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common sense of nasal cavity
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(1) The external nose consists of nasal bone, nasal cartilage and soft tissue. The external nose protrudes from the face and is vulnerable to trauma. The soft tissue of the tip of the nose and alar is tightly adhered to the skin, which is very painful if it is inflamed, and it is also a good place for acne and rosacea. Venous blood of the external nose meets the cavernous sinus, and if inflammation is not handled properly, it can cause complications such as phlebitis of cavernous sinus blood test. (fig. 2)
the structure of the nose in fig. 2
1, the nasal root 2, the bridge of the nose 3, the tip of the nose
4, the front nostril 5, the back of the nose
6, the nasolabial groove 7 and the alar
(2) The front part of the nasal cavity is called the nasal vestibule, with nasal hairs, rich in sweat glands and sebaceous glands, and prone to furuncle. The top of the nasal cavity is a part of the bottom of the anterior cranial fossa, which is thin and closely connected with the dura mater, and the olfactory nerve passes through it. The inside of the nose is the nasal septum, and there is a rich vascular network in front of it. The surface of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity is irregular, and there are three vertically downward protrusions, which are called the upper turbinate, the middle turbinate and the lower turbinate respectively. The space below each turbinate is called nasal meatus, that is, upper, middle and lower nasal meatus. The gap between the medial turbinate and the nasal septum is called the common nasal meatus. There are nasolacrimal duct openings in the lower nasal meatus, frontal sinus, anterior ethmoid sinus and maxillary sinus openings in the middle nasal meatus, and posterior ethmoid sinus and sphenoid sinus openings in the upper nasal meatus. (Figure 3)
1-frontal sinus 2-upper turbinate 3-upper nasal meatus
4-middle nasal meatus 5-middle turbinate 6-lower turbinate
7-lower nasal meatus 8-nasal vestibule 9-sphenoid sinus
1-eustachian tube protuberance 11-eustachian tube pharynx
(3)
① frontal sinus: it is located in the lower part of the frontal bone, with a thin bone plate at the back wall separated from the anterior cranial fossa, and the bottom wall is equivalent to the inner upper corner of the orbit, which is very thin. When acute frontal sinusitis occurs, there is obvious tenderness here
② ethmoid sinus: it is located in ethmoid bone between the orbit and the upper part of the nasal cavity, and consists of very thin small bone plates, which are divided into anterior and posterior groups. The outer side and the inner side of the orbit are paper templates, which are as thin as paper, so ethmoid sinus or orbital inflammation can infect each other.
③ Maxillary sinus: It lives in the maxilla and is the largest pair of sinuses, with an average volume of about 13 ml. The opening position of maxillary sinus is high, which is not conducive to drainage, so it is more inflamed than other sinuses.
④ sphenoid sinus: It is located in the sphenoid bone behind the nasal cavity, and its top, outside and back wall are separated from the middle cranial fossa and the posterior cranial fossa by bone plates, which is closely related to the orbital apex, so sphenoid sinusitis can cause optic neuropathy.
second, what is nasal hygiene?
1. The importance of nasal hygiene
* The nasal cavity is an important organ of the human body, but it is often ignored by ourselves.
* The nasal cavity is an important member of the respiratory system
Breathing is an important function of the human body. Without breathing, the human body cannot survive, but we often don't realize that we are breathing. Breathing is that the nasal cavity draws air from the atmosphere and supplies it to our lungs. The nasal cavity is located at the end of the whole respiratory passage and is a part of the respiratory passage.
* The nasal cavity protects our lungs from direct exposure to the polluted environment, and plays the dual role of air conditioner and filter.
The nasal cavity is not as sensitive and fragile as other organs in our body. The nasal mucosa and nasal cilia covered inside the nasal cavity have two functions:
> The function of air conditioner: to moisten and warm the inhaled cold air
> The function of the filter: the nasal cilia growing on the nasal mucosa filter out impurities in the air and prevent particles such as dust from entering the respiratory tract. When the nasal cilia can't work normally, the human body will automatically dilate the capillary orifice on the nasal mucosa, and then discharge a lot of mucus to clean the nasal cavity.
The nasal cavity is the first line of defense for human breathing, which blocks the invasion of dust, pollution, bacteria and viruses.
If the inhaled dust and dust are too much, the nasal mucosa is dry or the nasal cilia are blocked, even if the mucus secretion is still not completely removed after expansion, large massive dirt will be formed on the nasal mucosa inside the nasal cavity. If the inhaled air cannot be cleaned normally, the health of the human body will be seriously challenged when the air inhaled through the nasal cavity reaches 15, liters every day.
However, people usually choose to clean the nasal cavity and restore the normal operation of nasal mucosa so as to make the nasal cavity work normally.
* The nasal cavity plays an important role in our sense of smell and taste
The nasal mucosa located in the front and upper part of the nostril contains olfactory nerve endings, which control the functions of taste and smell recognition. It consists of about 5 million sensors, so that human beings can distinguish about 3, different smells.
how does the olfactory function work?
When the gas enters the nasal cavity, the odor molecules diffuse into the mucus-covered nasal mucosa, and then reach the olfactory sensor. The nerve endings are stimulated by the odor and transmit the signal to the brain. After the brain decodes the signal, the sense of smell is generated, and we perceive the smell.
* The nasal cavity is an important part of our pronunciation and language function
Many factors affect our vocalization
* Air: the source of energy
* Throat: vibrating organ
* Tongue and lips: attached vibrating organ
* Other facial organs: mouth, throat, nose, etc., which amplify or adjust the voice emitted by the throat, and the nasal cavity plays a role.
this powerful combination controls the quality and expression of the sound.
* nasal hygiene should be a part of our daily life like brushing our teeth.
We clean our teeth every day. Similarly, we should also clean our nose 2-3 times a day to ensure smooth breathing and normal function of the nasal cavity.
Good nasal cleaning habits are an important means to keep the nasal cavity healthy.
Next, we will give you a detailed introduction on how to protect our "nasal property".
3. Health care measures for nasal cavity hygiene
1. Step 1: Empty foreign bodies in the nasal cavity. When the nose is blocked, foreign bodies such as massive dirt in the nasal cavity should be removed first, and the nostrils should be cleaned one by one with paper towels;
2. Step 2: Clean the nasal cavity regularly
The frequency of nasal cavity cleaning depends on the degree of nasal congestion. Good nasal hygiene habits are reflected in cleaning the nasal cavity as the first thing in the morning and the last thing before going to bed at night.
use disposable paper towels instead of cotton handkerchiefs to prevent repeated infections. Please throw the used paper towels into the garbage can to avoid spreading bacteria.
In two specific environments, nasal cavity cleaning is particularly important:
* Before going to bed: because the nasal cavity is our main breathing channel during sleep, unlike during the day, we sometimes use our mouth to assist breathing;
* in infancy, the nasal cavity is the main breathing channel for the newborn babies, but they haven't learned to clear the foreign bodies in the nasal cavity by themselves, so once the nasal cavity is blocked, it will bring great discomfort to their diet and sleep and they will cry.
IV. Types of ear, nose and throat diseases
** Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
* Cause: Are you also a victim of allergic reaction? When you know that 2% of the world's population suffers from allergic symptoms to varying degrees, you may get some psychological comfort. Allergens are varied: animal hair, dust, pollen, a particular food or article, and so on.
Medical research shows that the incidence of human allergic symptoms has doubled in the past 3 years. The main reasons are:
> The continuous deterioration of the living environment, especially the increasing air pollution;
> The relative independence and separation of living space (energy crisis and scientific and technological progress lead to the tendency of modern living space to be closed and insulated, which leads to the accumulation of allergens and the continuous growth of indoor allergen density; The World Health Organization lists allergy as the fourth common disease of human beings. It is estimated that by 21, half of the population will be infected; In France, 3.5 million people are infected with allergies, especially children and young people. Allergic rhinitis is caused by the exposure of nasal mucosa to allergens (such as pollen, indoor dust or dust particles).
* Types of allergic rhinitis:
> > Seasonal allergy (commonly known as hay fever or hay fever) is closely related to pollen activity. Among 2% allergic patients in the world, 75% are allergic to pollen. The most active month of pollen is from April to June every year, when herbs (such as rape) and grasses (such as hay flowers) are in full bloom. In July, trees such as Platanus acerifolia, Betula platyphylla, Poplar, Bodhi Tree and Ligustrum lucidum are also prone to allergic infections. Weather conditions, air pollution and air pressure will all affect the launch time of pollen attack.
> > Non-seasonal allergy: caused by some non-seasonal factors, it may occur all year round. Allergens include dust, cockroaches, mildew and animal hair. (About 2.5% people are allergic to pets, among which cats rank first)
> > Double allergy: Some people are allergic to both seasonal factors such as pollen and non-seasonal factors such as dog hair, so they are called double allergy patients.
* The generation of allergic rhinitis
is divided into two stages:
The first stage: the body is very sensitive to the allergen it first contacts, and the body shows an immune response to the substance, and an antibody can recognize the allergen and be equipped in the nasal mucosa.
The second stage:
When human antibodies repeatedly contact allergens, it stimulates human immune system cells to release histamine with physiological activity. Histamine, in turn, stimulates
> Excessive secretion of nasal mucus and swelling of nasal mucosa block the passage of air circulation.
> Sneeze continuously
> Nasal congestion and tears
> Decreased olfactory sensitivity
Using Blue Dolphin nasal spray can help you get rid of the influence of allergens, reduce the congestion of nasal mucosa, reduce the secretion of nasal mucus, and promote the nasal cavity to return to a suitable working state.
* The consequences of allergic rhinitis
@ Seriously affect the quality of sleep
@ Persistent discomfort makes the body weak. Although frequent use of antibiotics can relieve symptoms, it is easy to cause side effects such as drowsiness and inattention (such as at work, driving, exams, etc.)
@ Allergic rhinitis is an inducement of diseases such as asthma, and 18, people worldwide die of asthma every year. In 22, the World Health Organization released the report "Allergic Rhinitis and Its Influence on Asthma", in which it was clearly stated that the goals of efforts were: reducing the influence scope of allergic rhinitis; Take practical measures to provide better medical conditions for asthma patients. The report also revealed that 8% of asthma patients had suffered from different types of rhinitis, and if they were treated properly, they could have avoided the aggravation of their illness and the transformation to asthma in the later stage.
Therefore, allergy and asthma are both listed as daily diseases that affect public health by the World Health Organization.
** Acute rhinitis: caused by acute infection, commonly known as "cold" or "cold", which may have systemic symptoms; It is more common at the turn of autumn and winter or winter and spring. The condition generally improves gradually after 7 ~ 14 days. Strong resistance can heal itself without treatment. It is worth noting that many precursors of acute infectious diseases have local manifestations of acute rhinitis and lack the characteristics of infectious diseases themselves, so attention should be paid to differentiation in clinic.
** Chronic simple rhinitis: it is a common and frequently-occurring disease, which develops from acute rhinitis. It is related to the secondary infection of bacteria, incomplete treatment and repeated attacks. Clinically, it should be differentiated from chronic hypertrophic rhinitis and chronic nasal congestion.
** Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis: It comes from chronic simple rhinitis and is caused by long-term chronic inflammation and blood stasis, which leads to the proliferation of nasal mucosa and turbinate. At this time, the mucosa thickens, the tissue elasticity decreases, and the nasal ventilation ability is poor, thus endangering the physiological function of the nose.
** Rhinitis sicca: The occurrence of rhinitis sicca is closely related to climate and occupational factors. It is caused by long-term stimulation of nasal mucosa, which leads to atrophy of mucous glands and decrease of secretion, resulting in dryness of mucosa and even superficial erosion.
** Atrophic rhinitis: mainly atrophy of nasal mucosa, periosteum and turbinate; Due to the atrophy of nasal tissue, although the nasal cavity is relatively wide, the nasal mucosa loses its normal physiological function, and the patient still feels poor ventilation due to the formation of nasal dryness. When there is bacterial infection, its toxins and excreta produce a foul smell, once smelled, it will never be forgotten.
** caseous rhinitis: it is a rare nasal disease. The clinical feature is the accumulation of cheese-like substances in the nose, which has a foul smell and erodes soft tissues and bones for a long time, resulting in internal and external nasal deformities. Exfoliated epithelium, necrotic tissue, suppurative cells, cholesterol crystals and mold-like microorganisms were found in cheese-like substances. As for the cause, it is still inconclusive.
** Drug-induced rhinitis: Drug-induced rhinitis is the result of long-term sustained action of inappropriate nasal medication, and can also be understood as a chronic rhinitis. The pathogenic reason is improper nasal medication, including the use of nasal mucosa vasoconstrictive nasal drops with strong effect, excessive concentration of liquid medicine, non-isotonic liquid medicine, overdose or long-term medication. These will damage the structure of nasal mucosa cilia, thus affecting the physiological function of nasal mucosa and producing clinical symptoms.
** Nasopharyngitis: It is an acute inflammation of mucous membrane, submucosa and lymphoid tissue of the whole nasopharynx, which mainly occurs in the pharyngeal tonsil. Adults and children often show the precursor symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. Can be caused by bacteria or viruses.
* Main symptoms: stuffy nose, runny nose, headache, dry nasopharyngeal pain, burning sensation, foreign body sensation, etc. Nasopharyngeal mucosa is hyperemia and edema, and a large amount of mucus purulent secretions are attached, which can flow down the posterior pharyngeal wall. Some will show a fever of more than 38 degrees and a weakening of olfactory function. The nasopharynx of infants and young children is not easy to see clearly, but due to pharyngeal secretions and severe nasal congestion, it can lead to difficulty in sucking milk, easy to choke, and usually open your mouth to breathe, which affects sleep.
* Pathogenic causes: colds, dental diseases, trauma, etc.
* Complications: acute upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation, otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis, abscess of posterior pharyngeal wall, and renal diseases in infants and young children are common.
** Sinusitis:
The causes and inducements of sinusitis are as follows:
* Systemic reasons, such as fatigue, coldness, malnutrition, allergic constitution, excessive smoking and alcohol, systemic diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis, weaken the body's resistance.
* When suffering from acute rhinitis (that is, a cold), the infection spreads to the sinuses.
* Nasal diseases hinder ventilation and drainage of sinuses,