Fertilizer and water management. After the fruit is harvested every year, 3000 kilograms of organic fertilizer, base fertilizer and calcium superphosphate are applied immediately per mu. In winter, the grapes should be thoroughly watered before being taken off the shelf. Before germination in the following year, apply 20 kg of urea (germination accelerating fertilizer) per mu with irrigation water; Irrigation 1-2 times before inflorescence appears; During the period of young fruit expansion, 20 kg of diamine (flower-promoting fertilizer) and 25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer were applied to each mu, and irrigation was also carried out; From mid-August to before fruit harvesting, spraying 0.30% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (color-promoting fertilizer) on the leaves for 3-4 times to promote the ripening of fruits and new shoots and control water in the whole garden.
Spraying pomegranate sulfur mixture of 3-5 degrees, adding 0.50% sodium pentachlorophenol and new high-fat film mixture to disinfect the whole garden before the grapes for pest control are taken off the shelf. From June to August every year, the main task is to prevent downy mildew and powdery mildew, especially in the case of high plant density, high temperature and high humidity, plants should be observed at any time to prevent them as soon as possible.
Before planting, apply decomposed base fertilizer, cover the soil and compact it, then pour enough root-fixing water, cover the soil to the depth outside the long roots, and there are 3 ~ 4 buds on the ground.
1, fertilization:
1) (base fertilizer can be supplemented in the middle and late March in the south and the middle and late April in the north) Apply 50 kg of high-quality farmyard manure-100 kg, 0.3 kg of urea and 0.8 kg of calcium superphosphate. The applied base fertilizer should be mixed with soil and then covered with soil. Grapes need a lot of fertilizer, and base fertilizer should be applied before defoliation or germination in winter; Topdressing before flowering for the first time;
2) Topdressing to accelerate germination: topdressing when the bud eye begins to swell and the temperature is stable at 65438 00℃: according to the plant size, shallow ditches with a depth of 30 cm-40 cm and a width of 30 cm are opened near the root end, and the fertilizer mixed soil is buried in the ditches, and then watered and covered.
3) in the early stage of young fruit growth, nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and calcium superphosphate and plant ash are applied appropriately;
4) When the fruit begins to color, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are the main ingredients. After reasonable watering and basic fertilizer application, water 1 time to make the fertilizer penetrate into the lower layer, which is beneficial to the absorption of grape roots;
5) Fertilizer control and water control: Generally, it is not appropriate to water fruits within 65,438+0 weeks before and after flowering. After the fruit is set, it can be watered with big water and applied with large fertilizer to promote the growth of the fruit. The rainy season will cause the loss of fertility. According to the loss of soil fertility and the growth of grapes, increase the amount of fertilization, use less meals, eat more and use less.
6) loosen the soil in time to increase soil permeability;
After heavy rain, the surface of the vineyard will harden, resulting in hypoxia of the grape root system, decreased resistance and easy to get sick. Deep ploughing should be done once before the rainy season. In rainy season, we should pay close attention to intertillage between rainy days to increase soil permeability.
7) Clean the auxiliary tip to promote ventilation and light transmission:
Grapes are the easiest to grow in the rainy season, and the incidence of secondary branches is very high. Pick your heart in time and wipe off the vise tip. For plants with too many new branches, part of them should be thinned to facilitate ventilation and light transmission.
2. Fixed shoot: Erase the overgrown and underdeveloped branches as soon as possible, leaving strong branches, so as to grow big grapes. Picking should be carried out when 4-8 leaves grow above the inflorescence. After coring, leave 1 leaf for coring, and leave 3-4 leaves for repeated coring except the top secondary branch.
3, thinning flowers, thinning fruits: the new shoots of grapes have skills: the new shoots of grapes must be picked. By removing the core, a large number of nutrients needed for the growth of new shoots can be preserved, which can promote the thickening of leaves and the fullness of flower buds. This is very important to improve the fruit setting rate, yield and quality of grapes. Here is a brief introduction to the practice. Picking time. For the new branches that bear fruit, they are usually picked 3-5 days before full flowering, and at the latest at the early flowering stage. Varieties with serious flower and fruit drop, such as Kyoho and Purple Rose, can collect seeds 8- 10 days before flowering. After the first coring, the leaves can not reach the required number of new shoots until the secondary buds grow out;
4. Remove tendrils: Tendrils not only consume nutrients, but also bring many diseases: annual seedlings should be bound in time after removing tendrils to make the plants grow upright. Insert a thumb-thick bamboo pole on the ground 15 cm away from the root of the seedling and tie the new tip to it. When binding, the new tips should be evenly distributed, and the binding rope should be tied into a loose slipknot on the new tips, leaving a thickened space for the new tips, and the other end should be tied to the diagram. When the new shoots of biennial and perennial seedlings grow to about 60 cm, the new shoots are arched. That is, the new shoots are leveled, so that the ears are at the highest position of the new shoots, and the new shoots are tied to the frame surface in order and at a certain distance. This is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, and prevents fruit branches from being blown off by strong winds.
5. Intercropping: After the inflorescence appears, according to the load of the vines, the seedlings should be intercropped as soon as possible. Prolonged vines maintain 1 ~ 2 ears, all bearing branches maintain single ears, and weak branches do not maintain fruit ears. The second and third ears that grow again should be thinned out in time.
6. Key points of Fujiminori grape planting (planting in the same year, two-year income):
1) In winter, when its leaves are completely backward, the plant should be pruned, and each branch has about 3 buds. Weak branches, too dense branches, too prosperous branches and insect branches should be pruned to promote more branches and more fruits.
2) In early spring, deep ploughing and fertilization were carried out beside the grapes, and farmyard manure was the main fertilizer. After fertilization, cover the soil and water it, and loosen the soil once when the soil surface is slightly dry.
3) When several leaves grow, the weak buds should be erased and only the strong buds should be kept.
4) When tendrils grow in leaf axils, they must be pinched off manually to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption.
5) During the period, tie the branches tightly to prevent them from breaking at will, which will affect nutrient transportation.
6) The lower leaves should be removed during the ripening and swelling stages of grapes to avoid the light reaching the fruit and affecting the fruit color.
7) Don't apply fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer, before flowering in spring to control the tree vigor, keep it moderate and avoid excessive growth.
8) Don't water or spray chemicals during flowering. Pinch the tip of the ear before flowering, generally pinching off the whole ear 1/5 and 1/4.
9) Before the grape blooms, leave 5-7 pieces of Ye Qiang above the inflorescence to pick the core, and smooth all the auxiliary buds except one at the top, so that the nutrients can be fully supplied to the fruit. Spraying PBO twice before and after flowering can greatly improve the fruit setting rate. After the physiological fruit drop is over, 8- 10 leaves are left for coring, and combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization, high-yield and large-spike high-quality Kyoho grapes can be obtained.
Four, anti-freezing treatment of grapes:
When the ground temperature of grape roots drops to MINUS 6 degrees Celsius, their roots will be frozen to varying degrees. When it drops to MINUS 8 degrees Celsius, it will completely freeze. Therefore, the temperature of grape roots should be kept above MINUS 6 degrees Celsius during hibernation.
1, timely filling frozen water. Winter grapes should be watered with frozen water once every 0/0 day before being buried in cold-proof soil to prevent root freezing injury and drought in early spring.
2, pay attention to the soil location and soil sealing ditch. Cold-proof soil must be taken from the rows outside the two sides of the vine trunk, and it must not be too close to the roots to avoid damaging the roots and freezing them. After freezing, the soil ditch is filled with water and frozen into ice, which not only reduces the thickness of frozen soil, but also helps the roots to overwinter and prevent drought in the next spring. Where there is no irrigation condition, you can also cover the soil ditch with weeds and other items to prevent the grape from freezing injury.
When cracks are found on the cold-proof soil after winter, the cracks should be covered tightly with soil in time. From June+0, 5438 to February of the following year, especially when the weather is particularly cold, some cold-proof objects such as firewood or horse manure can be piled on the cold-proof soil to ensure that the grapes are not frozen. 6. Prevention of bird damage (when the grapes are about to ripen, birds will pick the ripe grapes and peck them): The bagging effect of grape newspapers is good, which not only reduces sunburn, prevents bacterial infection, prevents bird damage, but also facilitates bag making.
1. Bagging: each newspaper can be made into 4 paper bags, with a value less than 1. The bag is 27 cm long and 20 cm wide. Take 6-8 cm thin iron wire for standby. Roll up the side of the bag with a sewing machine, and nail the lower mouth to the middle with a stapler, leaving 6 cm air holes on both sides. If it is used in an orchard with high temperature and humidity in summer, it can enhance the moisture discharge performance without sealing.
2. Bagging: Bagging soybeans when they are small. Before bagging, prune the ears, thin the seeds and spray fungicides, pesticides and available calcium. Bagging time should be from morning dew to evening, and attention should be paid to avoiding the highest temperature period and direct sunlight when bagging at noon.
3. Bag picking: The bag picking time is determined according to the variety and time to market. For mid-early maturing varieties that are easy to be colored, the bags are picked 7- 10 days before picking; Late-maturing varieties should be bagged 10- 15 days before harvest. After picking the bag, you should pick the leaves and turn the fruit. Seven, prevention and control of diseases: before the grape bud eyes germinate, you can spray 50 times-100 times of Solibar or spray 3 Baume -5 Baume stone sulfur mixture (better with 0.3% washing powder). For orchards with serious diseases such as fruit rot last year, lime should be sprinkled before the disease occurs; Or spray 50% carbendazim 500-600 times under the frame to control the primary infection source from soil overwintering.
1, in case of priority, spray in time:
The drugs with residual efficacy 17-2 1 day should be sprayed every 15 days/time. If it rains halfway, shorten the next spraying days appropriately. If there is heavy rain after spraying, wait until it clears. If two adjacent drugs are alkaline or acidic respectively, the interval should be strictly controlled to prevent acid-base neutralization of the two drugs.
2, see the disease from the start, timely treatment:
Continuous rain, high temperature and high humidity are the most prone to illness, and should be observed every day and sprayed with drugs at the beginning. Downy mildew can be prevented by using 70% Cobo 600 times solution, 80% ethyl phosphate 300 times solution or L: 0.7: 1.80 times bordeaux solution;
3. Bordeaux mixture is the main drug, and other drugs are suitable. This method has a good preventive effect. Spray 1 time 1:0.5:240 times before flowering, 1 time 1:0.7:220 times after flowering, and 1 time 1:0.7:200 times during grape expansion. If white rot and anthracnose occur in the middle, it is necessary to spray the medicine. Most of these drugs are acidic, and the interval between them and Bordeaux mixture should be strictly controlled. 4. Clean up the garden in time to curb the spread of diseases;
If a disease occurs, it is most likely to spread because of high temperature and high humidity. Clean the garden at any time. Remove diseased leaves, branches and fruits from the garden, bury them deeply or burn them. Clear weeds in the garden in time. When cutting off diseased branches and fruits, always clean scissors and disinfect them to prevent cross-infection. Shandong Yimeng seedling base website