Chinese name: Conrad Chaicarias Lorenz Nationality: Austria Date of birth: 1 903165438+1October 7 Date of death:1February 27, 989 Occupation: Major achievements of comparative psychologists:1 Representative works of the 973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: personal introduction of birds, academic career, psychological contribution, animal habits, imprint and critical period, congenital release mechanism, other contributions, personal introduction. His father was a medical professor at Vienna University. However, when he was 9 years old and spent his summer vacation in the countryside with his family, he fell in love with outdoor life and has always liked to study animal behavior since then. However, at his father's insistence, he went to new york Columbia University to study medicine on 1922, and unexpectedly found that comparative anatomy and embryology were more suitable for explaining biological behavior patterns than paleontology, and he also studied psychology. He returned to Vienna on 1923 and continued to study medicine at Vienna University. During college, he studied comparative anatomy and began to study animal behavior with comparative anatomy. In the book "Social Behavior of Birds" published by 1935, he summarized his comparative research on more than 30 kinds of birds, and analyzed the behavioral functions of parents, young birds, sexual spouses and other relatives and the conditions that caused these behaviors. This book is a model of using comparative methods to study animal behavior. 65438-0928 stayed in school as an associate professor after receiving a doctorate in medicine. Due to his lack of interest in medical work, he finally returned to Vienna University to study zoology, and received his doctorate in zoology from Munich University from 65438 to 0936. In the same year, he founded the German Society of Animal Psychology and edited the Journal of Animal Psychology. 1937- 1940 teaches animal psychology and comparative anatomy at the university of Vienna, 1940 is the head of psychology department at the university of konigsberg, Germany. During the period of 1938, he joined the Nazis for supporting Nazi opinions and opinions and Nazi ethnology. During World War II, he worked as a doctor in 1942- 1944 German Army, and had the opportunity to gain some first-hand knowledge about nervous system diseases, especially Hershey's disease, and about mental illness, especially schizophrenia. 1944 was captured by the Soviet Union. Because of his medical knowledge, he is respected by the Russians. He is in charge of the 600-bed department of Chalturin Hospital. 1948 returned to teach at Vienna university after his release. In the same year, he founded the Institute of Behavioral Comparison in oldenburg and served as its director. Marx-Planck Institute of Behavioral Physiology was founded in 1950, and its director is 195 1 year. 1957- 1973 Professor of Munich University, 1958- 1973 Director of Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology (Seewiesen, near Steinberg); 1973 won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine with K. Frish and Nicholas dingbergen for his research on animal behavior patterns, and retired in the same year. Academic career Lorenz thinks that his academic career has gone through four periods: "Western jackdaw period in the west" (1927- 1935), studying the social behavior of crows; "Goose period" (1935- 1938), during which he began to put forward some of his most important hypotheses, including "imprint", "release body" and "innate release mechanism"; "Accreditation period" (1938- 1949), including a teaching period; Later period. Lorenz studied instinctive behavior in his early days, and later cooperated with the Dutch behaviorist Ding Bergen to prove that different forms of behavior are coordinated with each other and form a behavior sequence. When studying the evolution of species behavior, he paid special attention to the role of ecological factors and the adaptive significance of behavior. He helped clarify the way in which individual behavior patterns mature during development. He believes that the aggressive behavior of lower animals is beneficial to their survival, and the bellicose behavior of human beings also has its innate basis. This theory can be used to understand violence among urban residents and prevent war. Lorenz was deeply influenced by his mentor, German ornithologists O. Heinroth and J. V. Uekkul's works on the behavior of creatures in their own environment, resolutely opposed behaviorism, and established an objective school of animal behavior in the early 1930s. Lorenz claimed that even without external * * *, animals can still attack spontaneously by virtue of their natural release mechanism. Because according to the "hydraulic model of attack", accumulated energy needs to be released. Once released, because all the emotional energy is poured out at once, it takes a period of time to recombine, which can be compared to a process of excreting feces. Animals have some fixed behavior types in their life. On this basis, he formed another view, that is, "imprint". Ethology is a science founded by Lorenz in the 1940s. It aims to study the behavior of animals in the natural environment where they grow, so as to understand the characteristics of their behavior changes from birth to growth, and analyze and discuss the interactive influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of animal behavior. Lorenz opposes behaviorists to study animal behavior in a deliberately designed experimental control situation, thus inferring and explaining the research orientation of human behavior. He believes that this research orientation is wrong, which can neither really understand animal behavior nor infer and explain human behavior according to the research results. Lorenz insists on the principle of studying animal behavior: if you want to understand animals, you should go to the world where animals live and observe and study them directly. According to the observation of animals, Lorenz published the book Friends of the Bird World in 1937, which reported the imprinting phenomenon of ducklings for the first time. The so-called imprint refers to a primitive and rapid way of learning about the environment shown by some animals in infancy. Lorenz found that the newly hatched ducklings immediately followed the moving objects in the environment they first noticed. For example, if a mother duck appears in front of them, the duckling will follow, and if a hen or a person or even a moving doll appears, it will follow. On the surface, this primitive special reaction of animals is related to their survival instinct, but as far as the phenomenon that ducklings follow other objects is concerned, it is obviously not the racial inheritance of animals, but the acquired learning. Lorenz further found that the imprinting phenomenon of animals has three characteristics: imprinting only occurs within a certain period of time after birth, and imprinting phenomenon of birds such as newly hatched ducklings and chickens can only occur within one day, and imprinting will not occur after more than 30 hours. In the same way, if the puppy is not close to people within one and a half months after birth, it will not be able to establish close relationships with people in the future. Lorenz said that the effective period that may produce marks is the critical period. Imprinting is an acquired learning behavior. Then once it is formed, it may change because of the change of the later environment. Although imprinting belongs to learning, it does not need to be strengthened as behaviorism says. -Animal imprinting phenomenon Innate release mechanism Innate release mechanism (IRM for short) means that animals have some innate potential response ability, which will be automatically released once they meet the right environment. Lorenz observed that when a male stickleback encounters a female stickleback with swollen abdomen when laying eggs, it will show a zigzag dance beside it, but this kind of reaction will not occur at ordinary times. The critical period of animal behavior and innate release mechanism discovered by Lorenz are of great enlightening value in the research of children's education development. Other contributions Lorenz believes that every species has the genetic ability to learn something. In addition, he also developed and inspired the concepts of genetics, physiology, evolution and individual behavior genesis related to the survival value of species behavior adaptation. Many of his methods and concepts have been applied to human behavior.