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Water can relieve diseases. After the cultivation, the manure should be poured into the border, and the leaf label should not be attached; Water is poured into the ditch to avoid soaking the stump. At the same time, the air circulation in the ditch is maintained, so that the air humidity between plants is reduced. This can reduce the occurrence of soft rot.
(4) Irrigation: Chinese cabbage should be watered lightly and frequently at seedling stage to keep it moist; Intermittent irrigation in rosette stage, see dry and wet, and properly practice seedlings; High water content is required when pelletizing, and furrow irrigation can be used when soil is dry. Irrigation should be carried out in the evening or at night after the ground temperature drops. Fill in slowly, don't fill the border. After water seeps into the soil, the remaining water should be discharged as soon as possible. Make sure there is no water in the ditch, no water on the sides and no water shortage at the roots. Generally speaking, keeping the soil moist is one of the keys to high yield of Chinese cabbage from the end of heading stage to the middle stage.
(5) Mulching with threshing leaves: It is an inevitable law for Chinese cabbage to grow and develop without threshing leaves. However, if late-maturing varieties encounter severe cold, in order to promote good fruit and delay harvest supply, the outer leaves are lifted after light snow, tied with straw and covered with a straw-type agricultural film, which can not only protect the heart leaves from freezing damage, but also soften the heart leaves. Early-maturing varieties do not need bunching leaves and covering. [2]
Key points of cultivation techniques of Chinese cabbage in autumn and winter
1. Variety selection: according to different supply periods and market periods, select early, middle and late maturing varieties for reasonable collocation. Early-maturing varieties should be Zaoshu 5, Xiaoza 56, Bai Lu 6 and Huaibai 6. Kang Feng 70, Kang Feng 80, etc. Medium-mature varieties should be selected. Late-maturing varieties should be Bai Lu 20, Shandong 5 and Jinza series.
2. Land selection and soil preparation: select a place with fertile soil, convenient irrigation and drainage, close to the village and not easy to be hurt by livestock. Before sowing, cut off the rice pile, dig deep into the soil, and then open the warehouse according to 4-5 feet for soil preparation. Combined with soil preparation, apply 30-40 kilograms of compound fertilizer, human excrement and urine10-5 tons or biogas slurry fertilizer.
3. Suitable sowing date: The suitable sowing date in our county is around beginning of autumn, and direct seeding or seedling transplanting can be adopted. Generally, it is best to directly sow early and middle-maturing varieties, and it is best to seedling and transplant late-maturing varieties. [3]
Eliminate pests and diseases
edit
The main pests and diseases of Chinese cabbage are soft rot and Spodoptera litura.
(A), soft rot
Also known as rotten acne. Most of them begin to get sick in pericardium. At the beginning of the disease, the outer leaves droop under the sunlight, but they will recover sooner or later. With the development of the disease, these diseased leaves no longer recover and show bulbs. The lesion was soaked in water, and the lesion turned brown, rotten and sticky, with a bad smell.
Prevention and control methods: adopt the principle of comprehensive prevention and prevention first. The specific method is:
1, implement rotation. Where conditions permit, rice-water rotation is appropriate. Don't apply sick organic fertilizer. Need to turn over the sun to control the source of germs.
2. High border cultivation is beneficial to drainage and waterlogging prevention, and can reduce the occurrence of diseases.
3. Rational irrigation and fertilization: timely application of base fertilizer and topdressing to make seedlings grow vigorously and enhance disease resistance. Common name of pineapple "(page 96). Modern Korean also has "Jackfruit 2", which is just interpreted as "the same jackfruit". The modern article "Pineapple" in Han Dynasty has a detailed explanation, and finally points out that it is also called "pineapple, commonly known as jackfruit" (38 1 page). In other words, Xianhan advocated using pineapple as the official name of this fruit (tree), and at the same time showed that this fruit was also called pineapple, commonly known as jackfruit (sometimes written as jackfruit on the basis of this word). The Chinese Dictionary, the largest Chinese dictionary in China today, is treated in the same way as modern Chinese, with pineapple as the main entry.
Cihai, the most commonly used and authoritative encyclopedia dictionary in China (edited by editorial board, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, revised edition 1999), has an article "pineapple" with detailed explanations and illustrations, also known as "yellow pear" and "pineapple" (page 723). There is also "pineapple" in Ci Hai, but it is only interpreted as "pineapple" (page 4 17). That is to say, Cihai advocates using pineapple as the official name of this fruit (tree), and at the same time shows that this fruit is also called pineapple and yellow pear.
2. Pruning of adult trees The purpose of pruning of adult trees is to "improve the illumination, improve the quality of branches, stabilize the quality and increase the yield". The key point of pruning is to remove two layers of excessively dense large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches in batches, so that the large branches remaining in two or more layers extend outward as much as possible in a whip shape, and the total branches account for less than 20% of the total branches of the whole tree, which is beneficial to the illumination in the inner room of the first floor. If the crown of the tree is on the high side, it is necessary to gradually bow your head and be happy by the strength of the tree, and the height of the tree should be controlled below 3.5 meters; If the crown has crossed, the densely packed branches should be drained or transformed into small branches, and the branches should be shortened to slow down the outside and promote the inside, or the direction and angle of the main branches should be changed by changing the main branches, so that the crown distance should be kept at about 1 m to improve the lighting conditions of the population and individuals.
Second, cut off the diseased branches and insect branches. According to the survey, many diseases and insect pests that harm apples overwinter on the branches. For the diseases and pests that overwinter in trees, combining with winter shears, all branches of diseases and pests are cut off, burned or buried deeply, which can obviously reduce the harm in the coming year.
Third, scraping the rough old bark In the gap between the rough old bark and trunk of fruit trees, there are often a large number of overwintering bacteria and pests. Scraping rough old bark, burning or burying it deeply has a good control effect on many kinds of pests and diseases, and sometimes even completely eliminates some pests.
Apple is a beauty product, which can not only lose weight, but also make the skin smooth and tender. Apple is a low-calorie food, every 10.
0 g only produces 60 kilocalories; The nutrients in apples are soluble and easily absorbed by the human body, so they are called "living water", which is beneficial to dissolve sulfur and make the skin smooth and tender. Apple contains copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, potassium and other elements. Without these elements, the skin will be dry, fragile and itchy.
Vitamin C in apples is a protector of cardiovascular system and a healthy element for patients with heart disease.
People who eat more apples are much less likely to catch a cold than those who don't eat or eat less apples. Therefore, some scientists and doctors call apples "all-round healthy fruits" or "general practitioners". The air pollution is serious. Eating more apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function and protect the lungs from dust and smoke in the air. [7]
Pectin: It belongs to soluble fiber, which promotes cholesterol metabolism, lowers cholesterol level and promotes fat excretion.
Trace elements: potassium dilates blood vessels, which is beneficial to patients with hypertension; Zinc deficiency will lead to disorder of blood sugar metabolism and decline of sexual function.
Can regulate the stomach: fiber helps to excrete; It also has astringent effect on diarrhea.
Apple peel+a few slices of ginger boiled water: it can stop vomiting.
It can reduce the coldness of pears and strengthen moistening the lungs and stomach.
Autumn lung moistening syrup: apple/pear+1 lily+Dendrobium 15g+ apricot 9...[7]
value
Apple is mild in taste, rich in carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements, including sugars, organic acids, pectin, protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C and dietary fiber, and also contains malic acid, tartaric acid and carotene, which is the closest one in nutritional value among all fruits and vegetables.
zinc (Zn)
Apple has the reputation of "wisdom fruit" and "memory fruit". People have long found that eating more apples can improve memory and intelligence. Apples are not only rich in essential nutrients such as sugar, vitamins and minerals, but also rich in zinc. According to research, zinc is a component of many important enzymes in human body and a key element to promote growth and development. Zinc is also an essential element for nucleic acid and protein, which is closely related to memory. Zinc is also closely related to the production of antibodies and the improvement of human immunity.
The water content of apples is 85%.
Apples contain polyphenols and flavonoids, natural chemical antioxidants and a lot of crude fiber.
It contains more potassium, which can be combined with excess sodium salt in human body and excreted. When the human body ingests too much sodium salt, eating some apples is beneficial to balance the electrolytes in the body.
It contains phosphorus, iron and other elements that are easily absorbed by the intestinal wall, and has the functions of strengthening the brain, nourishing blood, calming the heart and sleeping.
The aroma of apples is a good medicine for depression and depression. Experts have tried many times.
Medicine has advantages on one hand. It is not only rich in nutrition, unique in function, but also less in pests and diseases, and can grow normally without using any pesticides. Therefore, pitaya is a kind of green and environment-friendly fruit, and it is also a kind of health-care and nutritious food with certain curative effect. Every100g of pitaya pulp contains 83.75g of water, 0.34g of ash, 0.017g of crude fat, C5.22g of crude protein, 0.21g of crude fiber and 0/3 of carbohydrate. Calcium 6.3-8.8 mg, phosphorus 30.2-36. 1 mg, iron 0.55-0.65 mg, a large number of anthocyanins (the most abundant variety in red fruits), water-soluble dietary protein, plant albumin, etc. [9]
Pitaya is sweet, and its main nutrients are protein, dietary fiber, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin C, iron, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium. It is rich in pulp fiber, carotene, vitamins B 1, B2, B3, B 12, C and so on. Kernel (the seed of black sesame) is rich in minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron, various enzymes, albumin, fiber and high concentration of natural pigment anthocyanin (especially red meat), and flowers, stems and buds are more similar.
It is worth noting that the pulp of pitaya contains almost no fructose and sucrose, and the sugar is mainly glucose, which is easy to absorb and suitable for eating after exercise. When eating pitaya, you can scrape off the purple peel with a knife-they can be eaten raw, cold or put into soup like Lady Enforcers. [9]
Pitaya has only one disadvantage-it is not bad or even delicious, but it has no taste, contains neither organic acids nor ester aromatic factors. [8]
Pitaya can be divided into three categories: white pitaya with purple skin and white flesh, with tiny black seeds distributed inside, and fresh food is of average quality; Red pitaya skin is red and meat is red, and the quality of fresh food is better; Yellow-skinned pitaya has yellow skin and white meat, and fresh food has the best quality. Basically, red meat is round, white meat is oval, and red meat is better than white meat! However, in big cities such as Hong Kong, a small amount of yellow pitaya is sold, which is better and more expensive than red meat. Occasionally, you can see the bird's nest pitaya with yellow skin and white meat, which is naturally expensive. [8]
medical
The results of modern scientific research and analysis show that pitaya has many components that are beneficial to human beings, and there are more elements that promote health, beauty, disease prevention and physical fitness.
Pitaya is a low-energy fruit, rich in water-soluble dietary fiber, which has the functions of losing weight, lowering cholesterol and preventing constipation and colorectal cancer. Pitaya is rich in fiber and can prevent constipation. Pitaya contains plant albumin, which is not common in fruits and vegetables. This albumin will combine with heavy metal ions in the human body to detoxify. Rich in antioxidant vitamin C, it can whiten skin and prevent dark spots. In addition, pitaya is also rich in iron.
It contains plant albumin and anthocyanins, rich vitamins and water-soluble dietary fiber, which are rare in general plants. Albumin is a viscous colloidal substance, which has detoxification effect on heavy metal poisoning. Due to the lack of attention to the treatment and recycling of industrial wastewater and waste, various water resources have been seriously polluted by heavy metals. In addition to direct drinking water poisoning, human food intake is also prone to heavy metal poisoning. When albumin meets heavy metal ions in the human body, it will automatically combine with heavy metal ions and be excreted by the excretory system, thus playing the role of detoxification. So eating pitaya rich in albumin can avoid the absorption and poisoning of heavy metal ions. Albumin also has a protective effect on the stomach wall. Moreover, the albumin in the flowers, fruits and stems of pitaya is very good and has excellent stability.
Plum (original variety), deciduous tree, 9- 12 meters high; The crown is wide and round, and the bark is grayish brown and uneven; Old branches are purplish brown or reddish brown, hairless;
Branchlets yellow-red, glabrous; Winter buds are oval, red and purple, and several scales are arranged in a tile shape, usually hairless, with extremely sparse hairs on the edge of sparse scales. [ 1]
Leaf blade oblong-obovate, oblong, sparsely oblong-ovoid, 6-8(- 12) cm long, 3-5 cm wide, the tip of the tail is tapered, acute or short, the base is wedge-shaped, the edge is round, double serrated, often mixed with single serrations, the tip is glandular when young, the top is dark green and shiny, and the lateral veins are 6-6544. Stipules membranous, linear, apex acuminate, margin glandular, caducous; Petiole is 1-2 cm long, usually glabrous, with two glands or no glands at the top, and sometimes glands at the base edge of leaf blade. [ 1]
Flowers are usually 3 in a row; Pedicel 1-2 cm, usually glabrous; Flower diameter 1.5-2.2 cm; Calyx tube campanulate; Sepals are oblong-ovoid, about 5 mm long, with sharp or blunt tips, sparse teeth at the edges, nearly as long as calyx tube, glabrous outside calyx tube and sepals, and puberulent inside the base of calyx tube; Petals are white, oblong-obovate, gnawing at the top, wedge-shaped at the base, with obvious purple veins and short claws, inserted at the edge of calyx tube, 2-3 times longer than calyx tube; Stamens are numerous, filaments are different in length, arranged in irregular 2 rounds, shorter than petals; Pistil 1, stigma discoid, style slightly longer than stamens. [ 1]
Drupe is spherical, ovoid or nearly conical, with a diameter of 3.5-5 cm, and the cultivated variety can reach 7 cm, yellow or red, sometimes green or purple. The stem is concave, slightly pointed at the top, with longitudinal grooves at the base and covered with wax powder. The nucleus is oval or rectangular with wrinkles. It blooms in April and bears fruit in July-August.
Dwarf rootstock is selected, which has strong affinity with grafted varieties, and varieties with bright fruit color, high yield and slightly weak growth potential should be selected. The varieties of plums are very rich, and the traditional fine varieties in China are "Madam Plum, Jiaqing Plum, Shelley Plum, Hongxiang Plum, Huang Yu Plum, Mili Plum and May Plum". At present, the domestic and imported plum varieties that are popularized and applied in production mainly include: Dashi Zaosheng, Japanese Plum King, Misi Plum, Rose Queen, Blackberry, American Big Plum, Changle Niuxin Plum, Xianfeng Plum and so on. [4]
Pot soil preparation
Plum bonsai must contain enough fertility in limited pot soil to maintain the growth and fruit of plums. Generally, 4 parts of rotten leaves, 2 parts of rotten manure, 2 parts of broken bones and 4 parts of garden soil are mixed, and a small amount of calcium superphosphate and diammonium phosphate are properly mixed to increase soil fertility. Mix the basin soil fully and evenly, grind and sieve. The culture soil should be disinfected by spraying 1.5% formalin solution before use. When planting, let the roots stretch, soil up and compact, so as to achieve "three buries, two steps and one seedling raising", water the bottom and put it in the shade to slow down the seedlings. [4]
Dump the soil and change the basin.
The nutrients in the basin soil are gradually washed away by frequent watering. After 2 ~ 3 years, the soil fertility in the basin is insufficient and the physical structure becomes worse. It is necessary to pour pots in time and replenish new culture soil. Stop watering before pouring the basin, and let the soil shrink and separate from the basin wall, so as to pour out the basin soil. After the soil is inverted, cut off the old roots with a thickness of 2 to 3 cm around the pot soil, mix the organic fertilizer with the soil, and sieve to fill the bottom. Then bring the soil to the basin, add fertile soil around it, and water it 1 time. Because the root system of plum blossom bonsai grows rapidly, after 1 to 2 years, the root system will curl along the basin wall and the old roots will be densely covered, which will affect the growth of new roots. Therefore, when changing pots, cutting off curly roots and thinning crowded old roots is beneficial to the growth of new roots and improving the ability to absorb water and nutrients. [4]
Plastic trimming
The tree shape of plum blossom bonsai should not only be beneficial to the result, but also have aesthetic effect and improve the ornamental value. Usually, it is mainly natural round head and tower shape, and it can also be shaped into cliff-like, curved-dry and other favorite trees according to personal hobbies. After planting, we should make full use of the measures of supporting and dividing plants, open branches within 1 ~ 2 years, and bear fruit early. [4]
When pruning, moderately prune the annual branches to stimulate the germination of the branches and form a small crown tree with compact results. When selecting, retaining and cultivating the main lateral branches of young plum trees and completing the shaping task, it is necessary to balance the tree potential, maintain the master-slave relationship of the backbone branches at all levels, and appropriately prune the backbone branches that grow too fast. The trees that bear fruit for the first time are mainly short fruit branches and bouquets. After entering the fruit, according to the strength of its growth, leave 2 ~ 3 full buds at the base for further cutting. For long branches, it can be reduced to biennial branches, so that the middle and small branches in the whole crown are densely distributed. [4]
Overwintering and cold prevention
In the absence of freezing injury in winter, it is generally not appropriate to overwinter indoors, and let it overwinter naturally outdoors to improve the ability of trees to resist various natural disasters. In order to prevent freezing injury, you can choose to pour 1 time soil before freezing in sunny days, wrap the whole container with straw bags after the water seeps down, tie it tightly with ropes, or dig trenches and bury it in the leeward and sunny places. [4]
Tiantuan management
Enlarge the pit, improve the soil and apply heavy fertilizer deeply. Topdressing should be based on the principle of diligent application and thin application, and more application should be made at the tip stage. Fertilizer should be diluted first and then concentrated, and the dosage will increase with the expansion of trees. Pay attention to shaping and controlling branches to cultivate high-yield tree species. In summer, the long branches are mainly picked or cut short, and the long branches growing on the trunk and main branches are thinned. In winter, dead branches, diseased branches and drooping branches are mainly cut off. [2]
Fertilizer and water management
After the planted seedlings survive, they are made into terraces with shallow ditches with a width of 20 cm and a depth of 5 cm. The terraces are used for drainage, irrigation and fertilization in summer. Topdressing once every 10 day in the early growth stage, applying 25 kilograms of ammonium bicarbonate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate per mu from germination to flowering stage, and applying 25 kilograms of urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate per mu from young fruit stage to mature stage. Fertilize the fruits underground in time during the vegetative growth period, with ammonium bicarbonate or urea of 0/50 kg per mu/kloc, and apply organic fertilizer in the border or tree tray in September every year, mainly with decomposed chicken manure and circulating fertilizer. Apply 3000 kg of high-quality coarse fertilizer, 30 kg of diammonium phosphate, 30 kg of potassium sulfate and 30 kg of urea per mu, and water once after each fertilization. In the whole production process, except watering after fertilization, water 1 ~2 times according to soil moisture, and intertillage and loosen the soil at any time after irrigation. [2]
Temperature and humidity control
1. Temperature control, the dormancy period of plums is 40-50 days, which requires 0℃-7℃ 1000 hours-1500 hours,1early October1kloc-0/,when plums fall, The temperature control after heating is realized by opening and closing the vent and adjusting the size of the ventilation belt. The temperature control indexes of each phenological period in the protected plum growing season are: 13℃~ 15℃ during the day and 3℃ ~ 5℃ at night; flower