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Oil. The wood of many fruit trees is an excellent material for national defense industry, construction industry and carving technology.
(5) The economic benefits of fruit trees are an important part of agriculture. With the adjustment of rural industrial structure and the liberalization of agricultural products market, especially in hilly, mountainous and desert areas, developing fruit tree production according to local conditions can bring considerable benefits to farmers. China fruit is rich in resources, and fruit tree production is highly competitive in the international market, which is an important source of foreign exchange earned by agricultural products export.
First, the selection of excellent varieties of saplings should be pure and adapt to local natural environmental conditions. To develop new varieties of fruit trees, it is necessary to consult relevant scientific research departments and experts, and never trust advertisements and choose seeds by ear. The seedlings supplied by general scientific research units and competent departments are more reliable. For seedlings sold by individuals, the source of seedlings or scions must be made clear before purchase. [ 1]
Second, the root system of fruit tree seedlings with excellent roots should have more lateral roots and fibrous roots, which are evenly distributed. The first-class and second-class seedlings should have more than three lateral roots, and the roots should not lose water.
3. Selection of superior specifications: The height of fruit seedlings should be 1 ~ 1.3 m, and the ground diameter (above the interface 10 cm) should be 0.8 ~ 1 cm. Grape Miao Di diameter is not less than 0.6 cm.
4. Germination conditions: the plastic belt below the fixed stem position must have more than 6 full and full leaf buds, so that good branches can be issued after the fixed stem position. Grape seedlings must have 3 ~ 4 full buds with high maturity.
Five, whether there are pests and diseases, choose the seedlings without pests and diseases, and the seedlings belonging to the quarantine scope should have quarantine certificates. Never introduce diseases, insects and weeds into quarantine objects, otherwise, at this time, almost all fruit tree pests and diseases will start to hide in the wintering nest, unable to eat or move, and enter hibernation. Therefore, this is the best time to control fruit tree diseases and insect pests once a year. First, clean the garden. Some diseases such as soft rot, gray mold and downy mildew, as well as some pests such as red spider, borer and caterpillar, mostly hide in dead branches, fallen leaves, weeds and garden debris for the winter. Therefore, orchards should be cleaned in time after fruit picking or defoliation. First, cut off branches, dead branches, insect buds, dead fruits, etc. In the tree; Then clean up the fallen leaves and fruits under the tree, and at the same time clean up and bury the sundries around the garden, destroy them or make compost, which can basically eliminate pests or germs that overwinter in these sundries.
2. Scarabs, peach moth, boat moth, Spodoptera litura, cutworm and yellow striped beetle all hibernate in the soil in the form of adults, larvae or pupae, and some fruit tree diseases such as Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt all hibernate in the soil in the form of hyphae, sclerotia and spores. Through the measures of soil overwintering, its overwintering nest can be effectively destroyed and its exposed soil surface can be frozen to death. The depth of tillage should be 15-25 cm, if it is too deep, it will easily damage the roots. Watering and maintenance should be done in time after turning the tree tray deeply, and sufficient base fertilizer should be applied at the same time.
Third, eradicate weeds. Some pests, such as aphids, will hide in weeds and gaps in the soil for the winter. When bloom is in the next spring, pests will be transferred to fruit trees to do harm. Therefore, the eradication of weeds in the field can effectively eliminate the source of insects. This measure can be combined with deep cultivation of garden soil.
Fourth, strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases in facilities. Some fruits, such as strawberries, are planted in protected areas such as plastic greenhouses to create good living conditions for overwintering pests. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen pest control in greenhouse to reduce the source of pests.
5. Scraping off the rough epidermis and warped epidermis of the trunk is often the place where pests and bacteria such as red spider, psyllid, pear moth, pear caterpillar, rot, dry rot and ring rot overwinter. Rough skin and twisted skin can be scraped off gently with a knife that is not too sharp. When scraping, you must catch the scraped objects with a tray, and then burn or bury them centrally, which can effectively eliminate the overwintering bacteria, pests and eggs in the skin cracks. Protect it with chemicals after shaving.
6. Paint the trunk white after winter, and paint the young trunk and trunk in time after scraping off rough skin and warping skin, which can not only increase the insect control effect, but also help the fruit trees to prevent freezing. There are two kinds of whitening agents commonly used, lime-sulfur mixture and lime-copper sulfate mixture.
Seven, spraying pesticides During the germination of leaf buds and flower buds of various fruit trees in early spring, it is the time when many fruit tree pests are stung. At this time, spraying 1 pesticide on the whole garden in time can effectively reduce the harm degree of pests and diseases in the orchard in that year. Commonly used pesticides include 3~5 degrees stone sulfur mixture.
In addition, in order to improve the control effect of fruit tree diseases and insect pests, the hook-and-thorn sealing technology is also adopted, that is, a special iron wire hook is used to extend into the moth hole to hook out or stab out larvae such as longicorn beetles hiding in the trunk, or the cracks and caves on the trunk are sealed with a white coating agent to cut off the way for pests to overwinter. This method is more important for pests in old orchards.
Winter is a dormant period for pests and germs. At this time, the concentration of pests and diseases is the best opportunity to prevent and control pests and diseases, which can get twice the result with half the effort. The specific method is as follows:
1. Wash the eggs, larvae and pupae of some pests and spores and mycelium of pathogens that can safely overwinter in litter, such as mites, scale insects, leaf rollers, anthracnose, scab and canker. Therefore, it is a good measure to thoroughly clean the garden in winter, remove litter and fruits, eradicate weeds, and focus on burning or burying deeply to reduce the source of insects and diseases.
2. Cut off the branches of pests and diseases. In winter, many pests and germs overwinter on twigs, buds, leaves and dry branches. Cutting off branches of pests and diseases and burning dead fruits can effectively reduce the overwintering base of pests such as aphids, moths, moths, psyllids and stem bees, and reduce the sources of infection of various branches and leaves.
3. In order to plug the wormhole, fine wire can be inserted into the wormhole on the branch to stab the larvae; You can also fill the wormhole with 80% dichlorvos or 40% dimethoate 5 ~ 10 times solution and absorbent cotton (or waste paper); Or inject the above liquid medicine into the wormhole with a needle, and then seal the hole with yellow mud to poison the pests hiding in the branches.
4. Cure the cracking and warping of fruit tree bark, which is a place where many pests and diseases lurk for the winter. Such as pear moth, stinkbug, caterpillar, leaf roller moth, etc. There is a habit of hiding in the nest of warped skin in winter. So you can gently scrape off the old cracked skin from the middle and late June of 65438+February to the next June of 65438+1October, but don't scrape the tender skin inside. The germ film of pear paste can also be scraped off with a knife, and should be coated with stone sulfur mixture or mortar immediately after scraping.
5. There are many pests in the orchard, which overwinter in the soil in the form of larvae and pupae, or in the form of bacteria and oospores. Deep ploughing in the orchard in winter will suffocate or expose insects, pupae and germs, causing birds to peck to death or freeze to death.
Improve the acidity of gastric juice, promote food digestion, and achieve the effect of neutralization and digestion.
4, clearing heat and relieving sore throat. The fruit of carambola contains a lot of volatile components.
Healthy diet
1, fresh carambola juice 3 fresh carambola, washed with clear water, cut into diced meat with a fruit knife, and mashed to get juice; Pour the juice into a cup, add 100 ml warm water and mix well, and take it twice a day. The fruit juice has the effects of clearing away heat, expelling pathogenic wind, relieving pain and swelling, and is suitable for patients with joint swelling and pain.
2. Carambola with vinegar stains. 1 fresh carambola, 50ml red vinegar. Wash carambola with clear water, and then split it in two with a fruit knife; Put the fresh fruit in a cup, soak it in red vinegar for 10 minute, then take it out and chew it slowly. This peach has the effect of promoting digestion and harmonizing middle energizer, and can be used to treat dyspepsia, chest distress and abdominal distension.
3, candied carambola. Fresh carambola100g, sugar 50g. Wash carambola with clear water, then cut it with a fruit knife and put it in a plate; Sprinkle sugar evenly on the fresh fruit, marinate for 30 minutes, and then chew slowly. This peach has the effect of relieving summer heat and promoting diuresis, and is suitable for diarrhea due to summer heat and dampness.
4, carambola glutinous rice porridge. Carambola and late rice100g, glutinous rice 50g and sugar 50g. Wash carambola, cut into diced fruits, and wash rice with clear water; Put carambola, glutinous rice and rice into a big crock, add 750ml of clear water, simmer for 60min, and then add sugar. The porridge has the effects of invigorating spleen and regulating stomach, and can be used as a staple food for patients in convalescence from serious illness. Healthy people can increase appetite and keep fit.
1、
How to eat carambola (5)
Direct eating: clean it, and then cut off five (or six) hard edges with a knife. Note that you only need to cut off the thin hard edge, and then cut it into thin pentagram slices with a knife, and you can eat it.
2, egg milk stewed carambola: eggs and milk have a good cosmetic effect, carambola is also very nutritious, so this stew is very suitable for skin care and beauty, and the practice will not be very complicated.
3. Drawn carambola: Carambola can also be drawn, and the star is wrapped in the crisp pulp of the drawing, which is crystal clear in the sun.
4, carambola: This kind of carambola tastes very special, and the practice is also more elegant.
5, carambola tea: carambola can not only be made into various foods, but also can be used to make tea.
6, starfish carambola lean broth: carambola can also be used as a dish on the table, very complementary.
Put it in the shade to slow down the growth of seedlings. [4]
Dump the soil and change the basin.
The nutrients in the basin soil are gradually washed away by frequent watering. After 2 ~ 3 years, the soil fertility in the basin is insufficient and the physical structure becomes worse. It is necessary to pour pots in time and replenish new culture soil. Stop watering before pouring the basin, and let the soil shrink and separate from the basin wall, so as to pour out the basin soil. After the soil is inverted, cut off the old roots with a thickness of 2 to 3 cm around the pot soil, mix the organic fertilizer with the soil, and sieve to fill the bottom. Then bring the soil to the basin, add fertile soil around it, and water it 1 time. Because the root system of plum blossom bonsai grows rapidly, after 1 to 2 years, the root system will curl along the basin wall and the old roots will be densely covered, which will affect the growth of new roots. Therefore, when changing pots, cutting off curly roots and thinning crowded old roots is beneficial to the growth of new roots and improving the ability to absorb water and nutrients. [4]
Plastic trimming
The tree shape of plum blossom bonsai should not only be beneficial to the result, but also have aesthetic effect and improve the ornamental value. Usually, it is mainly natural round head and tower shape, and it can also be shaped into cliff-like, curved-dry and other favorite trees according to personal hobbies. After planting, we should make full use of the measures of supporting and dividing plants, open branches within 1 ~ 2 years, and bear fruit early. [4]
When pruning, moderately prune the annual branches to stimulate the germination of the branches and form a small crown tree with compact results. When selecting, retaining and cultivating the main lateral branches of young plum trees and completing the shaping task, it is necessary to balance the tree potential, maintain the master-slave relationship of the backbone branches at all levels, and appropriately prune the backbone branches that grow too fast. The trees that bear fruit for the first time are mainly short fruit branches and bouquets. After entering the fruit, according to the strength of its growth, leave 2 ~ 3 full buds at the base for further cutting. For long branches, it can be reduced to biennial branches, so that the middle and small branches in the whole crown are densely distributed. [4]
Overwintering and cold prevention
In the absence of freezing injury in winter, it is generally not appropriate to overwinter indoors, and let it overwinter naturally outdoors to improve the ability of trees to resist various natural disasters. In order to prevent freezing injury, you can choose to pour 1 time soil before freezing in sunny days, wrap the whole container with straw bags after the water seeps down, tie it tightly with ropes, or dig trenches and bury it in the leeward and sunny places. [4]
Tiantuan management
Enlarge the pit, improve the soil and apply heavy fertilizer deeply. Topdressing should be based on the principle of diligent application and thin application, and more application should be made at the tip stage. Fertilizer should be diluted first and then concentrated, and the dosage will increase with the expansion of trees. Pay attention to shaping and controlling branches to cultivate high-yield tree species. In summer, the long branches are mainly picked or cut short, and the long branches growing on the trunk and main branches are thinned. In winter, dead branches, diseased branches and drooping branches are mainly cut off. [2]
Fertilizer and water management
After the planted seedlings survive, they are made into terraces with shallow ditches with a width of 20 cm and a depth of 5 cm. The terraces are used for drainage, irrigation and fertilization in summer. Topdressing once every 10 day in the early growth stage, applying 25 kilograms of ammonium bicarbonate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate per mu from germination to flowering stage, and applying 25 kilograms of urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate per mu from young fruit stage to mature stage. Fertilize the fruits underground in time during the vegetative growth period, with ammonium bicarbonate or urea of 0/50 kg per mu/kloc, and apply organic fertilizer in the border or tree tray in September every year, mainly with decomposed chicken manure and circulating fertilizer. Apply 3000 kg of high-quality coarse fertilizer, 30 kg of diammonium phosphate, 30 kg of potassium sulfate and 30 kg of urea per mu, and water once after each fertilization. In the whole production process, except watering after fertilization, water 1 ~2 times according to soil moisture, and intertillage and loosen the soil at any time after irrigation. [2]
Temperature and humidity control
1. Temperature control, the dormancy period of plums is 40-50 days, which requires 0℃-7℃ 1000 hours-1500 hours,1early October1kloc-0/,when plums fall, The temperature control after heating is realized by opening and closing the vent and adjusting the size of the ventilation belt. The temperature control indexes of each phenological period in the protected plum growing season are: 13℃~ 15℃ during the day and 3℃ ~ 5℃ at night; During the flowering period, the temperature should be adjusted to 18℃~20℃, and the maximum temperature should not exceed 22℃, and it should be 6℃ at night ~
Yuan is not equal to. Of course, AMD boxed products are also full of fakes, especially the Flash Dragon 2500+ and E6 3000+. Due to the limited technical level of unscrupulous businessmen, although fake packaging has become a small-scale industry, it still cannot meet the standard of genuine packaging boxes in the printing and production of packaging boxes. Therefore, we can start with the printing of the packaging box to identify the true and false.
Take AMD's packaging box as an example. There is a label on the unopened box. If there is no label, it must be a fake. And this label is also a starting point to identify the authenticity of the packaging box. As can be seen from the picture, the genuine label is engraved with a cross-shaped cut by the machine, and the label will be damaged and invalid after being torn off. There is also this label and this cross-shaped incision on the fake packaging box, but please note that the genuine cross-shaped incision is not connected in the middle, and the length and depth of the incision are uniform, while the fake label is often cut by the counterfeiter himself with a blade. If consumers find that the cross-shaped cuts are different in length and connected in the middle, they can be sure that they have been tampered with.
In addition, because the identification of this method is very simple, some unscrupulous merchants put new numbers on the boxes to confuse the fake with the real. The serial number to identify the true and false should also be distinguished from printing. The serial number bar code of regular products is dot-matrix spray code, and the handwriting is clear. It can be clearly seen that the number is composed of "dots". Forged barcodes are usually printed, and the handwriting is fuzzy and sticky, and the fonts used are different. If you find that this bar code is poorly printed and illegible, you'd better not buy it.
Look at the fan
This method is mainly aimed at Intel processors. After unpacking the CPU, you can check the anti-counterfeiting label in the center of the original fan. The anti-counterfeiting label of the real Intel box packaging CPU is three-dimensional anti-counterfeiting, except that the bottom pattern will change, and there will be a three-dimensional "Intel" logo. The fake box CPU only has the change of the bottom pattern, without the "Intel" logo, and the heat sink is sparse.
Contains an enzyme that can decompose protein.
As a fresh food, pineapple is golden in color, rich in fragrance, sweet and sour, crisp and juicy. Pineapple fruit is mostly used for canning except fresh food, and is widely loved because it can keep its original flavor. Canned pineapple is known as "international canned fruit" and can also be made into a variety of processed products, which are widely welcomed by consumers.
Pineapple, like some fruits, can make some people allergic, and the allergic reaction can appear within 15 minutes at the earliest. This symptom is called "pineapple disease" or "pineapple poisoning". Such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, skin flushing, itching all over the body, numbness of limbs and mouth, and severe allergies have also been reported.
The seed source of seedlings is very important, and the seeds should come from high-yield and high-quality fruits of excellent varieties (common annona), with large mother plants and correct fruit shapes. It is best to artificially pollinate fruits of the same variety. When the fruit is completely mature, the fruit is light green and yellow, and the suture line between small fruits is obvious, the seeds are harvested. As a grafted rootstock culture, seed collection can reduce the requirements. After the seeds are taken out, they are washed, the weak and small seeds are removed, and then they can be planted in the air. For example, stored annona seeds should be dried before sowing to promote germination. Before sowing, seeds can be soaked with 200ppm gibberellin for 24-36 hours to promote early germination. It is best to use fertile sandy loam for seedbed, and apply decomposed organic fertilizer to shake well. The furrow should be opened, and the width of the furrow shall be subject to the convenience of field operation. Drill sowing can be used, and the sowing amount is 7-8 kg per mu. After sowing, cover with fine sand or fine soil, slightly compact and drench with water, then cover with grass or plastic agricultural film to keep moisture. After emergence, cover with grass or plastic film to avoid bending the seedlings. Pay attention to water and fertilizer management at seedling stage, generally water once every 3-4 days and once a day in drought. After 6-8 leaves, topdressing can be started to cultivate strong seedlings. [3]
transplant
Common annona squamosa is generally used as rootstock for grafting seedling. This kind of rootstock has the characteristics of good affinity, short tree shape and early production. The thickness of rootstock is generally about 0.8 cm before grafting. Grafting time: Grafting is generally in spring, bud grafting is better in summer and autumn, and grafting in winter generally cannot survive. The scion of annona squamosa is selected from the peripheral branches of excellent mother trees with strong growth and no pests and diseases. After the scion is picked, the leaves are cut off, and the petiole with a length of 0.3-0.5 cm is reserved to reduce the evaporation of water. This method is suitable for the sap flow period of the growing season, so that the rootstock can peel off the bark.
When planting annona squamosa, seedlings should be grafted with common annona squamosa as rootstock, and the best planting time is spring, especially before germination, with the highest survival rate. It can also be planted in the rainy season from June to July, but attention should be paid to drainage, and the roots of annona should avoid water accumulation. It is best to classify the seedlings when planting, and the seedlings transferred from other places should be soaked in water for 3-5 hours before planting. After that, put the seedlings into a hole with a depth of 20-30 cm, and the water-deficient mountain area can be appropriately deepened by 65,438+00 cm, so that the roots can be stretched and the seedlings can be stably supported while filling the soil. After planting, make a 1 tree tray around it, cover it with straw, and water the roots. [4]
Abundant water
The fertilization principle of annona squamosa is scientific fertilization according to the tree size and different growth stages, mainly applying organic fertilizer, combining organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer, and gradually moving closer to green agriculture. Generally, 1 year is applied three times, and 1 time is carried out before and after pruning in winter, combined with deep tillage and garden cleaning. The application is mainly organic fertilizer, deep digging and deep loosening, full application, all organic fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer 80%, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer 20% throughout the year; For the second time, in the young fruit period after flowering in Xia Guo (May-June), nitrogen fertilizer was 35%, phosphorus fertilizer 10% and potassium fertilizer was 20%. For the third time, at the young fruit stage in winter (September-June, 65438+1October), 35% nitrogen fertilizer, 35% phosphorus fertilizer 10% potassium fertilizer were applied. When applying, it should generally be dug and buried, and it is not appropriate to spread it. Trenching can be ditch-shaped, annular, semi-annular, radial, etc. In addition, topdressing outside the roots can also be carried out according to the situation of trees, which is also a limited way to supplement the nutrition of fruit trees.
The flowering and fruit-setting period refers to the period from the first inflorescence to fruit-setting. This stage is the turning point of tomato from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and vegetative growth, which is directly related to the formation and yield of product organs;
opportunity
Early-maturing cultivation in Qiandongnan should be planted in the middle and late October of 165438+ 10, and in other places it should be planted in the middle and late February of 65438+and in the middle and late May as autumn extension cultivation.
land
Tomatoes can tolerate drought, but not waterlogging, and the requirements for soil are not very strict. To obtain high yield, we must choose soil with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and strong water and fertility conservation.
Fertilize soil or land
After deep ploughing and harrowing, it was opened into a carriage with a width of 80 cm and a height of 16-24 cm. The width of the compartment ditch is 33 cm, and 2 rows are planted in each compartment. When applying fertilizer, the reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1: 1:2, and 3000-5000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 25 kg of calcium superphosphate and 20 kg of potassium fertilizer (or 80 kg of plant ash) are applied in combination.
Appropriate topdressing during tomato growth period, not partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, must be combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Generally, seedling-promoting fertilizer is applied after slow planting to promote the growth of stems and leaves. After the first ear fruit begins to swell, the second topdressing is needed to promote the fruit swelling, and the middle and late-maturing varieties need topdressing for 3-4 times after the first and second ear fruits are harvested. During fruit growth, foliar topdressing with 1.5% calcium superphosphate or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is beneficial to fruit ripening and increase yield. After slow seedling planting, intertillage should be used to conserve moisture, and irrigation should be controlled when the inflorescence blooms for the first time to prevent the stems and leaves from growing too fast and flowering and fruit dropping. After the first ear of fruit is set, the plant needs more water and should be irrigated in time. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season.
Field planting
Timely sowing and reasonable close planting: early-maturing cultivation in protected fields in spring should be planted in cold weather from late February to early March; Plastic film mulching cultivation in the open field was planted around March 20 when the weather was cold. The planting density is about 3000 plants per mu, and the spacing between early-maturing varieties is 50×30 cm. About 3500 plants per mu were pruned by single stem for middle and late maturing varieties; When pruning two stems, there are about 2000 plants per mu.
decrease
Pruning, reaching for the frame and tying the vine: put a herringbone frame after the first ear fruit bears. There are two main pruning methods. One is to leave only the trunk and remove all the side branches (it is advisable to remove the side branches when they are 4-7 cm long), which is called single stem pruning; The other is to leave side branches under the first inflorescence except the trunk, and all other side branches are removed, which is called double trunk pruning. No matter which pruning method is adopted, attention should be paid to tying vines in time.
Bao Hua
In order to prevent flowers from falling and fruits falling, flowers can be soaked or smeared with10-20 ppm2,4-d liquid medicine or sprayed with 20-30ppm tomato essence at flowering stage. In the middle and late stage of plant growth, the lower old leaves can also be removed appropriately to reduce nutrient consumption and improve ventilation and light transmission; Infinitely growing varieties should be topped in time after 4-5 fruit sets, so as to improve the fruit setting rate and promote fruit maturity. [
Symptom identification: Tomato late blight, also known as tomato blight, is the most common and harmful disease in tomato. The disease is caused by fungi, which mainly harms leaves and fruits, but also harms stems and petioles. It can be infected from seedling stage to adult stage. When infected at seedling stage, the diseased spot spreads from the main stem of the leaf, the tender stem shrinks and rots, the branches and leaves above the diseased part die, and a white mold layer is produced on the surface of the diseased part when the humidity is high.
Pathogenesis: The disease likes high temperature and high humidity environment, the optimum temperature is 18-25℃, and the relative humidity is above 95%. The most susceptible growth period is from adult stage to fruit-setting stage, and the incubation period is 3-5 days. In rainy years, the diseases are serious, such as poor drainage, too dense planting, poor ventilation and light transmission, and improper management of fertilizer and water.
Prevention and control methods:
① Rotation: rotation with non-Solanaceae crops for more than 3 years;
(2) In addition to the disease and disability, remove the diseased leaves and fruits in time during the onset season and bury them deeply, and remove the disease and disability in time after harvest;
③ Cultivation prevention: strengthen field management, improve plant disease resistance, water easily in sunny days, and prevent flooding. After irrigation, it is necessary to let out the wind and damp in time, plant in reasonable density, prune branches and fork in time, remove the old leaves under the plants and improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions.