Evergreen shrubs or small trees, up to 5 meters high; Branchlets nearly quadrangular. Leaf blade is leathery, shiny, obovate or narrowly elliptic, 3 ~ 6 cm long and 2 ~ 3 cm wide, with sharp or blunt tip, wedge-shaped base and fine serrations at the edge; Petiole is about 6 ~ 12 mm long. The flowers are green and white, with 4 flowers, 5 ~ 12 arranged in a dense cyme, axillary. The capsule is nearly spherical, with 4 shallow grooves and a diameter of about 65438±0cm；. The seed is brown and the aril is orange-red. The flowering period is from June to July, and the fruit ripens in 9-65438+1October.
Chinese name: Euonymus japonicus
Latin scientific name: Buxus macrophylla
Phylum: Angiosperm phylum
Category: Dicotyledonous plants
Objective: Euonymus Euonymus
Family: Celastraceae.
Genus: Euonymus lanceolatus
Distribution: temperate zone, subtropical zone
Economic value: greening, medicine.
Category: Shrub
catalogue
abstract
plant morphology
morphological character
Growth habit
Species distribution
taxology
cultivation techniques
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abstract
plant morphology
morphological character
Growth habit
Species distribution
taxology
cultivation techniques
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abstract
Euonymus holly
Buxus macrophylla
Scientific name: [1] Euonymus japonicus. [2]
English name: Euonymus japonicus
Alias: Euonymus japonicus, Ilex japonicus, Zhengmu, Compound Tree, Sijiqing, Qilixiang, Euonymus japonicus.
Family name: Buxuaceae
Genus name: Boxwood [3]
Buxus longifolia [1] Buxus macrophylla, also known as Buxus microphylla, is a wild plant with no record of introduction and cultivation.
Euonymus japonicus, Euonymus of Euonymaceae, also known as Euonymus japonicus, is a common cultivated plant south of the Great Wall.
Widely cultivated in all provinces for viewing; This species is very resistant to pruning and is a good fence material. The experiment of Jiangsu Institute of Botany shows that this species has strong resistance to sulfur dioxide. Propagation by cutting or cutting. There are many cultivated varieties, among which Euonymus japonicus with silver edge and white leaf edge are common. The leaves of Euonymus japonicus in Phnom Penh are yellow. Euonymus aurea leaves have yellow spots, and some branches are yellow. Euonymus punctatus has large leaves with bright green and yellow leaves. Buxus macrophylla, also known as Zhengmu, belongs to Euonymaceae. [4]
plant morphology
This paragraph is provided and edited by China Plant Image Database (Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences).
Flowers and fruits of Buxus macrophylla
Buxus macrophylla
Buxus macrophylla branches and leaves
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morphological character
Shrub or small tree, 0.6 ~ 2m high, DBH 5cm；; Branchlets are quadrangular (or nearly cylindrical at the top, with obtuse edges and longitudinal grooves), smooth and glabrous. Leaves leathery or thin leathery, oval,
Buxus macrophylla
Oval or oblong-lanceolate or even-lanceolate, 4-8cm long and1.5-3cm wide (slender-lanceolate, up to 9cm long, or rhomboid-ovoid, up to 4cm wide), with a tapering apex, a blunt or sharp apex, a wedge-shaped or sharp base, curved edges, bright leaves, prominent midvein on both sides, and many lateral veins, which are in line with midvein. Petiole is 2 ~ 3 mm long. Inflorescence axillary, inflorescence axis 5 ~ 7 mm long, pubescent or subglabrous; Bracts broadly ovate, apex acute, abaxially hairy at base, margin narrowly scarious; Male flowers: 8 ~ 10, pedicel about 0.8 mm long, outer sepals broadly ovoid, about 2 mm long, inner sepals round, 2 ~ 2.5 mm long, back glabrous, stamens connected with anthers, about 6 mm long, sterile pistil about 1 mm high, female flowers: sepals ovoid, about 3 mm long. The ovary is 2 ~ 2.5 mm long, the style is erect, about 2.5 mm long, the apex is slightly curved, and the stigma is inverted heart-shaped, extending down to 1/3 of the style. Capsule subglobose, 6 ~ 7 mm long, persistent style about 5 mm long, obliquely protruding. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruiting period is from June to July. [5]
Common varieties are: Buxus macrophylla with golden leaves in Phnom Penh; Euonymus japonicus leaves have golden spots in the center, which are all important foliage trees.
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Growth habit
Like light, but also more resistant to yin. I like warm and humid climate, and I am cold-resistant. It needs fertile and loose soil and is very resistant to pruning and shaping. [6]
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Species distribution
Buxus macrophylla is a temperate and subtropical tree species, which is produced in the north-central provinces of China. The main areas are Shuyang County, Jiangsu Province, Yanling County, Henan Province, Xiaoshan City, Zhejiang Province, Southwest Guizhou (Zhenning and Luodian), Northeast Guangxi (Lingui and Guanyang), Northwest Guangdong (Lianxian area), South Hunan (Yizhang) and South Jiangxi (Anyuan and Huichang). Mountains, valleys, river banks or hillside forests, 500- 1400 meters above sea level. The type specimen was collected from Huangguoshu in Luodian, Guizhou, which is located between Zhenning and Guanling.
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taxology
Chinese name: Euonymus japonicus
Latin scientific name: Buxus macrophylla
Phylum: Angiosperm phylum
Category: Dicotyledonous plants
Objective: Euonymus Euonymus
Family: Celastraceae.
Genus: Euonymus lanceolatus
Distribution: temperate zone, subtropical zone
Economic value: greening, medicine.
Category: Shrub
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cultivation techniques
type
Buxus macrophylla (5 pieces) is often propagated by cutting, which takes root quickly in rainy season. Select semi-lignified mature branches with the length of 12 ~ 15 cm, insert them into a seedbed with half sand and half soil, and take root after 20 ~ 25 days.
Cutting can be carried out in spring and summer, and semi-mature shoots grow faster and grow better in June. In the early stage after transplanting, a shed should be set up for shade to keep the seedbed moist. The growth rate of cutting seedlings is much faster than that of sowing seedlings. Buxus macrophylla is usually cultivated into a spherical crown and replanted.
operate
Seedling tree
Cuttage propagation of Buxus macrophylla seedlings in the same year
Transplants are mostly carried out in March-April in spring, and large seedlings need to be transplanted with soil balls. The main management work is pruning and shaping. Its branches are easy to sprout after pruning, so it needs pruning several times a year to keep a certain tree shape.
The pests of Buxus macrophylla include scale insects, flat moths, Buxus macrophylla, etc., which harm the leaves and should be controlled. 20 times of turpentine mixture can control scale insects; Use 40% omethoate or 1000 times isocarbophos to control moths and boxwood in larval stage.
Bonsai making
Before modeling, the trunk can be truncated so that new technologies can sprout around or under the cross section. Then, according to the requirements of artistic modeling, it is best to climb the branches in spring and tie them with brown silk. It can also be roughly tied and finely cut, made into clouds or steamed buns, or processed into natural trees. The trunk is naturally made into inclined stem type or prone type. Boxwood is very resistant to pruning and has strong germination. In order to maintain a beautiful tree shape, it must be processed and shaped frequently.
Garden use
Buxus macrophylla bulb base
This species is a beautiful foliage tree with dense branches and leaves, evergreen seasons, green leaves and mottled flowers. Gardens are often used as hedges and background planting materials, and can also be planted on the edge of grass or on both sides of garden roads; If it is modified and shaped, it is more suitable for planned symmetrical implantation. In Shanghai and Hangzhou, it is often trimmed into a round or hemispherical shape and used in the center of flower beds or planted opposite the door. At the same time, it is also a good material for street greening and factory greening in foundation planting. Its variegated leaves and variegated leaves are more suitable for potted plants for indoor greening and site decoration.
Buxus macrophylla also appears in greening projects all over the country in the form of shrub balls, which are mainly used for flower bed greening and road greening. The survival rate of Buxus macrophylla transplantation is very high, and the greening effect can be reflected two months after planting. Buxus macrophylla leaves are bright and light green, which is extremely resistant to pruning. It is a common hedge tree species in the courtyard. It can be planted by shaping the roadside around the door or as the center of the flower bed. Its variegated leaves are particularly beautiful. Houses can be decorated with green doors and green walls, or potted for viewing.
plant diseases and insect pests
Boxwood moth
Larvae spin silk to connect the surrounding leaves and twigs as a temporary nest, and then feed in it. In severe cases, the leaves are eaten up, leading to the death of seedlings. Morphological characteristics: the wings are gray-white, with purple-brown broadband at the front edge, outer edge and rear edge. There are two white spots on the purple-brown band at the front edge, and the scales are shiny and have purple-red flashes. Larvae head is black, trunk is yellow-green, dorsal line, sub-dorsal line and upper petal line are dark green to dark green, and petal line is orange. Occurrence law: There are 2-3 generations a year in the northern region, and the larvae overwinter in bracts, and the adults come out at night and day, which has phototaxis.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Artificial killing: during the spawning period of adults, combined with seedling pruning, egg pieces and insect bracts are removed, and centralized burning is carried out.
(2) Trapping and killing with black light in adult stage.
(3) When the larvae are seriously damaged, 50% acetaminophen emulsion can be sprayed 1000 times; Or 4.5% beta-cypermethrin 2000 times solution; 500-fold solution spraying of Bt emulsion (note: it is forbidden to use Bt emulsion and bactericide at the same time, and the spraying effect is better after 4 pm on cloudy days).
Buxus macrophylla
Larvae eat leaves, and after eating all the leaves, they eat the cortex of branchlets, resulting in the death of the whole plant. Overwintering with pupae, adults have weak flight ability and strong phototaxis. Morphological characteristics: the wings of adults and females are silvery white with light gray stripes, with different sizes and irregular arrangement. There are continuous light gray stripes on the outer edge of the front wing, and the middle line is not in a line. There is a big spot at the end of the medial chamber and a dark yellow, brown and gray spot on the wing base. The abdomen is golden yellow, and the stripes are composed of 9 rows of black spots. The male moth has seven lines of stripes on her abdomen. The larvae are all black, with yellow backboard on the chest, five nearly square black spots, and yellow petal line and belly line width.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Using the phototaxis of adults, light trapping was carried out in the adult stage.
(2) Spraying 500 times of 50% chlorfenapyr EC or 2,000 times of 4.5% beta-cypermethrin during the larval damage period.
(3) Destroy the egg mass during spawning. Turn over the roots in winter to kill the overwintering pupae.
Japanese tortoise wax agent
One generation occurs every year, and the fertilized female adult overwinters on the branches. Morphological characteristics: female adult, wax shell gray or slightly fleshy red, oval. Male adult, dark brown or brown, deep head, chest backboard. If it is a nymph, the wax shell is oval to oval, and the back is slightly raised.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Prevention and quarantine measures: When buying seedlings in different places, plant quarantine procedures must be strictly implemented to prevent the artificial spread of pests.
(2) Strengthen garden conservation management: through conservation management, create environmental conditions that are not suitable for the survival of scale insects. Implement rotation planting, clear the garden in time, focus on burning fallen leaves, weeds, pests and branches, reduce the population base of overwintering pests, rationally fertilize, and enhance the stress resistance of plants. Reasonable pruning can make it ventilated, change the living environment of ostracods, weaken its fecundity and reduce its harm.
(3) Chemical control: When the population density is not high, a small amount of dichlorvos can be dipped with a soft brush and added with water (1:50 to 100 times) to kill it. Spray washing powder and diesel emulsion at the peak of nymph; 150 ~ 200 times neem oil emulsion; 1% oxymatrine 1000 to 2000 times solution; 2000-2500 times of vigorous killing, spraying once every 10 days or so, spraying three times in a row.
(4) Protect natural enemies such as parasitic bees.
Ardym transparent bat
Wingless viviparous female aphids and nymph aphids gather on branches and young leaves to suck juice, and there are often white waxy secretions on the injured leaves, which are easy to cause sooty blotch, and in severe cases, the branches and leaves turn black, which affects plant growth and ornamental value. There are about 10 generations a year in Tangshan area.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Protect natural enemies such as ladybugs and Chrysopa grandis.
(2) Chemical control: 20% Juma EC can be sprayed with 2000 times solution or 2000-3000 times imidacloprid powder.
powdery mildew
The leaves of Euonymus japonicus were damaged, and the leaves of the damaged plants were shriveled and deformed, which affected the growth. Powdery mildew is mostly distributed in the front of Euonymus japonicus leaves, and rarely grows on the back of leaves. The single lesion is round, and the white lesion is irregular after expansion and healing.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Prune properly to enhance permeability.
(2) Spraying 25% triadimefon 1300 times solution, 70% thiophanate-methyl 700 times solution and 50% wettable powder 800 times solution alternately at the initial stage of the disease. If the disease is serious, it must be pruned, the diseased leaves cut off and burned, and then sprayed with chemicals to prevent it.
Boxwood leaf spot
When the damage is serious, boxwood leaves early, forming bald branches, affecting viewing and even causing death. The disease occurs on new leaves, producing small yellow spots and expanding into large irregular spots with protruding edges and wider brown edges. There is an extended yellow halo outside the edge of the uplift, and the center is yellowish brown or grayish brown with black spots on it.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Select healthy and disease-free seedlings for planting.
(2) Spraying 50% carbendazim or 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution and 50% wettable powder 800- 1000 times solution from early June to July to reduce the incidence rate, spraying once every 10 to 15 days for three times continuously.
(3) Clean up the fallen leaves in winter and burn them centrally.
Buxus macrophylla stem rot
Stem rot is a major disease of Euonymus japonicus, which can lead to the death of the whole plant in severe cases. The biennial branches suffered the most. At the initial stage, the stems turn brown, the leaves turn green, the tender shoots droop and the leaves do not fall off. At the later stage, the damaged part of the stem turned black, the cortex shrank, the endothelial tissue rotted, and many tiny black sclerotia were produced. With the increase of temperature, the damaged parts developed rapidly, and the bacteria invaded the xylem, resulting in the death of the whole plant. Pathogenic cause: The pathogen causing stem rot in big leaf yellow field is a kind of semi-unknown bacteria, which usually lives in soil. With the increase of temperature, the soil temperature also increases, and germs invade the stems of seedlings. Especially in high temperature and low-lying areas, the disease is more common.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Strengthen the maintenance and management of seedlings and improve their disease resistance.
(2) Using fully decomposed farmyard manure as base fertilizer can reduce the incidence of seedlings.
(3) In summer, measures should be taken to reduce the temperature of seedlings, such as building a shade shed, and large seedlings can be planted with ground cover plants or covered with grass on the ground, which will destroy the environmental conditions in which germs occur.
(4) Cut off diseased branches in time and burn them centrally.
(5) When the number of diseased seedlings is small, 50 times of 50% carbendazim solution or 50 times of 25% dipyridamole EC can be applied to the stem with a brush at the early stage of the disease. When the number of diseased seedlings is large or at the peak of diseases, 800 ~ 1000 times of 25% dipyridamole EC or 500 ~ 600 times of 50% special powder for sterilization should be sprayed on the seedlings. Both methods can play a preventive and therapeutic role, once every 7 days for 3 ~ 4 times in a row. [7]
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Chinese herbal medicine
Buxus macrophylla
Hanyu Pinyin Dahuang Yeyang
Latin plant and animal mineral names Buxus macrophylla.
The effect of expelling wind and warming; Strong bones and muscles; Activating blood circulation to stop bleeding
Classification of Euonymaceae and Genus
Indications of rheumatism and joint pain; Pain in the waist and knees; Fall, injury and swelling; Fracture; spit blood
The ecological environment is born in sunny places or gardens with wet soil.
It can be harvested and stored all year round, cut into sections or dried in the sun.
Resources are distributed all over the country and cultivated as hedgerows.
Plant morphology Buxus macrophylla evergreen shrub or small tree, plant height 3 ~ 8 meters, branchlets nearly quadrangular. Single leaf opposite; Petiole is about1m; Dragon; Leaf blade is thick leathery, obovate, oblong to oblong, 3 ~ 6 cm long and 2 ~ 3 ~ 6 cm wide, with blunt tip, serrated edge, wedge-shaped or nearly round base, dark green at the top and light green at the bottom. Cymes are axillary, with a total pedicel length of 2.5 ~ 3.5 cm, and 1 ~ 2 branches, each branch has 5 ~ 12 flowers, white and green, and the number is 4; Intervertebral disc hypertrophy. Capsule oblate, about 65438±0cm in diameter, red, with 4 shallow grooves; Fruit peduncle quadrangular. The seeds are brown and have orange-red arils. The flowering period is June-July, and the fruiting period is 9-65438+1October. [2]
Bitter in nature; Xin; tepefaction
Usage and dosage: decocted,15 ~ 30g; Or soak in wine.
Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Morphological difference
Holly is suitable for planting in humid and semi-shady places. I like fertile soil, grow well in general soil, and have low requirements for the environment. I like warm, humid and sunny environment, and I am cold-resistant, shade-resistant, drought-resistant and barren, which is suitable for fertile and loose sandy land.
Grow in loam.
It is not suitable for transplanting rice in March-April in spring. Small seedlings can be planted with bare roots, and big seedlings need soil balls. After planting, be sure to compact the soil, pour enough water, and temporarily put the potted plants in the shade. Keep the soil moist during the growth period and apply fertilizer 1 time every 2 months. Shape by pruning the whole plant. Stop fertilizing in winter.
Leaf spot often occurs, and 600 times of 65% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder is sprayed. Insects are harmful to scale insects, leaf borer and foot moth, and can be sprayed with 90% trichlorfon 1500 times.
Buxus macrophylla leaves are light green and clean, with yellow and white stripes, which are beautiful and generous. It is an ideal material for hedges and bonsai, suitable for arranging doorways and central flower beds, and can also be potted for viewing. Boxwood and boxwood in Phnom Penh are more common.
Euonymus Jiaodong
Buxus macrophylla is a tree or shrub with green branchlets, slightly prismatic, opposite leaves, oval or obovate leaves, 3 ~ 6 cm long, serrated edges, dark green shiny surface and leathery. Euonymus Jiaodong tendrils or erect, leaves 5 ~ 8 cm long. Buxus macrophylla is obviously different from Buxus macrophylla in Shuyang Green Point Seedling Base. Buxus macrophylla usually grows faster than Buxus macrophylla and its color is not as green as Buxus macrophylla.