Scope This standard specifies the technical requirements for the planning and design of citrus orchards, windbreaks, seedling planting, shaping and pruning, soil, fertilizer and water management, pest control, citrus orchard renewal and harvesting.
Second, the planning and design
1. Garden selection: Choose suitable microclimate conditions to facilitate the normal overwintering growth of citrus. Soil: PH≤8.2, soil thickness 1.0m or more, fertile soil, groundwater level below l.0m, and convenient irrigation and drainage.
2. The area of the orange orchard. In l0~50ha, it has a certain scale of operation.
3. Roads, forests, ditches and canals are matched, and low-voltage lines and pesticide pools are distributed reasonably. The main road is 3-5m wide, which is convenient for large vehicles to pass, and the branch road is 3m wide. The width of the field operation lane in the orange orchard is1.5-2m; Ditches, irrigation and drainage facilities; 5 2 m3 batching tanks/10 hectare.
4 warehouses, sites and other facilities. Warehouse and site: orange garden 350-400 square meters/10 hectare. Fruit sorter: equipped with 1 /20-30ha automatic grading fruit sorter. Mode of transportation: 20-30 hectares/agricultural transport vehicle/set. Plastic fruit basket: it can be equipped according to the average monthly harvest and market volume. General orange garden collocation 1500-2000/10ha.
Third, citrus windbreaks.
1. Function: Improve the microclimate environment of citrus orchard and reduce the harm of cold wind to citrus.
1) slow down the wind speed and improve the temperature and humidity of the orange orchard.
2) Reduce the amount of fallen leaves and reduce the degree of freezing injury.
3) Enhance the tree vigor and improve the yield and quality of citrus.
2. Forest tree species. Tree species of windbreak forest: fast-growing trees should be the main species; You can choose the mixed forest belt of Ilex kudingcha (coral tree) and Metasequoia glyptostroboides or choose suitable tree species such as Ligustrum lucidum and Cinnamomum camphora. 3. Forest belt structure. Shelterbelt structure: 70-80% density windbreak forest has the best effect, and its protection range is roughly 10- 15 times of forest height. Forest belt setting: the main forest belt spacing is 150m (four rows of forest belts, with a width of about 6m), and the protection range is 10- 15 times the forest height; The secondary forest belt is 70-75m, l-2 rows and 2-3m wide; The crosswind forest belts are 60m apart, parallel to citrus reticulata, and perpendicular to the main forest belt and the auxiliary forest belt, forming an E-shaped forest network.
4. Forest belt renewal. The renewal of orange garden belt depends on the growth situation, and the windbreak belt of orange garden that has lost or weakened its protective function should be updated in time. Improper management, resulting in the loss of trees, should be replanted.
Fourthly, the cultivation and colonization of orange seedlings.
1. Generally, shell rootstocks with strong cold resistance are the main rootstocks, and citron can also be used as rootstocks.
2. Cultivate improved varieties and strong seedlings. Orange seedlings should be pure in variety. The rootstock is suitable, the grafting healing is good, and the root system is developed, with a certain height and thickness. The stem diameter of annual seedlings is above 17.5px, and 2 13 branches is suitable. Citrus seedlings should be free from serious pests and quarantine pests. Planting seedlings in the orange orchard, or planting orange trees and big seedlings in the planned dense planting garden, is convenient for early production.
3. Plan close planting and reasonable planting ① Close planting should be planned in the early stage of citrus orchard, with 3-4 times of conventional density to realize early fruit and high yield. The conventional planting density is generally 3X3.5m(63 plants/mu) or 3X3m(76 plants/mu). ② Cultivation methods. Seedlings can be planted in planting ditches or holes, and the depth of the ditch or hole is about 0.8m. Sufficient decomposed organic fertilizer or calcium superphosphate should be layered in the lower layer of the planting ditch or hole. Generally, 30-40kg organic fertilizer+1-1.5kg phosphate fertilizer is applied to holes. Sparse trees are transplanted to the border as cushions to improve the planting height and expand the root system. ③ Planting time. Suitable for planting in spring, usually above 3/ 4/before orange buds germinate.
Five, young soil fertilizer and water management and pruning
1. Improvement of topsoil in orange orchard. In order to meet a large amount of green manure needed for soil improvement in orange orchards in a short time, green manure should be planted among young trees as much as possible and deeply ploughed once a year to meet the needs of soil improvement and increase the application of organic matter every year.
2. Fertilize frequently, apply more nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer, give priority to popularization, and focus on bamboo shoots in spring, summer and autumn. Generally, the amount of nitrogen applied per plant is 0.25-0.5 kg per year (March-July), and the amount of phosphate fertilizer is 0. 1-0.2 kg in spring. Stop applying nitrogen fertilizer after August to avoid germination in late autumn. 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed in late autumn to promote the maturity of autumn shoots and enhance the cold resistance.
3. Reasonable irrigation and drainage to ensure water supply. Generally speaking, it should be dry but not wet during the shoot control period, and wet during the shoot release period. Early in the day, we should cooperate with fertilization and irrigation. At the end of childhood, fertilization should be applied in autumn and winter to promote water control and flower bud differentiation.
4. plastic surgery and pruning in infancy. The focus of adolescent plastic surgery is to cultivate a good dental crown skeleton, so that the number and distribution of main branches and auxiliary branches are appropriate. In the first year of young tree planting, the top of the tree was cut at the height of 45- 1250px, and three main branches with vigorous growth and uniform distribution were selected from the upper part. Then, choose 2-3 auxiliary branches with staggered directions on each main branch to fill the gaps between the main branches and make the branches evenly distributed. Young trees grow vigorously, so pruning should be as light as possible. Thinning will lead to fast growth and early fruit. By smearing and releasing buds, the new shoots in spring, summer and autumn are ensured to be neat, dense, uniform and full, so that the crown is short and compact and the branches are greatly increased, which creates conditions for early fruit and high yield.
6. Soil, fertilizer and water management and plastic pruning at the initial stage of results. The first fruiting period is the period from the beginning to the complete fruiting of citrus trees. Generally, the main task of the first fruiting period is to increase yield and improve quality as soon as possible, while continuing to expand canopy and root system. Therefore, cultivation measures should advocate control, that is, control vigorous growth, ensure fruit as much as possible and improve quality; It is also necessary to promote the continuous expansion of the crown and root system. Young trees often have large fruits, thick skin, late coloring and light taste. We should solve this problem by improving illumination, promoting fruit growth and controlling vigorous growth. The main measures during this period are as follows:
1. Properly control nitrogen fertilizer and fertilization in summer. Fertilization amount: 5-7-year-old (65,438+027 plants per mu) or (65,438+048 plants) warm orange orchards, and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium per mu is 55-70 respectively; 30~35; 30 ~ 35 kg. Results Applying less nitrogen and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the early stage can slow down the growth of branches, promote the fruiting, and advocate applying more organic fertilizer to improve the quality.
2. During the fertilization period, it is necessary to re-apply strong fruit branches, pick fruits and pre-bud fertilizers to protect leaves and promote flowers and fruits. Apply little or no chemical fertilizer in summer, control the germination of summer shoots and reduce fruit drop.
3. Proper control of shoots in summer. In order to promote the growth of the crown and ensure the fruit as much as possible, the first fruiting tree should stick out tender branches through buds, and focus on cultivating secondary branches in spring and autumn as fruiting mother branches. Summer shoots should be properly controlled according to the growth and fruiting of trees.
4. Continue thinning. After the summer and autumn shoots bear fruit, they often bend and droop. For these branches, when they need to be cut short, they should be cut short at the bent and drooping parts and at the parts where most bearing mother branches are born, so as to reduce the appearance of redundant branches. Generally, thinning should continue, and cross branches and twigs should be deleted; Prune the dense branches according to the principle of removing the weak and retaining the strong, removing the dense and retaining the sparse; In late autumn, all branches of pests and diseases are removed.
5. Ensure the necessary spacing between plants. For densely planted orchards with 3X 1.5 or 3.5X 1.5, in order to maintain a certain crown coverage rate (about 84%) of natural and happy mandarin oranges, it is necessary to trim and reduce the crown diameter of intercropping trees, so that there is a gap of 0.6m between the crowns, and the necessary interval can be ensured during the growth period. The crown shrinkage of intercropping trees is mainly based on thinning and deleting big branches. First, the lowest horizontal branch of the intercropping tree is cut off from the trunk lm, and there are lateral branches or most fruiting mother branches to prevent the branches from overgrowth. Secondly, the upper branches should also be lightly cut short to keep the crown spacing after pruning at about 0.6 m. If this shrinkage is not enough, all the horizontal branches on both sides can be thinned to facilitate the expansion of the crown of the permanent tree and ensure a certain crown spacing during the growth period.
6. Controlling trees and promoting flowers in autumn and winter During the period from full autumn shoots to early winter, on the basis of heavy fertilization, water control, deep ploughing (rooting) and increased application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were adopted. If necessary, take a series of tree control measures such as trunk ligation and ring cutting to change the color of leaves from green to light green and promote flower bud differentiation.
7. The crown is full of fruit, and fruit thinning can adjust the fruit quantity. The crown of the tree should be full of fruits, so there is no need to consider plastic surgery. As the overall growth of fruit slows down, the number of large fruits with rough skin decreases and the number of peripheral fruits increases, and the quality of fruit can also be improved. When there are too many fruit sets, the fruit should be thinned twice to maintain a certain leaf-fruit ratio and improve the fruit quality. The first fruit thinning time is in early July, mainly to remove pests and diseases, deformed fruits, small fruits, extra-large fruits and sparse cones. The second fruit thinning time is in late July (after the second physiological fruit drop), depending on the crown load and the leaf-fruit ratio (40-45: 1 for extra-early warm orange, 35-40: 1 for early maturity, 25-30: 1 for medium maturity and 50-60 leaves/for navel orange). When thinning fruit, there are more fruits left in the upper part of the crown or the top of the main branch, and less fruits left in the lower part and inner weak part of the crown.
Seven, soil, fertilizer, water management and plastic pruning in dense planting period.
1. The main task of cultivation management generally starts from 5-8 years of planting to the end of thinning, which is the full fruit period of close planting. Plants produce a lot of fruits, which are easy to happen in different years, and the whole garden is closed and easy to cross each other. The main task of this period is to control the crown as much as possible, extend the close planting period, maintain high and stable yield, and prevent new year and small year. Cultivation measures should focus on control and promote the growth of autumn shoots and roots.
2. Main measures of cultivation management. (1) thinning trees, maintain the necessary crown spacing, thinning or thinning trees, in order not to affect or less affect the rest of the trees as the principle. The sign of thinning is that the output of orange orchard begins to decline and the crown is shaded. Take the natural shape of mandarin oranges as an example. When the canopy coverage reaches above 84%, the canopy crossing reaches above 500px, and the leaf area index reaches above 7, the preparation for thinning should be started, and the canopy coverage reaches 100% h inch, that is, thinning is needed. Thinning is usually carried out 4-5 years before thinning or thinning, until the crown is less than 1/2 of permanent trees and the yield is less than 1/3 of permanent trees. For sparse trees, root cutting should be carried out in the ring groove between March and April of the year before transplantation and between September and June at the latest (10). The method is as follows: first, make a circle with the trunk as the radius and the trunk as the center, and then dig down along the circumference to cut off its roots. After the coarse roots are cut off, it is advisable to flatten the incision, and then fill the circular groove with fertile soil and organic matter to promote the occurrence of fine roots. In this way, when digging in the second year, the remaining roots can be less affected, and the survival rate and growth potential of transplanted trees can be improved. In order to facilitate the operation, generally speaking, trees planted between rows should be thinned first, but if the operation allows or the trees are dense, they can also be thinned first to make full use of the space and improve the yield.
3. Implement pruning and shaping of big branches, increase ventilation and light transmission, and improve fruit quality. ① The target of pruning big branches: citrus reticulata, where the tree is tall, the growth is vigorous, the main branches are erect, the crown is closed, the ventilation and light transmission are poor, and the indoor light is insufficient, which leads to poor quality and low yield of oranges. (2) The goal of pruning big branches: By eliminating the top advantage, the height of the tree should be controlled within 3m, the trunk should be equipped with three non-overlapping main branches, each main branch should be equipped with 2-3 auxiliary main branches, and the auxiliary main branches should be equipped with several side branches, which are short, strong, thick and numerous. The center lines of the trunk and the main branch, the main branch and the auxiliary main branch form an angle of 45-50 degrees, which requires clear layers, natural and gratifying shape, compact crown and good ventilation and light transmission. ③ Pruning method of big branches: one look, two saws, three shears and four guards are adopted. A look: when pruning, we should look at the crown skeleton structure, the number of branches and the distribution angle, and cut off straight main branches and too dense big branches. Second sawing: cut off unnecessary thick branches at proper positions. When sawing branches, two points should be paid attention to: First, it should be sawed obliquely, and the kerf should be smooth to prevent water accumulation; The second is to leave a pile for the branches with gaps in the crown, and the length of the pile is 1.0- 1.5 times of the circumference of the branches. Three pruning: the summer and autumn shoots are retracted and pruned, and the pruning amount accounts for about 1/3- 1/2 of the total summer and autumn shoots in the current year. Four protection: the cut after pruning, especially the cut of big branches, should be protected by coating protective agent or bactericide such as kocide. ④ Pruning time of big branches: the best time is from late February to late March in spring. In order not to affect the output of the year, it should be implemented step by step and completed in two years.
4. Strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water, and do a good job in the protection and thinning of flowers and fruits to prevent the occurrence of large and small years. Pure N, P2O5 and K2O were 65-82∶35-40 kg per mu in the citrus orchard in full fruit period. 35-40kg should be applied with strong fruit and shoot-promoting fertilizer in July, and high-efficiency compound fertilizer should be applied to each tree 1kg. According to the number of flowers and fruit setting of orange trees, we should do a good job of flower protection and fruit thinning to maintain a certain yield. The orange orchards have high yield year after year, so it is necessary to strengthen the nutrition supply. First of all, combined with thinning and planting trees, the soil was deeply ploughed and improved, the permanent root system was expanded, the soil fertility was increased, and the fertilizer was increased according to the yield. After the growth is weakened, measures should be taken to promote the early development and vigorous growth of autumn shoots by thinning fruits, increasing nitrogen fertilizer and appropriately increasing pruning, and to be the mother branch of the next year to prevent the occurrence of big and small years.
Eight, pest control
1. precautionary principle. Optimal integrated control of citrus diseases and insect pests refers to cultivating robust trees and enhancing the ability to resist diseases and insect pests on the basis of scientific management, adopting comprehensive control measures combining manual control, biological control and chemical control, selecting economic, efficient and low-toxic mineral and plant pesticides according to the economic control index of diseases and insect pests, rationally using drugs, and timely controlling according to the prediction of diseases and insect pests, which can not only achieve the purposes of reducing drug use, reducing cost and reducing pesticide residues.
2. Main diseases and insect pests of citrus. The main citrus diseases and insect pests in Shanghai are: citrus scab, anthracnose, resin disease, citrus red spider, citrus rust tick, leaf miner, aphid, scale insect, snail, butterfly and longicorn.
3. Control methods of citrus diseases. ① Prevention and treatment of scab: in the early stage, focus on the prevention and treatment of secondary spraying, the first time is when spring buds germinate (about 0.5 cm long), spraying drugs to protect spring buds; The second time, when two-thirds of the flowers fall, spray medicine to protect the young fruits. (2) Prevention and control of anthracnose: Spraying it 2-3 times every 10- 15 days in the young leaf stage in spring and autumn, especially in the young fruit stage and August-September. ③ Prevention and treatment of resin disease: prevention and treatment should be carried out at the early stage of the disease, generally in the young fruit period of May-June and September, and spraying 2-3 times every 10- 15 days. (4) The disease prevention agent can be a bactericidal insecticide such as Bordeaux mixture, Tobuzin and carbendazim.
4. Citrus pest control. ① Citrus mites: For mites such as citrus red spider and rust tick, pesticides should be used reasonably to protect natural enemies and control the harm of mites according to the forecast, pest occurrence and weather conditions. The agents include propargite, tricyclic tin and methomyl. (2) Citrus scale insects: For scale insects, it is necessary to predict and control when a large number of young nymphs occur, and the effect is good. Drugs can be used, such as lesburn, quick culling and so on. (3) Citrus leaf miner: The harm of citrus leaf miner should be controlled by combining the measures of bud control, timely unification of early autumn shoots and spraying protection. Drugs are: dipyridamole, wanling powder, Dajingsong, misoprostol, etc. 5. Other citrus diseases and insect pests: Effective measures such as artificial control, biological control and chemical control should be taken according to the occurrence of different diseases and insect pests to control and reduce the harm of citrus diseases and insect pests.
Nine, citrus harvest
1. Preparation before mining. ① Stop irrigation and water spraying within 20 days before harvesting. ② Prepare clean fruit picking tools. (3) The reaper should cut the nail flat.
2. Harvest technology. (1) Harvest Maturity: In principle, citrus fruits are required to reach the inherent color, aroma and taste of the variety, and more than two thirds of the fruit surface turns yellow, and they are harvested when they are basically mature. (2) harvesting principle; Selecting yellow and keeping green, harvesting in batches, light mining and light release ③ harvesting method. Adopt the second method of fruit cutting: the first method is to cut off long stalks, and the second method is to cut off even fruit stalks.
3. Precautions for picking ① The baskets, baskets and boxes used for picking fruits should be kept flat and padded with soft objects. (2) With the mining, it will be transported to avoid the sun and rain. ③ Do not harvest in case of strong wind, frost, dew, fog, rain and wet fruit surface, and harvest again at least once every 1 day after heavy rain.
4. Graded waxing. In order to improve the commercial fruit rate and appearance quality of citrus, the harvested citrus was mechanically selected, graded and packaged.
X. orange orchard renewal. 1. Update object: When the orange orchard is older, the citrus tree vigor and fruit quality will decline, and the output of orange orchard is lower than 60% of the average output level of rich orchards in this area. 2. Updating method: make overall planning, determine the citrus varieties to be planted after updating, and implement the updated orange seedlings. You can also use the citrus reticulata cut in the middle of other young forest dense planting gardens for big seedlings, which is convenient for early production.