I. Identification and Prevention of Main Diseases of Osmanthus fragrans The main diseases of Osmanthus fragrans include Coral Sajin Anthracnose, Fuso Anthracnose, Orchid Anthracnose, Osmanthus fragrans Anthracnose (Hefei, Chuzhou and Huangshan), Daphne odora sooty blotch in Phnom Penh, Gardenia sooty blotch, Camellia Algae Spot (Hefei), Osmanthus fragrans Leaf Blight, Osmanthus pseudocercospora (Hefei, Chuzhou, Wuhu and Huangshan) and Osmanthus fragrans Brown Spot. Osmanthus fragrans shell leaf spot (Huangshan city), Osmanthus fragrans hairy gray spot (Huangshan city), Osmanthus fragrans brown spot, Osmanthus fragrans stem spot (Huangshan city), Osmanthus fragrans big stem brown spot, Osmanthus fragrans Alternaria leaf spot (Huangshan city), sunburn, root-knot nematode disease, carcinomatosis, etc. Brown spot and leaf blight are the most serious and common diseases. 1. Leaf spot occurs on both sides of leaves. At the beginning of the disease, only a few scattered brown spots appeared on the leaves. In the late stage, the center of the leaf spot is grayish white to light brown, and its shape is approximately round or irregular. In severe cases, several spots are combined. The edge of the lesion is reddish brown to dark brown, with a light brown halo outside, and a large number of gray-black mildew spots are scattered on the front of the leaf, which are conidia and conidia of pathogenic bacteria; Leaf back disease is brown; Because the diseased spots gradually expand and converge into large areas, leaves often die and fall off in large numbers, which seriously affects the normal growth and flowering of plants. The pathogen overwinters in mycelium on diseased plants and fallen leaves. In April-June of the following year, when the temperature rises, new conidia will be produced, which will be spread by airflow and rain, and then new conidia will be produced, which will infect the disease again. The disease can occur in April-10; In plants, the diseases of old leaves are more serious than those of young leaves. Jingui variety is the most susceptible, followed by Yin Gui variety, and Dangui variety is not easy to get sick. Plants with weak growth or transplanted in the same year are prone to disease; The disease is easy to occur when the soil is hard and sticky and the fertility is insufficient. In the hot and humid season from July to August, the disease can spread rapidly. Prevention and control methods: strengthen water and fertilizer management, loosen soil frequently, avoid soil water accumulation, promote plant growth and improve plant disease resistance; Thorough removal of diseased leaves in winter and centralized incineration to reduce overwintering bacteria can obviously inhibit the occurrence of this disease in the coming year; In spring, before the leaves of osmanthus fragrans plants germinate and harden, spraying Bordeaux solution with 1: 2: 100 lime every half month can prevent the occurrence of this disease. At the early stage of onset, spray with 50% polysulfide suspension 800 solution, or spray with 50% carbendazim and 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 solution, or spray with 50% zineb wettable powder 800 solution; It can also be sprayed with 5000 times of 25% propiconazole EC at intervals of 48 days. When the seedlings in the hardest hit areas leave the nursery, they can be disinfected by spraying 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution. 2. Leaf blight, also known as leaf spot, is an important disease of osmanthus fragrans. It mainly harms leaves. The disease often begins at the tip or edge of leaves with small yellow-green or light brown spots, and then gradually expands to reddish brown to grayish brown, with a nearly round or irregular shape. The back of the lesion is light in color and the edge is dark brown. Lesions are sometimes curly and fragile, and several lesions can fuse with each other to reach 1/2- 1/3 of leaves, or irregular large patches; There are many small black spots scattered on the lesion in the later stage, which are conidia of pathogenic bacteria. The disease can occur all year round, causing large areas of leaves to dry up, leading to early shedding; The damage of middle and lower leaves of crown is more serious than that of top, and the disease of old leaves is more serious than that of new leaves. The pathogen overwinters on the diseased leaves with mycelium and conidia, and infects conidia when the temperature and humidity are suitable in spring, especially in July-165438+1October. When the temperature is 20-27℃, there is much rain or humidity, poor ventilation, insufficient fertilizer, weak trees or freezing and mechanical damage, which is easy to get sick; The climate is hot and dry, and the illness is aggravated if you don't water it in time. Prevention and control methods: thoroughly remove diseased leaves in late autumn and early winter, burn or bury them centrally, and reduce overwintering bacteria, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of diseases in the coming year; Transplanted or introduced seedlings should be removed from diseased leaves and burned centrally. When necessary, the seedlings can be disinfected by spraying 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution before leaving the nursery. Strengthen management, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, often loosen the soil and weed, prevent soil hardening or water accumulation, water and spray water in time in case of high temperature and dry weather, and increase the disease resistance of osmanthus plants; In areas with serious diseases, 70% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times solution or 1: 2: 100 lime bordeaux solution are sprayed once every two months for 3-4 times continuously, and the control effect is good. It can also be sprayed with 5000 times of 25% propiconazole EC at intervals of 48 days. 3. sooty blotch is mainly characterized by a layer of gray-black powder with different shades on leaves and branches, and sometimes even forms a black film. The reason is that when aphids, scale insects, whiteflies and other insects harm osmanthus fragrans, the excreta secreted by them cause parasitism of many fungi, thus inducing a dark gray sooty blotch. It usually occurs in hot and humid seasons and in hot and humid, hidden and poorly ventilated environments. The gray-black coal pollution layer not only affects the ornamental of osmanthus fragrans plants, but also affects the photosynthesis of leaves, resulting in poor plant growth and early shedding of susceptible leaves after yellowing and wilting. Prevention and control methods: strengthen the shaping and pruning of osmanthus plants, ensure the ventilation and light transmission in the plant cavity, and promote the good growth of plants; When aphids, scale insects, whiteflies and other pests are found to harm osmanthus fragrans, effective prevention and control should be carried out in time to kill them; Potted plants, often spraying water to wash leaves; At the initial stage of the disease, spraying branches and leaves with 500 times of 50% methyl sulfide suspension, 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 500 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder has a good control effect. 4, chlorosis is iron deficiency chlorosis. If it is mild iron deficiency, it means that the veins of young leaves turn green and yellow, and the vein tissue is still green; If the iron deficiency is serious, the new and old leaves will turn yellow, the young leaves will stop growing slowly, some old leaves will appear yellow-brown spots, and the plants will not grow and bloom normally, which will seriously affect the ornamental effect and the harvest of flowers. The reasons are as follows: first, the soil quality of plants planted on the ground is alkaline; Second, when preparing potted soil, the pH value of potted plants is unbalanced due to improper formula ratio; Third, osmanthus planted after urban and rural demolition is not completely cleaned up due to building residues; Fourth, management mistakes, such as high pH value of irrigation water; In this way, the iron in the soil exists in the form of insoluble iron hydroxide and cannot be absorbed by the root system of osmanthus fragrans. Prevention and treatment methods: mild iron deficiency can be treated by pouring 0.5% ferrous sulfate solution on roots and spraying 0.2% ferrous sulfate solution on leaves; When the iron deficiency is serious, 20-40g chelating iron [F-EDTA] can be applied to the soil around the rhizosphere of each osmanthus fragrans (including potted osmanthus fragrans), and 0. 1% chelating iron solution can be sprayed on the leaves at the same time. Spraying leaves with 0.2% ferrous sulfate solution every half month during the growth season of new shoots in spring; When preparing potted soil, the pH value can be adjusted to below 6.5 with 0.5% ferrous sulfate solution. 5. Dry rot mainly occurs on newly transplanted osmanthus plants with large specifications. When landscaping or transplanting osmanthus fragrans, the trunk or branch bark of osmanthus fragrans plants is seriously damaged or large pieces of dry bark are not properly protected in time due to reasons such as bumps during digging, scratches during long-distance transportation and strangulation during hanging planting. When rain and sewage infect wounds, fungi (such as wood rot fungi, etc. ) and bacteria (such as soil wild Bacillus, etc. ) is induced to invade and parasitize, causing the wound to rot. Prevention and treatment methods: for small wounds on tree trunks or branches, wound healing agents should be applied in time; For small wounds that have been partially decomposed or slightly decomposed, the wound can be partially cleaned until the fresh xylem and phloem are exposed, and then the wound healing agent can be applied to the fresh wound to promote the wound healing as soon as possible; For the old big wounds whose phloem has been destroyed for a long time and whose xylem has been exposed for many years, the rotten exposed xylem can be cleaned up, and the stone sulfur mixture can be applied regularly every year for anticorrosion or the two-component "marble glue" can be quickly applied to the fresh wounds, which will have better protection effect; For the thick osmanthus plants with cavities in the trunk, the rotten parts can be thoroughly removed first, and the isolation layer between rotten xylem and non-rotten xylem should not be destroyed, and the cavities should be filled with polyurethane foaming agent. 2. Identification and Prevention of Main Pests in Osmanthus fragrans The main pests in Osmanthus fragrans include acaricides, mites, scale insects, whiteflies, frost moths, pockmarked moths, wax cicadas and short-fronted locusts. Acari, scale insects and whitefly are the most serious and common. 1. Tetranychus cinnabarinus is the main mite species that harms osmanthus fragrans, and it is very serious all over the province in recent years. The adult mite of Tetranychus cinnabarinus is 0.5-0.6 mm long, and the female mite is ovoid, vermilion to rust red, or dark brown to dark brown; Male mites are slightly rhombic, yellowish and slightly smaller, with a body length of 0.3-0.4 mm, oval, reddish to pink. Young mites are nearly round and translucent when they are first hatched, and their bodies are dark green after feeding. If it is a mite, its body is oval and its body color is dark. It can produce 10- 15 generations a year, and adults, nymphs and eggs overwinter on host plants and weeds in the south; The next spring, when the average temperature reached above 7℃, it began to feed and breed. Adult mites, juvenile mites and nymph mites all like to gather on the back of leaves to feed, and most of the eggs are laid on both sides of veins on the back of leaves or under dense mesh. Each female mite can lay 50-500 eggs in her lifetime. The high temperature and drought season is the most favorable for its occurrence, which leads to the grayish yellow leaves of the whole plant or a piece of osmanthus forest, which seriously affects the growth, flowering and display of osmanthus. The optimum temperature for the occurrence of this insect is 25℃-30℃, and the optimum air relative humidity is 35%-55%. Strong winds and heavy rains can wash away insects and reduce population density. Control methods: Protect natural enemies, such as ladybugs, bark beetles, thrips, Chrysopa sinica, Chrysopa macrophylla, etc. Weeds under trees are removed and burned in winter, and the overwintering adult mites, nymphs and eggs are killed with lime-sulfur mixture with Baume degree of 0.3-0.5; At the early stage of occurrence, it was sprayed with 25% Tetrapax (mainly composed of triazole tin) 1500 times solution; Or spray with 1% avermectin EC (mainly avermectin) for 2000 times; In addition, pesticides such as hexythiazox, cypermethrin and acaricide can also be sprayed. 2. Blow scale insects that harm osmanthus fragrans, such as scale insects, scale insects, scale insects, scale insects, scale insects, scale insects, scale insects, scale insects, scale insects, scale insects. Among them, blown cotton scales, chaff scales, Japanese white scales and orange scales are more common. The adult is 5-7 mm long, and the female is ovoid, orange-red, with a flat abdomen and a raised back. Before spawning, white oocysts are secreted in the back of abdomen, with vertical stripes 14- 16. The male worm has a thin abdomen, about 3 mm long, black chest, orange abdomen, long and narrow front wings, black and hooked rear wings. Eggs, oval, 0.7 mm long and orange, are densely packed in the oocysts of female insects. Nymphs, oval, orange, covered with yellowish wax powder on the back. Pupa, 3.5 mm long, orange-red, with light yellow-brown fine hairs scattered on the body surface and covered with white wax powder. Cocoon, long oval, white, composed of loose wax filaments, covered with white wax powder. The insect occurs 2-3 generations a year, and the generations overlap; Most of the female adults are clustered and fixed in one place, and the white waxy oocysts are secreted at the end of the abdomen, and they lay eggs while secreting wax. The spawning period is more than 30 days, and each female insect can lay hundreds to 2000 eggs. There are fewer males and more parthenogenesis; After hatching, the larvae spread out, and then moved back from the tender branches to live in groups, sucking tree juice and secreting honey dew, which induced sooty blotch. Due to the cross-harm of diseases, leaves of osmanthus plants often turn yellow and branches wither. Prevention and control methods: use less pesticides in peacetime to protect natural enemies; Found a small number of bugs, wipe them in time and squeeze them to death; Spraying lime-sulfur mixture with Baume degree of 0.3-0.5 in winter to kill overwintering pests; At the peak of incubation, eggs were sprayed with 2000 times of 15% chlorpyrifos wettable powder, or 1500 times of 40% dimethoate EC, or 3000 times of 40% chlorpyrifos EC. 3, tea bag moth, also known as "food." Bag moth pests that harm osmanthus fragrans include tea bag moth, big bag moth, small bag moth and so on. Their similarity is that insects hide in bags, and larvae and female adults eat leaves and twigs. In severe cases, the whole plant leaves can be eaten up, and the high temperature and drought last for a long time, which is more serious. Tea bag moth, the adult is bisexual, the female adult has no wings, the body length is 12- 16 mm, it is maggot-like, fat, with a small head and a pair of spikes; Male worm, body length 1 1- 15mm, wings spread 22-30mm, body and wings are dark brown, and there is a transparent rectangular spot near the tip of the front wing and near the center of the outer edge; Oval, milky white, about 0.8 mm long; Larvae, mature larvae are 10-26 mm in length, and there are brownish yellow longitudinal bands with jade white stripes on the dorsal line of each thoracic segment and on the middle and posterior thoracic valves. Pupa, female, hammer-shaped, dark brown, small head, curved chest, body length14-18mm, male, brown, body length1-13mm, curved abdomen and a pair of hip spines; The capsule is olive-shaped, dark brown and filiform. The length of the capsule can reach 25-30mm. Branchlets and cut branches are attached outside the capsule, and the parallel longitudinal cracks are neat. This insect has 2-3 generations a year, and overwinters as mature larvae. Adult eclosion often occurs in the afternoon, and mating occurs the next night. The female insect remains in the pouch after eclosion, and the male insect flies close to the pouch for mating after eclosion; Eggs are laid in cysts, and each female lays about 500 eggs; After hatching, the larvae crawl from the drainage hole of the capsule to the branches and leaves, spin silk and droop, and spread to the surrounding hosts with the wind to feed, and the leaves and branchlets are connected with silk to form the capsule; When the larva crawls to feed, its head and chest are exposed outside the sac, and the protective sac is hung on the abdomen; Feeding time is mostly in the early morning, evening or cloudy days, and feeding is rare at noon on sunny days; In the early stage, it feeds on mesophyll, leaving transparent spots on the epidermis. With the growth of insect age, it eats leaves into holes and lacks carving. After eating for a long time, insects can eat up the whole leaf and chew bark, flowers and fruits. Prevention and control methods: manually remove the protective capsule and destroy the larvae; Protect natural enemies; Trapping and killing adults with black lights and vibrating lights; Spraying 1000 times 2 billion/g cotton-aged nuclear polyhedrosis virus suspension at the peak of spawning; At the peak of the second instar larvae, 90% trichlorfon crystal 1000 times solution, 40% dimethoate EC 1000 times solution, 1.2% tobacco alkali 1000 times solution and diflubenzuron No.3 1000-2000 times solution were used. 3. The adult body length of the butterfly mussel is 45-50 mm, and the dark gray wings are mixed with cream white powder; The wingspan is 90- 130mm, and there are brown semi-circular stripes on the chest back plate, two brown wavy horizontal lines in the middle of the front wing, two black longitudinal stripes below the middle cavity and a black curve at the top of the wing. The hind wings are brown, and the outer edges of the front and rear wings are connected by small black and white squares. Eggs, spherical, first born green, then yellow. Larvae, green, 75-96 mm long, light green head, green chest, and 8-9 rows of horizontally arranged particles on the back; The abdomen is yellow-green, with 7 white oblique bands on the side; The tail angle is brown-green, with purple-brown particles on it, and the length is12-13 mm; The valve is brown, the chest and feet are brown and the abdomen and feet are green. Pupa, reddish brown, 50-60 mm long. The insect has three generations a year in the Yangtze River valley and overwinters in the soil as pupa. The overwintering moth period is from the middle of April to the end of July, the first generation is from the middle of July to the middle of September, and the second generation is from the middle of September to the beginning of 10. Adults live in the dark places of trees, branches and leaves, weeds, crops and houses during the day, fly out at dusk, mate and lay eggs at night, and have strong flying ability and phototaxis. Most adults lay eggs on the back of leaves, and the newly hatched larvae feed on the surface of leaves. The larger ones eat leaves into notches and holes, or even eat them all, and the mature larvae are buried and pupated. Prevention and control methods: turn over the soil in winter to kill the overwintering pupae; Trapping and killing adults with black light; A small number of osmanthus fragrans larvae appear on a single plant, which can be killed manually; Spraying 90% trichlorfon crystal 1000 times solution, 40% dimethoate EC 1000 times solution and 1000 billion /g caterpillar spore powder 500 times solution before the 3rd instar larvae. 4, the beautiful green moth, that is, "spicy". The moths that harm osmanthus fragrans include yellow thorn moth, flower green thorn moth, mulberry brown thorn moth, flat thorn moth, yellow-edged green thorn moth and so on. Their larvae sometimes eat up the leaves of plants such as osmanthus fragrans, wither the damaged branches, hinder the growth of osmanthus fragrans, and reduce the ornamental value and economic value of flowers and trees. The adult Hymenoptera viridis, with a body length of 16- 18 mm, is emerald green, with quadrangular dark brown spots at the base of the wing and light brown at the rear wing. Egg, oval, 0.9- 1 mm, yellow-green. When the larva matures, its body length is about 24 mm, its body is emerald green, its head is reddish brown, there are three blue-purple and dark green lines in the center of its back, there are blue patches and thorns on its back, there are a pair of orange thorns on the back of the first abdominal segment, and there are black fluffy spherical tufts on its belly. Pupa, ovoid, body length14-17mm, yellowish brown; Cocoon, dark brown, flat, covered with white silk, oval, long14-17mm. This insect has 2-3 generations a year in the Yangtze River valley, and overwinters on branches as mature larvae. April to May, mid-May to early June, and early August to mid-September of the following year are the emergence and spawning periods of the first and second generation adults. Adults have strong phototaxis, can mate on the night of emergence and start laying eggs the next day. A single female can lay 600-900 eggs. Eggs range from a few to more than a hundred, mostly 30-40, which are concentrated on the back of young leaves and arranged like fish scales. The newly hatched larvae only feed on mesophyll and lower epidermis, leave the upper epidermis, bite through the epidermis after the third instar and feed on the whole leaf after the fifth instar. Larvae ***7 years old, like to cluster, and gradually spread out after 5 years old. Mature larvae cocoon at bark seams and the base of trunk, and some first-generation cocoons cocoon at the back of leaves. Prevention and control methods: check the white to translucent damaged leaves of osmanthus plants in time, pick and kill the leaves with a large number of larvae in time with gloves to avoid being stabbed by their poisonous hairs; Manual scraping of overwintering cocoons from branches can reduce the overwintering base and prevent it from recurring in the next year; Trapping and killing adults with black light to reduce the number of next generation larvae; Biological pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Penicillium are used to control larvae; In the larval stage, 90% trichlorfon crystal 1000 times, 0.3% azadirachtin EC 600 times, 1.25% tobacco alkaloid 1000 times and 1.2% diflubenzuron 8000 times were sprayed to kill the larvae. 5. The whitefly pests that harm osmanthus fragrans mainly include whitefly, whitefly, whitefly, whitefly and osmanthus fragrans (Hefei, Chuzhou and Wuhu). They mainly use the mouthparts of adults and larvae to pierce the mesophyll of leaves to absorb juice, which makes the leaves of osmanthus fragrans curl, turn green and yellow, and even dry up; A large amount of honey dew discharged from it will seriously pollute the branches and leaves of osmanthus fragrans, cause coal pollution, and lead to poor growth of osmanthus fragrans, thus affecting the normal flowering and display of plants. Prevention and control methods: Protect natural enemies, such as Anoplophora nigripes, Aphid, Anoplophora nigripes, Lepidoptera Tenebrio molitor, Chrysopa lacewings, ladybugs, wasps, predatory mites, etc. Whitefly can be trapped and killed by yellow armyworm; Bemisia tabaci is very resistant. When selecting pesticides for control, we should pay attention to the principle of alternate use and mixture, such as 10% chlorpyrifos EC 1000 times, 10% imidacloprid WP 2000 times, 40% omethoate EC 1500 times and 25%.