Infantry (1)
In Napoleon's time, infantry was the main body of the army. Compared with other arms, infantry often suffers the most casualties, but it is often the key to victory or defeat. Infantry are usually divided into three categories: line infantry (also called fusilier); Grenadier; Light infantry. Grenadiers will be made up of the bravest and strongest soldiers. Personally, I think that "grenadiers" are heavy infantry, and grenadiers are just a name, not really "throwing bombs". Light infantry consists of "small" and "agile" soldiers. Different countries have different names for light infantry: French hunters and British riflemen. The first two types of infantry usually form a close formation, thus developing firepower. Light infantry will form a "skirmisher line", which will be used to shake the enemy's defense when attacking; In self-defense, it is used to disrupt the enemy's attack rhythm.
At that time, most of the infantry were equipped with large-caliber muskets, and the principle and structure of muskets in different countries were not much different. 1740 land mode rifle imported from Britain, with a barrel length of 46 inches (1 17cm) and a caliber of 0.75 inches (19mm). After the seven-year war, the barrel was shortened to 42 inches (107cm) and the caliber remained unchanged. After the outbreak of the war with France, due to the lack of stable sources of raw materials, Britain turned to the East India Company to manufacture a large number of "Indian model" rifles. By 1797, this 39-inch (99 cm) barrel musket had become the standard equipment of the British army. The huge output not only met the needs of the British army, but also equipped the countries of the anti-French alliance. 1802, the British arms department introduced a new type of rifle, but only equipped with a small number of troops. Although the accuracy is not good, the British musket system is still very popular with the army and is called "Brownbass" by the soldiers.
The "1777" musket, which is mainly equipped by the French army, has a length of 44 inches (1 12cm) and a caliber of 0.69 inches (17.5mm). The total length of the gun is 59.5 inches (15 1cm), which is slightly lighter than the British gun (about 10 lbs = =4.54kg). The trigger is reinforced, and a brass initiation pot is used. The barrel is fixed with a retaining ring, which is convenient for replacement. During the French Revolution, only the 1777 musket was slightly modified (becoming the "nine-year model"). In addition to the infantry type, there are many variants of this musket, which are used to equip cavalry. These variants are different from infantry in length and decoration, but the caliber and shooting part remain unchanged. French guns also have a retaining ring for fixing the barrel, which is easy to replace.
Other countries have muskets: Prussia 1782, Norhart musket (1805) and Prussia's new style (1809), but in fact, after the defeat of 1806, Prussia basically relied on British aid and prisoners to make a living. The 1770 used by the Austrian Army has made some improvements on the firing device of 1798. The equipment of Russian muskets is quite chaotic, and there are no fewer than 12 kinds of muskets. Among them, the model 18 10 of Dangtutula Arsenal has the best performance.
The low hit rate was the main disadvantage of muskets at that time. Because the firing time is too long, the muzzle jitter is inevitable from pulling the trigger to igniting the charge. This sloshing and only one front sight (no rear sight) seriously affect the shooting accuracy. Black powder will leave residue in the barrel after burning, and there is no time to remove this residue in the fierce battle. In order not to interfere with shooting, the only solution is to use smaller projectiles. The clearance (clearance) between the bullet and the barrel of musket in various countries is in the range of 0.07 ~ 0. 10 inch (1.78~2.54mm). Clearance ensures smooth shooting and greatly reduces the hit rate. Pu Jun once conducted an experiment on muskets in Franco-Prussian countries. On a target (3.05×1.83m) with a width of10ft and a height of 6ft, Pu Jun 1782 is at a speed of 100 (pace = 0.76m; ; 76m) can hit 60 rounds; 200 steps and 40 rounds; There are only 25 rounds in 300 steps, and the performance of French 1777 musket is not much better. Considering the influence of battlefield environment, smoke, fear, noise and other factors on soldiers' minds, the hit rate is far below this ideal test. 500 people volley an attacking infantry column twice at a distance of 100 yards (9 1.4m), which can theoretically hit 500 to 600 rounds. However, according to the experience of the armies of various countries, playing 150 rounds on the battlefield is the best result. At that time, the theoretical effective range of the musket was 300 steps (228 meters), but actually shooting at this distance was a complete waste of ammunition.
Poor reliability is another big problem. In the fierce battle, there will be many problems in the whole process of loading and launching. For example, the powder in the firing slot does not lead to the main charge; Flint used it old but forgot to replace it; Excessive deposition of muzzle residue, etc. According to statistics, in a long-term engagement, the probability of not firing is as high as 20%.
There are often netizens who are puzzled by the form of fighting in the Napoleonic era and feel that the target of the attack is too great. In fact, after reading the above introduction, I think your question should have a partial answer. At that time, the firing rate of infantry was about 2-3 rounds per minute. Coupled with low hit rate and high failure rate, the firepower of a single musket can be ignored. Only by lining up in a row or column and concentrating firepower can we have a good killing effect. On the other hand, a good formation can respond to the impact of cavalry in time. (I will talk about this later, so I won't elaborate here. )
In Napoleon's time, soldiers of various countries usually carried 50 to 60 rounds of ammunition in their ammunition bags. A battle consumes about 20 rounds on average. In the battle of Victoria, Spain, the British army consumed a lot, with an average of 60 rounds per person, and the whole army consumed 3.5 million rounds of ammunition. However, the hit rate is surprisingly low, and every 450 rounds only cause 1 enemy casualties. Fortunately, the supply situation in Wellington was very good at that time, and the ammunition consumed was quickly replenished. In marengo, the battalion of French captain Coignet ran out of ammunition. At the critical moment, the guards who arrived in time with enough ammunition saved them.
Lack of training is another important reason for the low hit rate. In most armies, the training of musket shooting is simply perfunctory. Because the forces of the skirmisher line are scattered, it is very important to improve the shooting accuracy. Nevertheless, during the Great Revolution, the French army, which emphasized skirmisher tactics, still seldom conducted targeted training, and light infantry could only improve themselves in actual combat. According to French soldiers, Napoleon had no shooting training before he became the first ruler. 1800, Bertie issued an order: French recruits must be trained in loading, gun operation, aiming and shooting, and ensure that they have fired live ammunition several times before going to the battlefield. However, in fact, there is not enough ammunition and time to ensure adequate training. The British army has done a good job in this respect, but only 30 live ammunition and 50 bullets without ammunition.
What is said here is muskets, but at that time, more accurate rifles with rifling have actually appeared in the armies of various countries. The French army experimented with rifles for some time, but by 1807 Napoleon had banned rifles, and other countries had small-scale light infantry or hunters equipped with rifles. The high hit rate of rifle improves the combat effect of skirmisher line, but its main disadvantage is that it takes a long time to load and is easy to block. Considering the manufacturing cost and the time required for special training, rifles are obviously not suitable for equipping large corps like muskets. Therefore, even the British army, which is more receptive to rifles, has only two light infantry regiments equipped with rifles-60 and 95 infantry regiments.
Flint is essential for muskets and rifles. Mining flint is usually carried out in wet weather. After drying, it is crushed and shaped by skilled workers. Britain produces high-quality flint not only for its own use, but also for its allies in continental Europe. Champaign and Piccadilly also produce flint. Saxony is another flint producing area in continental Europe. In contrast, Prussia lacked flint resources and had to use ineffective substitutes to get British assistance. I wonder what it is? Because of the importance of flint, soldiers basically have a spare piece, and each battalion also keeps a considerable amount of reserves. Flint is one of the items that must be checked before fighting. On the eve of the battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon personally reminded the guards: "Tomorrow, a new flint will be of great use."
Another item that must be checked is ammunition. A cardboard bag contains about 65,438+050 grains (about 65,438+00g) of black powder and a lead bullet. After being made in the arsenal, each box 1000 bags will be distributed to the troops. The officers of the company are responsible for checking the soldiers' ammunition every morning.
Infantry (2): basic formation
Because the British author's view of formation in the original work is too biased towards the British double-line formation, and he did not objectively evaluate the formation tactics at that time from a historical perspective (personally, I think the British double-line formation is not so magical, so I want to discuss it with you later), so I intend to be "original" myself. In fact, the formation of the army in the Napoleonic era was a complex system. On the basis of the basic configuration, there are different variants according to different situations. 1000 words can't cover everything. Therefore, the following mainly introduces the basic offensive and defensive formations of battalion units.
In the last part, we have talked about the limitations of firearms at that time. It was these shortcomings that made the army at that time rely heavily on formation to improve the firing effect of muskets. In the early days of the French Revolution, due to the large number of volunteers who lacked training and discipline, the traditional three-row horizontal line could be formed in defense fashion, but it was impossible to form an effective formation battle in attack. Commanders had to increase the size of the skirmisher line, and sometimes even the whole battalion of soldiers became "skirmishers". At the same time, all countries in continental Europe maintained the linear horizontal line popular in the18th century, whether attacking or defending. These countries have not reformed because France's "stragglers" tactics cannot pose a threat to their formation. Austrian generals believe that "sporadic shooting by stragglers can't shake a well-trained infantry team at all." With the continuous improvement of the training level of the French army, the role of formation has been gradually valued. There is usually a battalion column behind the skirmisher line to support it. This tactic achieved good results at that time. After Napoleon came to power, European armies also introduced the skirmisher tactics, which greatly reduced the interference effect of the French skirmisher. The task of shaking the enemy's front is more accomplished by artillery. Therefore, the skirmisher line was appropriately weakened and the attack column was greatly strengthened. In the later battles of Napoleon, the whole division was even used to form an attack column to attack the enemy's defensive positions (Waterloo was used). Comparatively speaking, the three-column linear formation in other countries is a bit thin. 1806, the Austrian army adopted an attack column similar to the French army. The Pu Jun Army of 1807 and the Russian Army of 18 10 have also carried out similar reforms. The only country that keeps the level is Britain (both offensive and defensive). The British army regulations stipulate three horizontal lines, but Wellington and other British generals often use two horizontal lines. Their reason is also simple: to maintain a wider front and give better play to firepower.
Battalion was the basic tactical unit of the army at that time. Due to the lack of information from other countries, we have to take France and Britain as examples. In the early French army, a building system had eight companies. 1808, according to Napoleon's instructions, it was changed to six companies, but the number of the whole battalion did not change much, but the scale of the company increased. No matter 6 or 8 companies, they all include a grenadier company and a hunter company, and the rest are fusilier companies. According to the instructions, a battalion of the French army should have about 800 people, but most troops can't reach this number. Usually, a French battalion has about 600 ~ 700 people. In the Battle of Waterloo, the average number of French troops per battalion was about 560. The picture below shows a marching attack column of Company 6 (similar to Company 8), followed by grenadiers and hunting companies. If it is necessary to form a skirmisher line, the hunting company will be taken away, leaving only one company. Grenadier companies are not always behind. When morale is low, the elite grenadier company is behind, which can stabilize morale and prevent the troops in front from collapsing. When morale is high, throwing grenades often leads the attack in the right front of the column. Keep three rows continuously, and the row spacing is about 1 m. The interval between companies is about 8 ~ 10 meters, and the depth of the whole column is about 25 meters, which may be wider when marching. The positions of officers and noncommissioned officers have been marked on the map. (In Chinese with Photoshop, "battalion level staff officer" is probably equivalent to battalion level deputy, but the French army classified it as staff officer. The last one is also a sergeant, and I don't know how to translate it. Everyone help to have a look! Sometimes, a battalion column lacking a hunting company will have one company as the front and five companies in turn, but this kind of column is rare.
A British barracks consists of 10 company, including a grenadier company and a hunting company, with about 640 officers and men. The picture below shows the general formation of the defense and attack of the British military camp-two horizontal lines. The front is about 200 meters wide. The legend of an officer is basically the same as that of the French army, and the black spot is the drummer. The British army's marching formation is also one column, with two columns for each company, and 10 company is lined up in turn.
The existence of cavalry is undoubtedly a great threat to infantry. Although the expanded infantry queue can cope with the frontal cavalry impact, the weak flank and rear are extremely vulnerable to attack. The most effective way for infantry to deal with cavalry is to form a "phalanx"-an outward-facing "bayonet cluster". Forming a phalanx involves a series of complicated troop movements, so it takes some time to complete. In a complex battlefield, infantry may suffer heavy losses because they did not form a phalanx in time. During the Spanish-French war in Britain, Colborn's trip was covered by the sudden heavy rain. After the rain stopped, two French light cavalry regiments were found preparing to attack. In desperation, the three battalions did not have time to form a phalanx. As a result, in just five minutes, the three battalions suffered a devastating blow-80 officers and 1248 soldiers were killed or injured.
The picture below shows a British military camp changing from a marching column to a phalanx. If the battalion has been expanded into a horizontal team, it needs to be turned into a column first. That is to say, the hunting company on the far left has to run a long distance to reach the end of the column. The process of the French army forming a phalanx is similar to that of the British army, and the two companies in the middle turn to both sides respectively.
The picture below shows the infantry's posture in the phalanx. The front infantry was half kneeling, the butt of the gun was on the ground, and the bayonet was tilted upward. Infantry in the back, keep standing and shoot at the approaching cavalry.
Although phalanx can effectively deal with cavalry, it also has obvious shortcomings. First of all, the battalion front has been greatly reduced, and the original firepower cannot be exerted. If the enemy cavalry and infantry cooperate properly, they will use the temporary firepower of infantry to kill a large number of infantry in the phalanx. Secondly, a dense phalanx is an excellent target for artillery. According to a British soldier's memory, in Waterloo, two Brunswick phalanxes collapsed under the heavy artillery fire of the French army and did not persist under the impact of the French cavalry. Finally, if a part of the phalanx is shaken or even collapsed under the strong psychological pressure of cavalry charge, then the rest of the infantry will inevitably be completely exposed to enemy cavalry. Experienced cavalry often seize and even create such opportunities. In the Battle of Vagram, the 20th Hunting and Riding Regiment of French cavalry Colonel Castex abandoned the Austrian battalion that should be attacked, and instead charged a nearby Austrian army array that had just gone too far. The Austrian infantry, who had not had time to reload, was stunned by the sudden change, and the whole phalanx fell into chaos in an instant.
The previous introduction is only the basic tactical formation of battalion level. On the battlefield, more senior commanders will use the above formations flexibly according to the situation. In addition, on the basis of battalion-level formations, the armies of various countries have also created some regimental and divisional formations. For example, a French "regiment" with three battalions must expand the middle battalion and keep the battalion columns on both sides. Another example is the "division" column of the French army-the battalions in the division are scattered into a horizontal line, and the first battalion is the front of the column. These formations are all reflected in the game Waterloo-Napoleon's Last Battle, and interested netizens can come and play.
Infantry (3): bayonet
During the Napoleonic period, the bayonet of musket was a triangular iron with a length of 15 to 18 inches (38 ~ 45 cm) and edges on three sides. When mounting the bayonet, put the handle on the muzzle and tighten the screw to fix it.
Because the rifle is short, in order to make up for the shortage, the bayonet of the British rifle is as long as 25 inches (63.5 cm). Moreover, it is shaped like a sword. The picture below shows the British rifle and its bayonet. Unlike muskets with bayonets, for convenience, the bayonets of rifles are only installed on the guns when necessary.
During the revolutionary period, the French army attached great importance to the use of bayonets. Carnaud (a member of the court of Kano Empire) signed an order in February 1794: "French soldiers must be ready to use bayonets at any time". Napoleon also attached equal importance to this cold weapon. Brazer, the captain of the French army, recalled: "Your Majesty seems to have a special liking for the way bayonet kills people." The military theory at that time even thought: "Only the first volley is effective, and the subsequent battles must be completed by bayonets and swords." (Gay de Vernon) Because of this, the Austrian army and the Pu Jun army also emphasized the importance of bayonets. Even recognized reformist Archduke Charles thinks bayonet is the best melee weapon. As for the more weaponized Russian army, Wilson, the British general sent to Russia for inspection, wrote in his report 18 10: "Bayonets are simply weapons designed for Russians ... they are better at charging with bayonets in dense columns."
But it is not common to fight with bayonets in actual combat. In Ostritz, the Russian guards carried out a typical Russian 300-yard bayonet charge, but after breaking through the first line of defense of the French army, they were repelled by the subsequent French fire. Laray, the health director of Napoleon's "big corps", once made some statistics on the casualties of the French army, and found that compared with 1 19 cases of gunshot wounds, only 5 cases were caused by bayonets in a battle. So he thinks that the psychological function of bayonet is far greater than the actual function. Similarly, guthrie, a senior medical officer in Wellington, thinks that it is difficult to achieve the expected effect of hand-to-hand combat and foot-to-foot charge with bayonets. It was not the charge that was repelled by gunfire; Is that the defender can't stand the psychological pressure and flee. The doctors' views were further confirmed by the front-line commanders. Jomini claimed: I have never seen bayonet hand-to-hand combat (I have never seen such a thing on a conventional battlefield). (The author's original conclusion is that bayonet hand-to-hand combat cannot have a decisive influence on the outcome of the battle. But I can't completely agree with this view. Isn't the result of psychological action the result? The role of spirit is often more obvious in war. In history, it is not uncommon for an army that has not suffered heavy casualties to be defeated mentally. So in my opinion, the above statement can only be summed up as melee does not happen often. )
Although not common, bayonet melee is still necessary in some cases, such as fighting after breaking into a fortress, or when ammunition cannot be fired in rainy days. In the rainstorm in Katzbach, the military bayonets and gunstocks fought fiercely with the French army, causing great casualties to the French army.
As mentioned earlier, countering the impact of cavalry is another main function of bayonet. From this point of view, bayonets are essential in the face of possible cavalry attacks at any time. In the early days of the French Revolution, in order to make up for the shortage of musket bayonets, spears, an outdated weapon, were re-used as a substitute for bayonets. Earlier 1792, several cities in France successively produced a large number of spears, ranging in length from 10 to 15 feet (3 ~ 4.5 meters). 1792 In August, the Legislative Assembly ordered the distribution and use of spears in the French army. From then until the summer of 1793, many newly recruited troops went to the front with this crude weapon. At that time, General Caster of the Northern Corps once said to his subordinates: It is not only our army that lacks guns in France. We have to use these spears to make up for the shortage of muskets. Although it works well in melee, it cannot change its weakness of no firepower. With the increase of rifle production, spears gradually disappeared from the French arsenal.
I'm sure you still remember the example that the British army met the French cavalry in Spain mentioned in the infantry phalanx. The above picture is a watercolor painting created by later generations according to the situation at that time. The British phalanx is arranged in the background in the distance, and the fallen British army can be seen nearby. In the painting, the sword bearer is the rider of the second light cavalry regiment of France, and the spear bearer is the rider of the seventh cavalry regiment of Poland.
(A) the composition and types of cavalry
With the continuous expansion of the army in the Napoleonic era, the proportion of cavalry showed a downward trend. Duke Marlborough (British general at the end of 17 and the beginning of 2008) has a cavalry ratio of 20%-40%. William the Great's cavalry also accounted for 23% to 42% of the total force. In contrast, in Napoleon's huge legion, the cavalry at the peak only accounted for 23% of the total force. In the late expedition to Russia, due to the lack of materials, the cavalry was only pitiful 5.2%. In all the battles in Spain, the British cavalry in Wellington only remained at the average level of 12%.
At that time, cavalry can be roughly divided into light cavalry and heavy cavalry. Further subdivision includes: armored cavalry; Carabinier: The literal translation of this word should be "carbine". Only this kind of cavalry was equipped with muskets in the early cavalry, hence the name. But in Napoleon's time, cavalry basically had muskets, which were not unique to this kind of cavalry, so I don't know if this translation is appropriate. Dragon cavalry; Light cavalry; Chasseur lancer; Cossacks, Russia, and so on, and so on.
Napoleon's army establishment
1. Infantry
After Napoleon established the army:
Legion (Army)-Army-Division-Brigade-Half Brigade or Standing Regiment (Wing)-Battalion-Company
Legions are usually composed of two or more armies. In Europe, only 1807 Rheinland Legion has six headquarters.
The army usually consists of 1-4 infantry divisions, 2 cavalry regiments -2 light cavalry divisions and 1 commanders.
(1) Jurisdiction 1 Infantry Division 1800 Reserve Corps Rana Army governs Huating Division.
(2) Administer 1 Infantry Division, 2 cavalry regiments, 1805 guards of large regiments.
(3) Administering two infantry divisions, 1805 the Seventh Army of the Corps.
(4) Administering two infantry divisions, 1 light cavalry division, 1805, the first army of the large corps.
(5) Administering three infantry divisions, 1 light cavalry division, 1805 Second Army of the Large Corps.
(6) Administering 3 infantry divisions, 1 semi-light cavalry division, 1809 Second Army of German Legion.
(7) Administering four infantry divisions, 1 light cavalry division, 1809 Fourth Army of the German Legion.
(8) Administering four infantry divisions and two light cavalry divisions, 1809, the third army of the German Legion.
Teachers of 2-5 brigades under the division.
Generally, one division is responsible for two or three brigades. But according to the records, the branch of 1805 has a fifth team. I wonder if there is a brigade commander or a direct division?
(1) 2nd Brigade of Saint-Cyr Division, Fourth Army of German Legion 1809.
(2) Three brigades of the Second Army of the German Legion, 1809.
(3) Fourth Brigade of massena Division of Italian Legion 1795.
④ 5th Brigade of Italian Legion 1795 Oglaud Division.
The brigade governs two and a half brigades or regiments (regiments), with a brigade commander.
Banlv
There are two theories about his origin. One is from garde nationale, and the other is adapted from a hunting camp composed of mountain children.
Equipment training is consistent with the standing regiment. It seems that they are also light infantry regiments.
Standing regiment (wing)
Usually it manages three battalions, each with nine companies.
2. cavalry
The cavalry establishment is more complicated, and there are still many problems that have not been clarified. Known as follows:
Generally, the establishment of the army-division-brigade-regiment-company (squadron) is followed (it seems that the regiment is directly in charge of the company). Although the name of the camp appears, it is unknown)
Cavalry, usually composed of 3-5 divisions (reserve cavalry divisions may also be established, but not included for the time being)
(1)3 cavalry division 18 12 cavalry troops who invaded Russia.
(2)4 cavalry divisions 1809 German legion cavalry (2 light /2 heavy)
(3) Five cavalry divisions, 1805 cavalry regiment.
Cavalry divisions are divided into light cavalry divisions, heavy cavalry divisions and dragon cavalry divisions.
The light cavalry division usually consists of two brigades, and each infantry unit is also equipped with 1-2 for reconnaissance and alert.
However, some institutions say that there is an assistant teacher and two teaching assistants (it is not confirmed whether this is the case).
Such as the Fourth Army of the German Legion 1809 Light Cavalry Division.
The light cavalry brigade is generally three regiments.
Heavy cavalry divisions usually consist of two brigades.
Such as: 1809 German cavalry heavy cavalry division.
The heavy cavalry brigade consists of 1-2 regiments.
A dragoon division usually consists of three brigades.
Such as: 1809 reserve dragoons division of German legion.
The dragoon brigade consists of two regiments.
Special cavalry division
1800 cavalry division of reserve corps is responsible for 4 brigades, and the specific attributes are unknown.
The establishment of cavalry regiment is still under textual research, but we can give an example to peep:
1809 Napoleon asked for the formation of a hunting and riding corps, which was subordinate to the chief of staff. He is composed of three hunting cavalry regiments and four cavalry companies.
3. cannon
Artillery is more complicated than cavalry. I can't explain it clearly because I don't have enough information. I can only provide the following:
1. The system formulated by French general Gerry beaufort for the French army is:
1 battalion (1000)4 doors, 1 division (9000)36 doors, 1 legion (40000) 160 doors.
2. Napoleon changed his mind:
1 infantry division, 2 battery companies, 1 light cavalry division/dragon cavalry division, 1 battery company and 1 armored cavalry division, 2 battery companies.
Under normal circumstances, 1 Army has four infantry divisions, 1 light cavalry division, 1 dragon cavalry division and 1 armored cavalry division, and three battery companies directly under the regiment, with a total of *** 15 battery companies./kloc-
Among them, there are 72 6-pound guns and 30 howitzers in 18 12-pound guns.
On average, there are 30 horses and 35 men in each gun.
18 1 1 year, Napoleon's cavalry division used to have 1 division equipped with 24 guns, while the three guards always equipped with 128 field guns. This should be strengthened.
In 2005, the 18 12 pound battery in Waterloo was really composed of eight guns and 1 battery.
Because according to Napoleon's orders, three 1 2-pound artillery companies of the 12 and 6 armies went into battle, with 24 guns.
In fact, due to various factors such as different military organizations and the use of captured artillery in combat, the above organizations have not been fully observed.
For example:
Take 1809 as an example:
A division consists of six and a half brigades, each brigade 18 guns.
St. ilie's Division consists of six standing regiments (wings) and has 15 guns.
Espagnat Light Cavalry Division is composed of four cavalry regiments, with six guns.
And:
1809 The infantry division composed of four standing regiments (wings) under the jurisdiction of the Fourth Army of the German Legion has 12 guns.
In addition, both the dragoons division and the heavy cavalry division have 6 guns per division (1809 German cavalry).
Napoleon canceled the 4-pound or 8-pound gun, because in battle, officers usually use 4-pound or 8-pound guns at will. Instead, they use 6-pound guns.
According to the above data:
The cavalry division can't pull a 12 pound gun, so the Sixth Artillery Company uses either a howitzer or a 6 pound gun (because it can't be verified).
So I thought:
1. If it is a howitzer, then the battery should have 6 howitzers, and each 6-pound gun and 12-pound gun should have 9 guns.
(Here, an army has two 12 pound artillery companies, which contradicts other data. )
2. If it is a 6-pound gun, unless the establishment of cavalry battery is different from that of infantry, a 6-pound gun alone has 12 battery. It is out of the question.
Therefore, the establishment of battery companies needs textual research.
4. Engineers and trench troops
The engineering unit is usually a battalion company, which belongs to the artillery unit.
Including engineering barracks, pioneer engineering barracks and bridge engineering barracks.
The engineering battalion is a mixed unit of engineering company and mine engineering company, and each battalion is assumed to be 6 companies.
The Pioneer Engineering Battalion consists of four Pioneer Engineering Companies.
Bridge engineering barracks are composed of bridge engineering companies, usually three.
All engineering companies have 100 employees except Pioneer Engineering Company, which has 150 employees.
In the battle, all the above engineering battalions were commanded by an engineering professional.
In addition, engineering troops are usually incorporated into the working battalion of the navy.
It remains to be verified whether the engineering companies affiliated to each army are directly from the engineering units or independently compiled in advance.
Trench troops
Establishment of battalion company. Each battalion has 2 10 people and governs 3 companies, each with 40 carriages.
According to the establishment, each division is under the jurisdiction of 1 trench battalion. But it seems that this is not the case in actual combat. Judging from the war record of 1809, it seems that only 1 troops and 1 battalions can be guaranteed. (1809 campaign, according to the emperor's order, five trench camps and 600 carriages were assembled and established. ),