1, improved seed selection
Pomegranate can be divided into three categories: sweet, sour and sweet and sour. If there is no special need, sweet pomegranate will be planted mainly, and the key improved varieties are Jin Junmei, green sweet, hard sweet and red sweet.
2. Cultivate robust seedlings
There are two main ways to raise pomegranate seedlings: root tillering seedlings and cutting seedlings. The natural growth environment of tiller seedlings is different, and the level of seedling growth and roughness is very different, with few roots. Therefore, when the garden is opened, it is best to give priority to pruning seedlings, cultivate them in the seedling base and transplant them in the second year, which can improve the survival rate and ensure vigorous growth in the first year after planting.
When the cuttings are pre-planted, the thick annual branches are cut off in winter, cut into 20 cm cuttings and stored in wet sand. 3. Prepare the field in front of seedlings at the end of April, apply sufficient fertilizer, trim the seedbed, take the seedlings in the first half of April, soak them in cold water for 24 hours, so that the seedlings can absorb enough water, obliquely insert them into the trimmed seedbed, and the road surface is exposed to 1-2cm, then water them, and cover them with sand and agricultural plastic film before water infiltration. After budding, apply fertilizer and water immediately according to the growth of green seedlings. In the early stage, seedlings should be prevented from transplanting and survival in theme activities. In the middle and late stage, the seedlings should be soaked and topped moderately to ensure that the seedlings are strong and plump.
Second, pomegranate planting
1. Before improving soil planting, we should deepen and expand holes and apply enough organic fertilizer. The spacing between plants in a planting row should be 5 m× 3 m, and the spacing between plants near the weir should be 3 m. Try to choose an area with good sunshine.
2. Pomegranate with susceptible pollen species is cross-pollinated, and the ratio of main cultivated species to pollinated species is at least 3: 1, and the above species can pollinate each other.
3. Pomegranate planted moderately late is easy to be squeezed and melted in early spring. Therefore, it should be planted when the soil temperature rises above 10℃ in early April, and the seedlings should be planted with it. After planting, the tree stems should be covered with agricultural plastic film to increase the temperature and solidify the soil, reduce the slow emergence of seedlings and improve the survival rate.
4. Topping can promote the strong seedlings to be topped in July and August, and promote the growth of branches and the thickness of the lower part. After the rainy season comes in July, we should soak pots to prevent yellow leaf disease of branches and prevent drainage of branches in spring and winter.
Third, give pomegranate plastic surgery.
Pomegranates should be clustered and naturally tree-shaped. When the stem hardness is set to 30 cm, there will be 4-6 branches. Of course, after 2-3 years of growth, the visual angle of the branches will be stretched to 55-60 degrees, which can basically be shaped. Pruning should be done all year round. Pomegranate fruit is mainly leafy, with 6-8 good leaves. Therefore, in summer and spring, the inner branches, secondary branches and long branches should be pitted to enrich the lateral buds and promote the strong branches and short branches. Pomegranate has good branching ability. In winter, there is no need to cut short branches, only sparse branches that are too dense and secondary branches that are not rich in growth and development.
Four, pomegranate soil environmental management methods
1, effective fertilization. Apply high-quality ring fertilizer 100-200 kg and peanut bran 1-2 kg to each tree in autumn; In June and August, topdressing urea solution once every time, 1-2-year-old trees, each with 50-100g, and 3-4-year-old trees, each with 200-250g of fertilizer should be watered according to the precipitation.
2. Plastic film mulching and stem mulching 1-2-year-old trees, and early spring residual flowers are covered with agricultural plastic film; Every year, 3-4-year-old trees are covered under the trees, each plant is about 50- 100 kg, and the covering thickness is 15-20 cm.
3. Soil application of Chlormequat chloride (PP 333) In the first half of June, applying 0.2-0.25g (pure amount) of Chlormequat chloride to 3-4-year-old trees can promote the growth of many complete flowers.
Autumn management scheme of pomegranate tree
In autumn, pomegranate trees usually sprout a large number of new shoots two or three times, which leads to the aggregation of crown branches, poor natural ventilation and light transmission, slow fruit expansion and color difference, and also hurts the buds produced by inner leaves and short branches. Therefore, it is very important to improve autumn pruning.
1. Sparse branches. Cut off the dense and steep shoots and tillers with diseases and pests again. It is stipulated that the light spots under the canopy are evenly distributed on the road surface after thinning, accounting for 10%- 15% of the total development area of the canopy. Ensure that the fruit can see the light immediately, so that the leaves and short branches in the inner room can see enough light and sprout quickly. Bury or burn the cut branches with pests and diseases.
2. Trim the roots. One of the main characteristics of pomegranate tree senescence is the brittle decline of root system, so it is very necessary to prune the root system step by step according to the fruit condition of pomegranate tree. From the middle and late June of 10 to June of10 (after fruit picking and before dead leaves), organic fertilizer can be applied in combination with autumn hole expansion, and annular or parallel surface ditches (50- 100 cm deep) can be dug in the crown field, and the diameter of the cut-off part is less than 1 cm.
Pre-harvest management scheme of pomegranate
Familiarity, top class. Eliminate blind branches, erect branches, dense branches and slender branches in the crown cavity, and maintain natural ventilation and light transmission in the crown. Lightly topping the vigorous branches that have not stopped growing but must be preserved in order to form a tree shape, so as to reduce nutrient consumption, make the branches grow stout and ensure safe winter.
Promote fruit coloring. Bagging fruits should be picked immediately from the middle and late August to the middle and early September, and the bagging time should be 20-25 days before perfect picking. At this time, bagging is most beneficial to fruit coloring and sugar improvement. Bagging should be done after 4 noon on rainy or sunny days. If it is a double bag, go to the outer bag first, and then go to the packaging bag after 3 ~ 5 days. Pay attention to the temperature when removing bags, and be careful not to burn the exocarp due to high temperature and obvious sunlight, which will reduce the use value of fresh fruit. Spray fruit coloring agent immediately after picking bags to promote fruit coloring.
Picking leaves and turning fruits is an auxiliary strategy to promote pomegranate coloring. When picking leaves, take off the bag, the leaves that block the sun from shining on the surface of the fruit, and the twigs that block the fruit. Turn the fruit to make the dark side of the fruit see the light, and ensure that all the fruits are uniform in color. In some places, the pedicel is short and thick, so it can't rotate. According to the method of pulling, separating and hanging, the part of the fruit branch can be rotated, so that the reverse side of the fruit is colored by light. Laying reflective stickers is also the key countermeasure to popularize pomegranate coloring. From mid-September to before fruit picking, laying silver-white reflective stickers under pomegranate trees or pedestrians in the trees can obviously enhance the light in the inner chamber and the lower end of the crown, and improve the total area and quality of fruit coloring.
Prevent fruit from rotting. Before picking 10 ~ 15 days, irrigation should be strictly controlled, especially in dry hillside, hilly terrain plantation and plain plantation with irregular water injection. Pick it immediately after rain. Spraying 25 mg/L auxin in the middle and late August and early September can reduce rotten fruit by more than 30%.
Shaping robust plant type and promoting flower bud differentiation. Pomegranate has a large amount of fruit, or the supply of fertilizer in soil layer is insufficient, which is very harmful to pests and diseases, and it is easy to make the tree aging. However, in mid-September, the second flower bud differentiation peak of pomegranate tree immediately caused harm to the next annual output. Therefore, it is very important to take some effective measures to promote the robust growth of trunk. It is necessary to immediately topcoat the quick-acting fertilizer, pay attention to the coordination of nitrogen and phosphorus, moderately apply potassium, topcoat 0.25 kg of urea solution and phosphate fertilizer per tree, and spray 0.2% ~ 0.35% organic chemical potassium fertilizer or diversified trace element fertilizer on the leaves.
Manipulate liquid fertilizer to maintain the normal growth of tree stems. In the method of water and fertilizer management, it is necessary to ensure "promoting first and then controlling", not only to ensure that all normal growth of trunk is necessary for various nutrients, but also to avoid the occurrence of yellow leaf disease in the middle and late stage. Therefore, in the early stage, base fertilizer is the main fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are combined, and appropriate amount of water injection is appropriate; In the middle and late stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are mainly used, and the number of water injections is moderately reduced. For pomegranate trees with yellow leaf disease, 40% ethephon can be sprayed 2000 ~ 3000 times after fruit picking to regulate trunk growth.
Pest control. During this period, the key control targets were peach moth, peach moth, stem window moth, thorn moth, golden moth, golden caterpillar and other diseases and pests such as dry rot, fruit rot and brown spot. The control methods include: cutting insect tips, picking insect fruits, burying or destroying them centrally, and killing pupated larvae on the trunk; Spraying 40% mancozeb 500 times solution or 40% thiophanate-methyl 800 times solution or 40% triadimefon rubber suspension 500 times solution plus 50% crystal trichlorfon 1000 times solution to prevent diseases and kill insects. We should try to avoid the demand for harmful chemical fertilizers in the middle and late stages.
Post-harvest management scheme of pomegranate
Clean up the plantation, transport pests and diseases, rotten fruits, branches of pests and diseases, and shaved old skins outside the garden, subsoil them, fuse the wells with fertilizer, and bury weeds underground to eliminate them.
Pruning roots, drying dead branches, pests and diseases; Heavy branches and upper branches that are sparse to too dense. For declining old trees, base fertilizer can be applied in autumn, and the root system with a depth of about 0.5 cm and a width of about 40 cm can be trimmed at the projected edge of the crown to promote new root system and repair plant type.
The liquid fertilizer management method can spray urea solution (0.5 ~ 1%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ternary compound fertilizer or special fertilizer after fruit trees are harvested, and the fertilization amount can be 0.25 ~ 0.5 kg per plant, and the compound fertilizer and organic compound fertilizer can be 0/~/kloc-0.5 kg per plant. Apply base fertilizer in the furrow. Pay attention to watering immediately after fertilization, so as to facilitate the digestion and absorption of chemical fertilizer and promote plant type repair and flower bud differentiation.
Winter maintenance 1 annual fruit trees are pruned for winter, and those that can be crushed are crushed to death as much as possible and buried in the soil; Trees keep out the cold by tying the main pole with grass and spraying antifreeze or painting it white.