abstract

Congenital malformation of urinary and male reproductive system is the most common congenital malformation of human body. The human anterior kidney is completely degenerated, and most of the middle kidney is degenerated. The posterior kidney consists of renal tissue and ureteral buds. Ureteral buds from mesonephros gradually evolved into ureters, renal pelvis, renal calices and collecting tubules. Renal tissue evolved into renal capsule, renal capsule and renal tubule.

? polycystic kidney

Polycystic kidney is a congenital genetic disease. There are only a few cysts in the early kidney, and the pathogenesis is unknown. Later, it developed into cysts of different sizes and dissatisfied with the whole kidney, which oppressed the renal parenchyma and reduced nephron. Polycystic kidney can be divided into adult type and infant type.

Most adult polycystic kidneys do not show symptoms until about 40 years old. The main clinical manifestations are pain, abdominal mass and renal function damage. If accompanied by stones and urinary tract infections, hematuria, pyuria, fever, renal pain and other corresponding symptoms may occur. Complications include uremia, hypertension, myocardial infarction and intracranial hemorrhage. Diagnosis can be made by combining ultrasound and CT.

Simple renal cysts are common, mostly non-hereditary diseases, and a few are autosomal dominant inheritance.

? Horseshoe kidney

Hoof-shaped kidney means that the lower poles of the two kidneys fuse with each other in front of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, forming horseshoe-shaped deformity. Its isthmus is usually renal parenchyma. Most of the affected kidneys are malrotated, so that the renal pelvis is forward, the renal calyx is backward, and the renal blood vessels are diverse.

? Repeated renal pelvis and ureter

The duplication of renal pelvis and ureter means that a kidney has two renal pelvis and two ureters. Most of them are unilateral. The upper kidney is smaller and the lower kidney is larger. Two ureters drain the upper and lower kidneys respectively. If two ureters open into the bladder, the upper ureter comes from the lower renal pelvis and the lower ureter comes from the upper renal pelvis.

? Obstruction of ureteropelvic junction

It may be due to congenital defects or external factors, such as the obstruction caused by the compression of vagus nerve vessels and fibrous band at the junction of renal pelvis and ureter, which makes the peristaltic wave of renal pelvis unable to pass through and gradually causes hydronephrosis. The basic pathology of congenital defects is mainly the change of the spiral structure of the parietal muscle. This disease usually has no symptoms.

? Other renal and ureteral abnormalities

Unilateral renal hypoplasia: refers to the kidney volume less than 50%, congenital solitary kidney.

Ectopic kidney: according to the different parts of the kidney, it can be divided into pelvic kidney, intrapleural kidney and crossed ectopic kidney. It is in the process of embryonic development that the kidney originally in the pelvis failed to reach the waist.

Ureteral cyst: refers to cystic dilatation at the end of ureter. Its inner layer is ureteral mucosa, the outer layer is bladder mucosa, and the middle layer is a small amount of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue. There is a small ureteral opening on the dilated ureter.

Posterior ureter of inferior vena cava: After the upper right ureter passes through the inferior vena cava, it bypasses the anterior inferior vena cava and descends. Upper urinary tract obstruction is caused by ureter compression and requires strict surgical treatment.

? Bladder ectropion

Bladder ectropion is characterized by complete defect of lower abdominal wall and anterior wall of bladder and exposure of bladder mucosa. Ureteral opening and interstitial urination can be seen in the posterior wall of bladder. Male patients often have complete hypospadias.

? hypospadias

The characteristics of cavernous hypertrophy of penis are that the penis body is short, bent backward, the foreskin hangs on the ventral side of penis, the penis head is flat, and the urethral orifice is on the dorsal side of penis. Severe hypersplenism may be accompanied by bladder eversion and abdominal defects.

? hypospadias

Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation. Features: ① Abnormal urethral orifice; ② Deformity of penis flexion to the ventral side; ③ The dorsal prepuce of penis is normal, and the ventral prepuce of penis is missing; ④ Urethral cavernous agenesis.

Type: penis head type, penis type, scrotum type and perineum type.

Hypospadias needs plastic surgery to restore normal standing urination and sexual life in adulthood, and those whose testicles have spermatogenic function can also obtain fertility.

? cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism refers to abnormal testicular descent, so that the testis can not descend to the scrotum and stay behind the entrance of peritoneum, inguinal canal or scrotum. Cryptorchidism is prone to malignant transformation, especially peritoneal malignant transformation, and the malignant transformation rate of cryptorchidism is 40 times higher than that of ordinary people.

Testicles may drop by themselves within a year. If the testis still drops after one year, chorionic gonadotropin can be injected into muscle twice a week for a short time, with a total dose of 500 u ~10000 u. If the testis still does not drop before the age of two, it should be pulled down by testicular immobilization. If testicular atrophy cannot be pulled down and placed in the scrotum, and the contralateral testis is normal, the undescended testis can be removed.

? The phimosis and foreskin are too long.

It can cause pain during sexual intercourse. Because the foreskin was forcibly turned up, it was not recovered in time, and the narrow foreskin mouth was tightly clamped above the crown groove of the penis, resulting in blood reflux disorder at the distal end of the foreskin and the penis head, resulting in local edema and congestion. This condition is called foreskin incarceration. Manual reduction should be used in time for prepuce incarceration. If the local edema is severe and cannot be relieved manually, surgery should be performed.