At present, there are 283 genera of 2 1 subfamily (using the main classification system of 16 subfamily, compared with the system of 2 1 subfamily, the new system divides several subfamilies from Formicidae subfamily). Generally small, with four colors of black, brown, yellow and red, the body wall is elastic, smooth or hairy. Chewing, the palate is developed. The antenna is knee-shaped, with 4~ 13 nodes, long-handled nodes and 2~3 nodes at the end. The abdomen 1 or 1 and 2 are knotted. Winged or wingless. The front foot has a large spacing and is comb-shaped. It is a corner cleaner (used to clean tentacles). The shape of ants is divided into three parts: chest and abdomen, and has six legs. Ant eggs are about 0.5 mm long, irregular oval, milky white, worm-like translucent larvae, and worker ants are small, about 2.8 mm long and brown all over. It is easy to find a single ant after careful inspection. Both male and female ants are bulky. The abdomen is obese, the head and chest are brown, the first half of the abdomen is brown, and the second half is brown. Male ants are about 5.5 mm long. The female ant is about 6.2 mm in length. The common indoor environment is old ants.

Ants are the most common insects on the earth and the largest number of insect species. Because all kinds of ants are social groups, they were called "ants" in ancient times. According to modern morphological classification, ants belong to bees.

Ants can live anywhere with their living conditions, and they are the strongest creatures against natural disasters in the world. It is a polymorphic social insect. It is estimated that only about half of the ants-about 1 1700 species have been described. More extensive research on ant fauna is needed.

Ant's house

Wet and warm soil.

They usually live in dry areas, but they can survive in water for two weeks.

The life span of ants

Ants live a long life. Worker ants can live for a few weeks to 3-7 years, while queens can live for more than ten years or decades, or even more than 50 years. An ant nest can grow in 1 place 1 year.

[Spider]

Appearance characteristics:

Spiders vary in length from 0.05 mm to 60 mm. The body is divided into chest and abdomen. Some species have breastplates at the back of the head and chest (some don't), and there are usually 8 monocular eyes (6, 4, 2, 0) at the front of the head and chest, arranged in 2 ~ 4 rows. There is a big chest plate on the ventral surface, and a lower lip between the two frontal lobes in front of the chest plate. The abdomen is not segmented, and the abdominal stalk evolved from 1 abdominal segment (the seventh body segment). The abdomen is mostly round or oval, and some have various strange-shaped protrusions. The ventral rotator evolved from appendages, and there are 8 primitive species, which are located slightly in the front; Most species have six spinnerets, which are located in front of the anus at the back of the body; Some species have four spinnerets, and there are many spinning tubes on the spinneret, which are connected with various silk glands, and the silk is spun from the spinning tubes. Sensory organs include eyes, various sensory hairs, auditory hairs, lyre and tarsal bones.

Spiders are covered by chitin exoskeleton, and their bodies are obviously divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen, which are often connected by a thin handle formed by the first abdominal segment, without tail segment or tail whip. Spiders don't have compound eyes, and they have six pairs of appendages on the head and chest. The first pair and the second pair belong to the cephalic appendage, in which the first pair is mostly 2 joints, the enlarged part at the base is a claw, the tapered part at the end is divided into claws, and the teeth are tubular. There are poisonous glands in the claws or head and chest, from which the venom is secreted. The second pair of appendages, called foot whiskers, are shaped like walking feet, but have only six joints. The base joint forms a jaw-shaped protrusion near the mouth, which can help feed, while the female spider's foot whiskers have little change, while the male spider's foot whiskers are specialized as reproductive auxiliary organs, which have the structure of storing and transmitting sperm, called limb-touching devices. The third to sixth pairs of appendages are walking feet, consisting of seven joints, with claws at the end and a cluster of bristles under the claws, which are suitable for crawling on smooth objects.

Most spiders have poisonous glands, with claws and claws. Most burrowing spiders move up and down, but they prey on the ground, and spiders that web in the air sweep around like pliers.

No tentacles, no wings, no compound eyes, only one eye, usually 8 eyes, but there are also 6, 4, 2 eyes, and some even have no eyes. As far as the color and function of eyes are concerned, they can be divided into day and night.

The mouthparts of spiders are composed of claw limbs, jaw leaves, upper lip and lower lip, which have the functions of poisoning, catching, crushing food and sucking juice.

Some spiders have clumps of sticky hairs under their tarsal claws, which have the ability to make spiders crawl on vertical and smooth objects. The spider that webs has several claw-like spines near the top of the hock joint, which are called secondary claws.

The abdomen of most spiders is unsegmented. Whether there are external female organs (called reproductive organs) is an important feature to identify female species. There is a special rotator in the middle or back of the abdomen. Three pairs of rotators are called front, middle and rear rotators according to their landing positions. The top of the spinning machine is provided with a film spinning tube which is surrounded by fur. Different spiders spin different kinds of silk with different spinning tubes. The spinner of the rotating tube is also a rotating organ. For example, there are 966 on the spinning machine of Lepidoptera. There are 8 kinds of silk glands extracted from the body through spinning tubes. With the growth and molting of spiders, the size and number of silk glands are increasing. Spider silk is a kind of bone protein, which is very sticky, tough and elastic, and will harden when exposed to air after spinning.

Androgyny, the male is smaller than the female, the male tarsal joints develop into acrobats, and the female has external reproductive organs after molting for the last time.

Living habits:

Spiders mostly feed on insects, other spiders and multi-legged animals, and some spiders also feed on small animals. Jumping spiders have good eyesight and can dive close to their prey within 30 cm and pounce. Crab spiders wait for prey on flowers close to their body color. The ground spiders who make holes in the soil build a cave lined with silk, which has a living cover that opens at night to prey on insects that pass through the hole. Funnel spiders weave funnel nets, which will cause vibration when catching insects; Spiders themselves live in silk tubes with narrow ends leading to plants or cracks.

Most circular spiders weave the largest web with the least silk, just like air filters, trapping insects that can't see the filaments and have weak flying ability. Although the net is complicated, it can be woven in 1 hour, usually before dawn. If the net is destroyed in the process of predation, weave a new net. Why the spider itself will not be stuck by the web, and how to cut off the extremely elastic silk when weaving the web, these problems have not been fully understood so far. When weaving a web, the spider releases traces and floats in the wind. If the free end of the spider silk doesn't stick to anything, the spider will pull it back and eat it. If the silk sticks firmly to something (such as a branch), the spider will cross the silk bridge and reinforce it with silk.

The spider took a thread in the middle of the bridge, fell on a thread and hung down, sticking to the ground or another branch. The spider returned to the center, and Radogan radiated from the center of the web. Then, the spider crawled back to the center of the net and pulled temporary spiral wires from the inside out, with a large spacing between the spiral wires. Then the spider climbs to the outermost periphery and places a sticky and dense insect-catching spiral wire from the outside to the center of the web. While knotting, eat the dry spiral silk knotted before, which is not sticky. After the web is finished, some spiders tear off a silk (signal silk) from the center of the web and climb into the leaves in the corner of the web to hide.

If an insect casts a net, it can hear the news and eat through the vibration of the signal line. Some spiders stay head down in the middle of the web, waiting for their prey. When there is prey, they first wrap it in silk, then take a bite and take it back to the center of the net or a hidden place to eat or store it. Butterfly moths are large and easy to escape, so they are bitten first and then tied with silk thread. Some spiders * * * use cobwebs. For example, the social funnel spider (Agelena conso ciata) in Gabon will make a big web, and hundreds of spiders will hunt together. Spiders may play an important role in controlling the number of some insects. The neurotoxicity of several poisonous spiders is toxic to people. The process of weaving webs has aroused the interest of the scientific community and has been used to study drugs that affect the nervous system (after using drugs, spiders weave different webs).

According to the way of life and predation, it can be roughly divided into web spiders and wandering spiders.

The main feature of a web-forming spider is its web-forming behavior. Spiders secrete mucus through the protrusions at the top of their silk sacs, which can condense into very thin silk when exposed to air. The web made of silk is very sticky, which is the main predation means of spiders. For insects that stick to the web, spiders will first inject their prey with a special liquid jujube digestive enzyme. This digestive enzyme can make insects coma, twitch and even die, and liquefy their bodies. After liquefaction, spiders feed by sucking. Spiders are oviparous, and most male spiders will be swallowed up by female spiders after mating with them and become food for female spiders.

Wandering spiders don't weave webs, but wander around or pretend to hunt prey on the spot, such as tall-legged spiders, commonly known as "worms" in Taiwan Province Province.

Some spiders can make balloons out of nets and float to other places with the wind.

Spiders are not food on the human table. They don't even dare to stay away. Lu Xun said: "The first person to eat crabs is admirable. Who dares to eat if he is not a warrior? " Some people eat crabs, and some people must have eaten spiders. But if it is not delicious, future generations will not eat it "("The Second Feeling of Spring "). But recently, some areas, such as Sukhumi in Cambodia, have sold spiders as their dishes.

Spiders mainly prey on small insects. The tarantula beside the water can prey on small fish and shrimp, the bird spider can catch birds (it is said, but there is no exact literature record), and a 7.5 cm long spider in South America can even prey on small rattlesnakes. Web spiders prey on their webs.

(a) the corpse solution:

When spiders hunt, they first paralyze their prey with venom from fangs, secrete digestive juice and inject it into their prey to dissolve it, then suck it slowly and eat it completely.

(2) homemade fresh-keeping bag:

Spiders are afraid of light and often make webs where there is light and wind. Spider silk can be used not only to trap prey, but also as a fresh-keeping bag. The spider wrapped the leftover food in a net for the next time.

(3) Cleanliness:

Spiders clearly divide the places where they eat, sleep and pull things. Domestic spiders generally use cages as garbage stations, urinate in them and throw food scraps.

(4) Very subtle appetite:

Spiders have a strong sense of territory and should be kept separately. They only eat one or two meals a month and can fast for two months at most. The food is mainly insects, such as crickets and Cao Meng. As long as you put a wet sponge in the cage to replenish water, you can raise it to adulthood (about seven years) without changing the cage.

Not all spiders are poisonous (among them, arachnids are not poisonous)! And the toxicity is different. Usually, the toxicity of pet spiders in the market is relatively weak, and they will not take the initiative to attack people as long as they are not intentionally teased. Even if you are bitten, there is no danger to your life. Strong adaptability, no need for careful care. Spiders are the easiest pets to keep.

Spider silk is expected to be used to make high-strength materials, and experts from the Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences are actively studying the use of spider silk to make high-strength materials. There is a cluster of spinnerets behind the spider's abdomen, which passes through the silk glands in the body. Protein mucus secreted by this gland can condense into extremely strong spider silk in the air. According to the Moscow Communist Youth League newspaper, experts from the Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences found that the hardness of this material is 9 times higher than that of steel with the same thickness, and the elasticity is 2 times higher than that of other most elastic synthetic materials. Experts believe that after further processing, the above spider silk materials can be used to manufacture light body armor, parachutes, protective materials for weapons and equipment, wheel tires, plastic surgery appliances and high-strength fishing nets.

[Ladybug septempunctata]

Appearance characteristics

The body length is 6.5 ~ 7.5 mm, the wing sheath is orange-red, there are three black spots on the left and right, and there is a bigger black spot in front of the joint. There are no similar species.

Female: 5.70-7 mm long, 4-5.60 mm wide, hemispherical, smooth and hairless back. At first emergence, the coleoptile wings are tender yellow and soft, and gradually change from yellow to orange-red after 3-4 hours. At the same time, seven black spots appeared on the wings of the two coleoptiles, and the one below the small shield was a small shield spot, which was divided into two halves by the sheath seam. In addition, there are three black spots on each COLEOPTERA, and there are 1 small triangular white spots on both sides of the small shield at the base of COLEOPTERA. The head is black, and there are 1 yellowish spots on the forehead edge connected with the compound eye. There are two yellowish spots between compound eyes, sometimes connected with the above macula. The antenna is chestnut brown, slightly longer than the forehead width, with dense hammer joints, straight sides and truncated ends. There is a narrow yellow strip at the front edge of the base of the lip, the upper lip and mouthparts are black, and the outer side of the maxilla is yellow. The chest backboard is black, with 1 yellowish spots on the two front corners. The small shield is black. The anterior chest web is narrow and sunken, and there are longitudinal ridges and branches at the posterior baseline. The foot is black, the tibiofibular joint has two spurs, and the claw has base teeth. The abdomen is black, but the middle chest and back are white. The posterior margin of the sixth abdomen is convex and the surface is flat.

Male worm: the rear edge of the sixth abdomen is flat, with a horizontal depression in the middle and long hair on the upper edge.

Eggs: 1.26 mm long; 0.60 mm wide. Orange bag, long oval, sharp end. Piles stand on the back of cotton leaves. Each egg is generally 20-40, with a maximum of 80.

Larvae: * * 4th instar. The main characteristics of each age:

First year: 2-3 mm long. The body is all black. From the middle chest to the eighth abdominal segment, each segment has 6 hairy warts.

Second year: 4 mm long. The head and feet are black, and the whole body is gray-black. The left and right back corners of the chest are yellow. There are six warts on the back and side of each abdominal segment, and the two warts on the back and left side of the first abdominal segment are yellow and black respectively. The yellow spots on the back of the fourth abdominal segment are not obvious, and the rest of the warts are black.

Third age: 7 mm long. The body is gray and black. The backboards of head, feet, chest and abdomen are black. There are yellow spots on the front and back corners of the chest backboard. The left and right warts and the lower warts of the first abdominal segment are orange with black thorns. In the fourth quarter, the dorsal 2 warts are yellowish and the rest are black.

The fourth age: the body length is about11mm. The body is gray and black. There are orange spots on the front and back corners of the chest backboard. There are orange spots on the left and right warts and the lower warts of the first and fourth abdominal segments. The remaining warts are black.

Pupa: 7 mm long and 5 mm wide. Body yellow. There are four black spots on the front edge of the chest backboard, two in the middle are triangles, two in the middle of the back edge of the chest backboard and two in the four corners. There are two black spots on the back plate of the middle chest. There are 4 black spots on the back of the 2nd-6th abdominal segment. Black molting, terminal larvae in the abdomen.

Living habits:

In addition to winter, there are opportunities to find adults who come to feed in outdoor aphid piles. This species is widely distributed, but rarely congregates in groups. In addition, people also call them Sister Hua.

Distributed in Northeast China, North China, Central China, Northwest China, East China and Southwest China. Beijing, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia are common in farmland, forests, gardens and orchards. Mongolia, Korea, Japan, the former Soviet Union, India and Europe also recorded.

The adult is 5.2-6.5mm long and 4-5.6mm wide. The body is oval, the back is arched, and it is half spoon-shaped. The head is black, the compound eye is black, and there are 1 yellowish spots in the medial concave part. The tentacles are brown. The mouth is black. The outside of the upper forehead is yellow. The chest backboard is black, and there is a 1 large square yellowish area in the upper front corner. The small shield is black. COLEOPTERA wings are red or orange with 7 black spots on both sides; There are 1 triangular white lands on both sides of the wing bottom shield. The body, abdomen and feet are black.

Generations occur every year Adults overwinter and sting in April of the following year. Lay eggs on plant hosts with aphids. Both adults and larvae feed on various aphids and psyllids. It is a beneficial insect and should be protected.

In 1970s, cotton and wheat aphids were controlled by migration-assisting method in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and artificial propagation began in 1990s, and it was used in production. Ladybug septempunctata is named for its seven black spots on COLEOPTERA. The number of generations per year varies from region to region. For example, 6-8 generations occur every year in Anyang, Henan. In the cold area of the north, the number of generations is small every year. The average life span of adult ladybug is 77 days, and it preys on aphids, spider mites, whiteflies, corn borers, cotton bollworms and eggs with adults and larvae. 1 female ladybugs can lay 567-4475 eggs, with an average of 78.4 eggs per day, and the maximum can reach 197 eggs. The food intake of ladybug is related to temperature and prey density. Taking aphids as an example, when the prey density is low, the prey quantity increases exponentially with the increase of density; When the density is high, the predation is close to the limit level. Under the condition of high temperature, the activity ability of ladybugs and their prey is affected, and the predation rate is improved. According to statistics, the average daily food intake of Coccinella septempunctata on Myzus persicae is 1 age 10.7, 33.7 for the second age, 60.5 for the third age, 24.5 for the fourth age 130.8 for the adult. Ladybug septempunctata can eat tens of thousands of aphids in its life span of nearly 80 days. The poisonous ladybug is harmless to human beings, livestock and natural enemies, with no residue and no pollution to the environment.

Ladybug septempunctata has strong self-defense ability. Although its body is only as big as soybeans, many powerful enemies are helpless against it. There is a kind of "chemical weapon" on the joints of its three pairs of slender feet. When it is attacked by the enemy, its ankle can secrete a very unpleasant yellow liquid, which makes the enemy retreat and run away because of unbearable. It also has a set of skills to play dead. When it encounters a strong enemy and danger, it immediately falls from the tree to the ground, shrinks three pairs of thin feet under its stomach, plays dead, lies down to avoid the enemy and survives.

There is also a wonderful habit between ladybugs: beneficial insects and pests have clear boundaries, do not interfere with each other, do not marry each other, and each maintains its own traditional habits, so no matter how many generations it has been passed down, it will not produce "hybrids" and will not change its traditional habits.