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Hard landscape was first created and put forward by British M. Gage and M. Vandenberg in their book Urban Hard Landscape Design, that is to say, it is relative to the soft landscape of plants.
In other words, the urban landscape is divided into two parts: soft landscape dominated by plants and water bodies and hard landscape dominated by road pavement and sketch facilities treated with artificial materials. Wang Chunmu's definition of hard landscape in residential areas holds that urban hard landscape is a landscape with road environment, activity places and landscape facilities as its main functions. Broadly speaking, tangible things other than urban greening, water bodies and buildings can all be considered as hard landscapes. Its contents include four parts: walking environment (including ground paving, stepping, ramps, retaining walls, fences, railings, fences and guardrails), landscape facilities (including lighting, seats, garbage bins, sculptures, telephone booths, information signs, bollards, planting containers and bicycle parking lots), activity places (playgrounds, leisure squares and sports fields) and vehicle environment.
Classification of hard landscape
There are many kinds of hard landscapes, such as point, line and surface according to aesthetic principles [6]; According to the design elements, it can be divided into three categories: walking environment, vehicle environment and street sketch [7]. There are also four types of roads, revetments, pavements and sketches formed according to the use of hard landscapes [8]. Based on the landscape function of hard landscape, this paper divides it into three categories: practical, decorative and comprehensive functional landscape, and then divides it on this basis.
1, practical hard landscape
Practical hard landscape includes road environment, activity places and facilities. Among them, the road environment consists of walking environment and vehicle environment, mainly including sidewalks, trails, driveways, parking lots and so on. Activity venues include playgrounds, sports grounds, leisure squares, etc. Facilities include lighting equipment, rest seats, pavilions, bus stops, garbage bins, telephone booths, wash basins, etc. This kind of landscape is designed on the basis of application function, highlighting the characteristics of strong use function and durability of hard landscape.
2. Decorative hard landscape
Decorative hard landscapes are mainly street sketches, which are divided into two categories: sculpture sketches and gardening sketches. Modern sculpture works have a wide range of types, materials and themes, and gradually become an important part of landscape design. Gardening sketches include rockeries, landscape walls, flower stands, flower pots and so on. This kind of landscape is mainly set for decoration, which has the characteristics of beautifying the environment and pleasing to the eye, and embodies the beautification function of hard landscape.
3. Comprehensive functional hard landscape
Some hard landscapes are both practical and decorative. Such as lamps, sinks, stools, pavilions, etc. In the facilities sketch, there are both functions of use and beautification and decoration; Rockery, flower stand, fountain, etc. Decorative sketches are not only the objects to watch beautiful scenery, but also a good place for people to rest and play. This comprehensive hard landscape design embodies the coordination and unity of form and function, and is widely used in modern landscape design.
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Soft design of hard landscape
Returning to nature is the common desire and pursuit of people. Landscape planning and design emphasizes ecological concept, pursues natural ecology, artificially simulates ecology and creates ecological environment, which has become the law that landscape design should follow today. However, the concrete application of this law is mostly applied to the macro conception and concept of the garden environment, and the micro design of the material elements of the garden landscape is not enough, especially the pursuit of the ecological beauty of the details of the hard landscape is often ignored, and the soft design of the hard landscape is deliberately required to be completed through the pursuit of the "ecological beauty" of the details.
Hard landscape and soft design, broken walls and green.
1 Soft Design of "Ecological Beauty" for Hard Landscape
1. 1 concept
Use the plant landscape material: (1) to soften the edge interface, and through the plant landscaping to blur the boundary, give it cultural connotation to soften it. (2) Vertical greening and three-dimensional fine design of special space.
1.2 Use the softness and charm of water to create an ecological beauty space.
(1) Fog forest atmosphere is created. By spraying (artificial fog in the sun), it not only has the ecological beauty of "rainbow", but also has the health care function produced by negative oxygen ions in the air. (2) Quasi-water association: In water-deficient areas or areas without water supply, sunken dry pools (paved with blue anti-dizzy and breathable square bricks) or butterfly tiles are used to simulate the ripples of water, and rainwater can penetrate downwards to create the beauty of ecological landscape. (3) Using bionic simulation building materials to build green ecological buildings. (4) Water garden "dry farming"-plants make waves and green waves, and the ground ripples.
Measures-In the pursuit of ecological beauty, "soft design" has injected delicate feelings.
2. 1 Flexible design of roads, floors and squares
Roads, floors and squares are places where people walk, move and relax, and also have the functions of organizing communication and separating space. On the premise of not affecting the landscape function, the surface structure and decorative materials are appropriately changed in the design, which plays a certain ecological softening role.
(1) Structure: The roads, floors and squares with traditional concrete structures bring more radiant heat to the garden environment, which is impervious and dazzling. The structure of ecological roads, terraces and squares has certain "breathing" function, and its structural levels are: plain soil compaction; Gravel cushion; Yellow sand leveling layer; The biggest characteristics of the surface layer of block stone are water seepage, air permeability and evaporation, which can adjust and improve the microclimate. In a humid environment, moss and grass can grow between the surface blocks, adding a bit of ecological flavor to the garden environment. (2) Pavement: The pavement of roads, floors and squares made of traditional artificial hard materials (glazed tiles and ceramic tiles) has a certain sense of modern decoration, but it lacks natural charm and ecological landscape emotion, and even lacks the atmosphere of dialogue, exchange and communication with people. The surface layers of ecological roads, terraces and squares should have a certain "primitive" taste and exude natural flavor, and the surface materials can be selected.
2.2 Flexible design of steps
Stepping is the connecting body and buffer section of different elevation platforms of roads, terraces and squares, and it is also an element of changing viewpoints and landscaping. Old and regular concrete steps and hard decorative tile steps are gradually eliminated, and ecological steps are widely used. Eco-step skillfully combines the characteristics of natural topography and landforms, adopts primitive and natural paving materials, and is naturally and flexibly arranged to create a vivid and natural landscape effect. Common methods are:
(1) Steps made of a whole piece of natural materials and embedded with regular grass seams: the whole is natural, and the main materials are natural granite stone, wood blocks, slate, etc. And the cracks in the stone are filled with moss and dark green, which is not only breathable and permeable, but also natural and beautiful.
(2) The steps paved by vertical boundary and horizontal tread are rich and varied, and the materials and colors of vertical boundary soften the existence of steps. The material and characteristics of the filler should not only meet the functional requirements of steps, roads, terraces and squares, but also ensure the ventilation of steps and the infiltration of rainwater.
(3) The design of retaining wall is flexible: besides the practical function of retaining soil, retaining wall also has the landscaping function of beautifying the environment. Traditionally, retaining walls are generally decorated with internal bricks and external bricks, or marble. The feeling of "wall" is too strong, dull and lifeless. The innovation and development of ecological retaining wall in profile structure and decorative materials endows it with vitality and natural connotation.
(4) Soft design of landscape wall: Landscape wall has the function of organizing space and separating space in the garden, and it is also the carrier of "breaking the wall and penetrating the green". The height and permeability of the landscape wall depend on the size and function of the space, and the decorative materials on the facade of the landscape wall should be softened as much as possible.
1. Landscape wall with brick (including precast concrete blocks) structure: Due to its structural limitations, the landscape wall of this structure shows a strong artificial atmosphere. In the selection of facade materials, it gives people a harmonious natural beauty and ecological beauty through the display of natural color materials. Secondly, wooden landscape wall: Because of its natural quality of structure and materials, it is widely used in garden environment. The landscape wall of this structure has two details: ① Natural bark, that is, Chinese fir or palm wood without any decorative treatment, is fixed with hemp rope or copper wire, which is simple and interesting. (2) It is natural and interesting to use artificial decorative fir boards or pines and fix them with copper nails or stainless steel screws. 3. Bamboo structure landscape wall: commonly known as "bamboo fence", it has the characteristics of traditional classical gardens without losing its quaint and elegant artistic conception. The landscape wall of this structure is economical in cost, simple and vivid in structure, and natural and friendly.
(5) Flexible design of the parking lot: The parking lot is a large area of hard ground in the garden green space, which is mainly used for parking and turning around vehicles. Although the large cement site provides convenience for parking, the radiant heat and cool environment of the cement site bring many disadvantages to the parked vehicles, such as infiltration of site water, exposure to the sun and so on. On the premise of satisfying the parking function, the ecological parking lot solves the problems of leakage and shading.
1. Cushion structure of the parking lot: permeable cushion structure is adopted, that is, a graded gravel layer of 300mm is laid on the compacted plain soil, a sand cushion layer of 50mm thickness is laid on the gravel layer, and a brick is laid on the sand cushion layer. Second, the surface of the parking lot: concrete grass-planting bricks or engineering plastic load-bearing grids are used, the gaps of the bricks or grids are covered with soil, and trampling grass seeds are planted. Plastic load-bearing lattice has a large lawn planting area and good green vision effect because of its light and thin materials. 3. Shading of the parking lot: On the premise of not affecting parking and turning around, open a tree altar and plant big trees with shady crowns.
(6) Softening design of pavilions: pavilions and flower stands are not only rest facilities in the garden green space, but also major landscape buildings. In order to reflect the ecological beauty, in addition to using natural and simple materials, such as wood, stone, bamboo, etc., it is more important to organically integrate the green vines with the structure of the pavilion flower stand in the three-dimensional modeling. The green vine and ink branches soften the hard thread of the pavilion, and the red flowers and green leaves give vitality to the pavilion.
The ecological beauty created by flexible design in garden hard landscape not only adds vibrant natural beauty to our environment, but also improves the ecological quality of our living environment. Hard landscape needs its inherent decorative beauty and flexible design of ecological beauty.