed the Treaty of Peace and Trade on the basis of the draft agreement, and the Qing government officially recognized the reality of Portugal's occupation of Macao.

After the Revolution of 1911, successive governments in China have repeatedly made representations with Portugal, demanding that the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friendship and Trade be abolished or even used? World War I? Victory status, but all failed. 1928, the treaty expired for the fourth time, and the national government unilaterally declared the treaty invalid, but due to domestic turmoil, it was too busy to take care of Macao's return.

After the founding of New China, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai repeatedly reiterated the sovereignty of the China government over Macao, pointing out that such historical issues should be resolved through peaceful negotiations, and the status quo should be temporarily maintained when the time is not ripe for formal settlement. Then, what was the policy towards Macau (including Hong Kong) in the early days of the founding of New China? Stay still for a while? 、? Temporarily maintain the status quo? And then what? Long-term plan, make full use of it? Special policy.

1974 April 25th, Portugal? Four? Two fives? The democratic revolution overthrew the autocratic regime and established a democratic republic. The new Portuguese government announced the abandonment of overseas colonies and the implementation of? Decolonization policy? , officially recognized Macao as the territory of China under the jurisdiction of Portugal, and unilaterally announced the return of Macao, causing? Return to shock? 1979, China and Portugal established diplomatic relations. 1987, China and Portugal signed the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration, confirming that China will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Macao on February 20, 1999. Macao issue? Can be solved smoothly. (He Jie: The Origin of the Macao Issue, Contemporary Asia-Pacific No.4,1999; Li Pingsheng: The Origin and Solution of the Macao Problem, Theory Monthly, No.5, 1999. )

2. Case discussion: Compare the similarities and differences among Macau, Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province.

3. Case comments:

The question of Macao has been unresolved for more than 400 years in Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and Republic of China. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Macao successfully returned to the embrace of the motherland, and the dream of Macao's return from generation to generation of China people became a reality. The final settlement of the Macao issue depends on the strength of the new China. One country, two systems? The great role of policy. The historical significance of Macao's return is that it has wiped out the national humiliation for more than 400 years, completely ended foreign colonial rule in China, accelerated the pace of peaceful reunification of the motherland, provided a successful example for solving international disputes, and promoted China's four modernizations.