1 macadamia nuts in Junsai Township
1. 1 macadamia nuts
Macadamia nut originated in Australia, is an evergreen tree, also known as Hawaiian fruit, and has the reputation of "king of dried fruits". It is a dicotyledonous plant with spherical fruit and hard cortex, and is suitable for growing in mild, humid and windy areas. It is suitable for planting in areas where the air temperature is 10~30℃ and the annual precipitation is above1000 mm. Macadamia nuts are rich in nutrition, have good market prospects and have good ecological and economic benefits.
1.2 climatic conditions in junsai township
Junsai Township belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate in low-latitude mountainous areas, with hot climate and abundant sunshine. The climate in China is quite different, and the three-dimensional climate is obvious. The annual average temperature is 265,438 0.6℃, the rainfall is as high as 2000mm, the rainfall is sufficient, the sunshine rate is high, the natural conditions are superior, and the resources such as water, light and heat are sufficient, which is suitable for planting macadamia nuts.
2 planting techniques of macadamia nuts
2. 1 Seedling selection and orchard reclamation
Grafted seedlings are generally used for planting macadamia nuts, and the survival rate is high. Choose plants with strong plants, no pests and diseases, developed roots and good grafting parts.
Macadamia nut is a subtropical cash crop with strong adaptability. When choosing nut plantations, we need to choose areas with good shelter from the wind, abundant sunshine, good drainage and fertile soil. After the garden is selected, roads, irrigation and drainage ditches, soil and water conservation, shelterbelts, etc. shall be planned reasonably. For the reclaimed garden, comprehensively clean up the planting land, ensure the row spacing of nuts, and adjust the rows of plants according to the actual situation. Large hole planting can be used to ensure the width and depth of the cave pool, and the excavation of the cave pool is generally completed in mid-February. The gentle garden adopts the cross calibration method, the plant spacing is kept at 5m, the row spacing is kept at 7m, and the line labeling of plants is in the form of straight lines. The terraces with the same height can be built in the sloping garden according to the row spacing of 7m, the width can be kept 3m, the row spacing is 5m, and the control is about 20 plants per 667m.
2.2 Application of base fertilizer
Apply 30-50kg farmyard manure to each hole pool, evenly apply farmyard manure and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to both sides of the hole pool and above the soil slope, and then fill the hole pool with the fertilizer along with the topsoil.
2.3 Colonization
Remove the branches that grow under the joints, plant them around July, put the seedlings into the dug pits and fill them with soil. In the process of planting, ensure the verticality of seedlings, straighten and cover the soil by hand, compact the soil and irrigate. In addition, because many macadamia nuts are self-sterile, in order to ensure that at least two varieties in a plot are matched with each other, it is necessary to cross-plant different varieties of nuts.
3. Management technology of macadamia nuts in military competition towns
3. 1 soil management
Rational fertilization to maintain soil fertility, applying nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to nuts after 30 days of fruit tree survival, and applying the second fertilizer when the leaves of nuts turn green, and controlling the amount of fertilization to maintain soil activity. At the same time, attention should be paid to soil conservation measures in advance before the rainy season to prevent soil fertility from declining due to rain erosion.
3.2 Weeding, topdressing and irrigation
April-June is the season when weeds grow wildly every year. At this time, chemical herbicides can be used to weed nuts. Excessive weeds will seriously affect the growth of nuts, absorb nutrients and water around trees, occupy planting space and make air circulation difficult.
Inorganic fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and different fertilizers are needed for different growth stages of nut trees. Young trees are applied with organic fertilizer of about 15kg and compound fertilizer of 50 g. Results 40 kg of organic fertilizer and 2 kg of compound fertilizer were applied.
The irrigation of nut trees also needs to be implemented, and the time and frequency of irrigation should be determined according to climate, soil and water resources. In Junsai Township, irrigation can be divided into three stages because of humid climate and abundant water resources. It is necessary to avoid too much irrigation to soak the roots of nut trees and too little irrigation to dry them up. Pay attention to drainage when irrigation, and it is easy to cause water accumulation when encountering heavy rain and other weather, which is not conducive to the healthy growth of nut trees.
3.3 Tree management
Pruning trees can ensure the uniform distribution of branches and leaves, and pruning some too dense or old plants in time is beneficial to the growth of new plants and new leaves. Some leaves are eroded by pests, so such leaves should be trimmed in time, and some dry branches should be cut off in time. It should be noted that the pruning time is best after the fruit is harvested.
3.4 seedling management
Because macadamia nuts have shallow roots, they need to be managed effectively and watered and inspected regularly. Seedlings need to be fixed after survival, and the height of the fixed stem is determined according to the actual situation, generally 50cm. During the fixed-stem period, well-growing branches can be selected as the main branches of the nut tree, and the nut tree can be pruned and shaped.
3.5 Flower Protection and Fruit Protection
When macadamia nuts enter flowering stage, they are usually pollinated by biological transmission. Some bees can be bred to help pollinate, and anti-falling agents can be sprayed after flowering to increase the yield of nuts.
3.6 Pest management
Macadamia nuts are threatened by many diseases and insect pests during their growth. According to statistics, there are more than 30 kinds of diseases and about 300 kinds of pests. The common pest is moth, which destroys leaves after invasion and causes young fruits to fall off, so it needs to be sprayed with pesticides for control. When nuts are ripe, mice will eat nuts, so put tools at the bottom of the tree to prevent mice from climbing up the branches.
For the prevention and control of nut diseases, it is necessary to spray certain pesticides to reduce the occurrence of diseases. Common diseases include gray mold, root rot, damping off, flower blight, stem canker, etc. Corresponding chemicals should be selected for nut diseases.
4 conclusion
Macadamia nuts have good economic benefits and broad market prospects, and have become one of the main fruit tree planting at this stage. Although the planting technology of macadamia nuts in China has made great progress at this stage, there are still some problems that cannot be ignored in the process of nut planting, the most prominent of which is the lack of management technology, which needs special attention. We should actively adopt scientific and effective methods to plant and manage nuts, and ensure the quality and level of planting from all aspects. The quality of nut planting can be improved through land selection, soil preparation, planting, fertilization, seedling management and field management.