Origin and distribution
Hawthorn is native to China, Korea and Siberia. Hawthorn was recorded as early as 2000 years ago. For example, as described in Erya, "the tree is like plum, the child is like a big finger, and the color is red like a small nai, which is edible. This is hawthorn. " In Guang Zhi of the Jin Dynasty in the 3rd century, there was a saying that "Mu Yi grew up, paid for it in various ways, and used it as fertile soil". The earliest record of taking medicine was in Notes on Shennong's Herbal Classics in Liang Dynasty, followed by Hawthorn in Tang Dynasty, Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty, Quanshu of Agriculture and Seeking Truth from Materia Medica in Qing Dynasty, but there were few records on cultivation techniques. Hawthorn was cultivated in the middle and late period of19th century, and was introduced from Shandong to Henan and Shanxi. Since the mid-1970s, hawthorn has been widely concerned because of its nutritional and medicinal value, especially since the early 1980s, the cultivation of hawthorn has made great progress. Hawthorn has strong adaptability and high yield. Generally, the yield per hectare can reach more than 22.5 tons, and it is easy to manage and the fruit is resistant to storage and transportation, which is suitable for the development of mountainous areas and sandy wasteland.
Crataegus plants are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, Asia, Europe and America. In China, Crataegus plants are distributed in many provinces (autonomous regions), most of which are in North China and Northeast China. The main producing areas are Liaoyang and Kaiyuan in Liaoning Province, Yidu, Tai 'an, Laiwu and Pingyi in Shandong Province, Xinglong, Qinglong, Zunhua, Funing and Laishui in Hebei Province, Jincheng in Shanxi Province, Linxian and Huixian in Henan Province and Fangshan in Beijing. According to the statistics of 1986, the annual output of hawthorn in China is above150,000 tons. Hawthorn cultivation is the most prosperous in China.
Features and characteristics
Hawthorn varieties are different, but their morphological characteristics, growth and fruiting habits, phenology and so on have the same characteristics.
morphological character
Hawthorn trees are 6 ~ 7 meters high. The bark is dark gray. The leaves are solitary, broadly ovoid or triangular-ovoid, 5 ~1cm long and 4 ~ 7 cm wide, with sharp apex, 5 ~ 9 pinnate splits, sharp serrations at the leaf margin, dark green leaves and light green back; Petiole is 2 ~ 6 cm long. The flowers are bisexual, with white petals, 12 ~ 25, with 44 at most, forming an umbrella-shaped flower, which looks like a flower ball. The fruit is nearly spherical, oblate or oblong; The fruit surface is purple-red, and there are many fruit points; The flesh is pink, purple and turquoise.
Growth and fruiting habits
Crataegus pinnatifida seedlings began to bear fruit 2 ~ 4 years after planting, and entered the full fruit stage around 10. The economic cultivation life can reach more than 100 years, and the yield per plant varies with the size of the tree. Generally, the yield per plant is 30 ~ 50 kg, and some hawthorn trees yield more than 500 kg.
Hawthorn buds can be divided into flower buds, leaf buds and hidden buds. The flower bud is a mixed bud, which is papillary, plump and round at the apex. It is inserted between the top or below the top 1 ~ 4 leaf axils of the current year, and germinates in the next spring to produce fruiting branches with flowers and fruits. Leaf buds are small and sharp, and most of them are born between the axils of the middle and upper parts of the developing branches in the same year. The developing branches with leaves germinate only in the next spring. Cryptic buds are mostly located in the axils of the middle and lower leaves of the branches of the current year. They don't germinate but lurk in the next year, and their life span can last for decades. Once stimulated, they will break through the bark and send out long branches.
Hawthorn branches are thick, dense and open. After entering the fruiting stage, all developing branches with moderate development and large growth can form fruiting mother branches. When the nutrition is sufficient, after the fruiting branch bears fruit, the lower 1 ~ 2 lateral buds can form mixed buds in the same year and become the mother branches in the second year, and the fruiting branches continue to blossom and bear fruit in the second year. Generally, bifurcated branches can be formed after more than 2 ~ 4 years, which is easy to close the crown and should be properly renewed and rejuvenated. In the second year, several developmental branches can be drawn from the long branches. When the conditions are suitable, the terminal buds of some developing branches will differentiate into flower buds, and the fruiting branches will blossom and bear fruit in the third year. Generally, the fruiting branches of hawthorn trees are about 7 cm long. Usually 1 fruiting mother branch knot 1 ~ 2 fruiting branches. Individual robust fruiting mother branches can also bear 4-5 fruiting branches, or even more fruiting branches, which are easy to bear fruit every year. The flower bud differentiation stage is late, and it begins to differentiate from August to September, which has little contradiction with fruit development. The flower bud differentiation stops at the petal stage, and the male and female flower primordia differentiate before germination in the following year.
phenophase
The growth period of hawthorn is about 180 ~ 200 days, and it takes 140 ~ 160 days from flowering to fruit ripening. In spring, when the local temperature is 6.5℃, the roots begin to move and germinate at 8℃. Therefore, the growth period of fruiting branches is short. Generally, it only grows for 65,438+00 ~ 20 days, then blooms and stops growing. The flowering period is about 9 ~ 265,438+0 days, and the fruit ripens later, usually from September to 65,438+00 months, even before the first frost harvest. In Liaoyang, Liaoning, it germinated on May 7, blossomed on May 26, and the fruit matured on June 65438+ 10/2, and fell leaves on October 26.
Requirements for environmental conditions
Hawthorn plants have strong adaptability and are not very strict with environmental conditions. The annual average temperature is 2 ~ 22.6℃, the absolute minimum temperature is-1 ~-4 1℃, the accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃, the frost-free period is 2000 ~ 5000℃, and the annual average precipitation is more than 100 days.
Hawthorn likes light, which can obviously improve the fruit setting rate, good fruit coloring and high sugar content in good lighting conditions. Although hawthorn has certain drought resistance, ensuring suitable water during the growth period is helpful to fruit expansion and improve fruit setting rate. Irrigation is necessary when there is little precipitation, and trees are easily drowned if drainage is not good. The root system of hawthorn is distributed 40 ~ 60 cm underground, but it can still extend downward when the soil layer is deep, so the place with deep soil layer should be chosen for planting hawthorn.
principal item
Crataegus pinnatifida is a variety of Crataegus pinnatifida. As a fruit tree, it is widely cultivated, with the most cultivated varieties. The main cultivated varieties are: ① Yubei Red. Produced in Huixian, Linxian and other places in Henan. The fruit is nearly spherical, and there are many fruits, about 100 per kilogram. The skin is bright red to purple, the meat is soft, mostly pink, and the taste is slightly sour and sweet. 1Early October 65438+ Fruits are ripe, with high and stable yield, which are mainly used for processing. ② Autumn Venus (Big Venus). Shandong Laiwu, Pingyi Feixian, Liaoning Anshan, Liaoyang and other places. The fruit is nearly spherical, with an average single fruit weight of 5 ~ 10g. The skin is bright red, the flesh is delicate and firm, and the sweetness and sourness are moderate. It is used for fresh food or processing. It matured in late September, and it is an excellent variety in Shandong and north-central Liaoning Province. 3 exposure. Yidu, Linqu and other places in Shandong. The fruit is oblate, with an average fruit weight of 9-9.5g. The skin is deep red, the flesh is pink, the flesh is dense, and the taste is slightly sour and sweet, which is suitable for drying. 65438+ 10 matured in the first half of October, with high and stable yield, drought resistance and alkali resistance, and good quality. 4 Yan Yan is red. Produced in Longhua, Xinglong, Chicheng and other places in Hebei Province, it is the main variety planted in the western and northern mountainous areas of Hebei Province. The fruit is ovoid and weighs 7.6 grams. The skin is deep red and shiny, the flesh is thick and powdery, the meat is dense, the sweetness and sourness are moderate, and the quality is good, which is suitable for fresh food processing. 65438+ 10 ripens in early October, and it is drought-resistant and cold-resistant. ⑤ Red pulp cotton. Produced in Fushan, Laixi and other places in Shandong. The fruit is oblate, and the average single fruit weight is 12g. The skin is deep red, the meat is thick and pink, and the meat is sour. 10 is mature in the middle and late stage, storable and suitable for processing. ⑥ Soft seeds. Produced in Xifeng, Kuandian and Liaoyang, Liaoning. The local name is seedless mountain red. The fruit is nearly spherical, with single fruit weight 1.5 ~ 2g, bright red skin, pink flesh and soft meat. The seeds are small, soft and edible. Mature in mid-September, fresh or processed. ⑦ Little Venus. Produced in Longhua, Hebei, Fangshan, Beijing, and cultivated in Liaoning. The fruit is bright red. Single fruit weighs 9 grams, the flesh is pink, sweet and sour, and the quality is good. 65438+/kloc-0 ripens at the beginning of 0/0 and is suitable for fresh food or processing. 8 crouching hawthorn. Changbai Mountain in Northeast China, Daxinganling Mountains, Liaoning Province. The fruit is oblate, and the weight of a single fruit is 2.5 ~ 3g. The skin is light red, the flesh is pink and white, the flesh is soft and slightly cotton, and the sweet and sour taste is moderate. It ripens early and can be harvested in August, which is suitable for processing. Strong cold resistance, can withstand the low temperature of-465438 0℃.
Other excellent varieties are: Liao Hong, Xifeng Red, Ji 'an Purple Meat, Luanhong and Shandong Sweet Red, which are sweet and slightly sour, as well as cold dew red, flour hawthorn and Guo Huang sweet hawthorn with high medicinal components.
Key points of cultivation techniques
type
Propagation by grafting. There are three methods to cultivate rootstock seedlings: returning to nursery, burying roots and sowing. (1) Back-to-nursery seedling raising is to transplant wild root tillers with a diameter of 0.3-0.5 cm to the nursery for centralized cultivation in the autumn of the first year and the spring of that year, sprout in the autumn and leave the nursery in the next year; (2) Burying roots to raise seedlings is to make use of the characteristic that hawthorn roots are easy to produce adventitious buds. Selecting roots with a diameter of 0.3-0.6 cm, cutting into root segments with a length of15-18 cm, and cutting in the nursery in autumn or spring. After germination, it was grafted in the autumn of that year and came out of the nursery the next year. (3) Seeding and seedling raising is to collect wild hawthorn seeds, sow them in the nursery to grow into seedlings, and then graft and cultivate them. Crataegus pinnatifida is hard, the embryo is dormant, it is difficult to germinate, and it is difficult for water and air to penetrate into the kernel. After sowing, it often does not emerge in the same year, but only in the second year. Therefore, the seed stratification time is prolonged, so that after two winters and one summer, that is, seeds are collected in the autumn of that year and sown in the spring of the third year of the next year, the seedlings emerge neatly; In addition, the seed shell was crushed by dry-wet method. The method is to put the seeds into hot water at 70℃, stir and soak them for 1 ~ 2 days, then take them out and expose them on the slate or cement floor during the day and put them into the water at night. If this is repeated for 7 ~ 10 days, the seed shell can be cracked and finally stored in layers. Sow in the spring of the next year, seedlings will emerge in that year, and they will leave the garden for 2 ~ 3 years after grafting. Grafting commonly uses bud grafting and branch grafting. T-bud grafting is often used, which can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn, and July-August is the most suitable. Branches are often split, and the most suitable period is around spring germination.
plant
It can be planted in autumn and spring. It can also be planted in summer and autumn rainy season, especially in arid mountainous areas. The planting density can be 3m× 4m in poor soil and 4m× 5m in fertile soil. In order to facilitate orchard operation, wide and narrow row strip planting can also be used.
soil management
Hawthorn is easy to sprout roots and tiller, which affects the growth of trees. It must be removed frequently to reduce the consumption of nutrients and water, promote the root system to extend to the deep soil, but it must not damage the thick root system. In addition to the base fertilizer, topdressing can be applied before flowering and during the rapid fruit expansion period, with available nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer before flowering and mixed fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium applied during the fruit expansion period; At the same time, late topdressing should be strengthened for old trees to make up for the lack of nutrition after a large number of fruits, and early fertilization should be strengthened for young trees to improve the fruit setting rate. Generally speaking, 30 ~ 70 ppm gibberellin can also improve the fruit setting rate at the full flowering stage of a year. Irrigation can be carried out before germination, flowering and fruit expansion in spring. It is best to choose beans or peanuts, potatoes and melons as intercropping crops.
Plastic trimming
Hawthorn tree shape can be naturally happy, changed to trunk shape, preferably low stem and short crown. Try to keep the canopy ventilated and transparent, the proportion of fruiting branches should be about 50%, the average thickness should be about 0.45 cm, there are more than 5 fruits per inflorescence, and the leaf area index is 4 ~ 5. Young trees have many medium-long fruiting mother branches. 1 ~ 2 years after fruiting, it is necessary to retract and prune, cultivate fruiting branches, prevent the fruiting parts from moving out, and pay attention to thinning out too dense and redundant branches. In the full fruit period, trees should focus on retracting and loosening the fruiting branches, so as to maintain vigorous tree vigor, form developing branches and fruiting branches inside and outside the crown, and keep the long branches in the vacant parts and cultivate them into fruiting branches. Old trees should shrink their main branches and lateral branches again, promote new branches and cultivate COVID-19.
choose
When the fruit turns red and the fruit point is obvious, it can be harvested. Cutting the fruit handle with scissors or picking the fruit by hand can keep the fruit intact, and knocking and shaking the bamboo pole to pick the fruit will damage some fruits. 90% of fruit can be shaken off by spraying 40% ethephon 1000 times a week before harvesting, and then using mechanical or manual trunk. It is best to combine artificial harvesting with ethephon-induced fruit dropping. The harvested fruits are stacked under the tree for several days to dissipate heat, covered with straw curtains or mats during the day, and then packaged in baskets after heat dissipation.
store
Hawthorn fruit is easy to preserve, and the key is to keep proper temperature and humidity. The general temperature is 0 ~ 5℃. If the temperature is 0℃, the relative humidity should be 85 ~ 95%. If the temperature is above 0℃, the relative humidity should be 80 ~ 85%. Storage methods include cellar storage, cylinder storage, basket storage and burial. Burying method is to dig a circular pit with a depth of 1 m and a diameter of 0.7 m in the shade, lay a layer of fine sand with a thickness of 15 ~ 20 cm at the bottom of the pit, then select harmless fruits and pile them on the sand with a thickness of about 50 cm, then cover them with fine sand with a thickness of 15 ~ 20 cm, and finally cover them with soil, and fill or fill them.
Eliminate pests and diseases
The main pests and diseases of hawthorn are: ① carnivorous insects. Some people eat ginkgo and some eat pears. The prevention and control is to remove the fruit and burn it centrally; Spraying pesticides such as chlorpyrifos and trichlorfon during the peak spawning period, and applying pesticides to prevent peaches on the ground. (2) scarab. There are scarabs with apple hair, scarabs with small blue and white flowers and scarabs with white stars. Eat flowers and fruits. Use artificial capture, light trapping or ground dusting, or spray pesticides such as dimethoate emulsion, monocrotophos, 1605. ③ Scale insects. There are palm-shaped stupas, and the branches of Sophora japonica are solid, and the fixed branches suck juice, and the larvae also harm the leaves. The control measures are spraying diesel emulsion, sulfur mixture, cartap and carbaryl. ④ Powdery mildew. Harm leaves, buds and fruits. The control is to spray 5 degree sulfur mixture before germination and 600 times 50% wettable carbendazim during growth period.
economic value
Hawthorn fruit is rich in nutrition, containing carbohydrates, protein, fat, organic acids, calcium, iron, phosphorus and various vitamins, which is higher than that of citrus, apple and other fruits, especially vitamin C, second only to jujube and kiwifruit, and is 1.7 times that of apple and 2-3 times that of citrus. The calcium content reaches 850ppm；; It also contains a lot of red pigment, pectin and various medicinal components, among which vitamin C and flavonoids have anti-cancer effects. Hawthorn has been used as medicine for thousands of years. In recent years, it has been found that roots, leaves, flowers and seeds can be used as medicine and made into granules (Mai 'antong tablets) and tablets (Jiangzhi tablets and Xinmaitong tablets). There are many kinds of hawthorn processing, such as hawthorn juice, hawthorn wine, hawthorn sauce, canned hawthorn, hawthorn preserves, hawthorn paper (fruit peel), hawthorn candy, hawthorn dried slices, hawthorn jelly and so on. The product is sweet, sour and delicious, with good color, smell and taste.
Hawthorn germplasm resources
The general name of plants with certain genetic material and valuable for hawthorn production and breeding. There are about 1000 species of Crataegus. Widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. North America has the largest number, about 800 species; There are about 60 species in Europe and Africa. There are 17 species identified in China (see table). Although there are many species of hawthorn, there are few hairy and hairless varieties used as fruit trees. Jiangsu big fruit varieties (South, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia. Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia, Ningxia
Hawthorn varieties are the main cultivation objects in fruit production, mainly distributed in Liaohe River Basin and Yellow River Basin in China. Most of the remaining species are used as rhizomes, medicinal or ornamental.
Fig. 1 chromosome number of hawthorn x = 17. Chromosome ploidy of Crataegus in China includes diploid, triploid and tetraploid. Where 2n = 2x = 34 is: Alpinia (Figure 1), Hairless Alpinia, Hubei Alpinia, Yunnan Alpinia, Hairy Alpinia, Liaoning Alpinia, Gray Green Alpinia (Figure 2) and Central China Alpinia. Cultivated varieties (lines) include Liao Hong, Xifeng Red, Dajingxing, Ruanzi, Qiushan, Qixia Shushahong, Linxian Yuankang Crataegus, Bai Quan 790 1, Heze Crataegus, Yidukou, Shandong Dahuang Crataegus, Chengou Dahong Crataegus, Jianchang Crataegus, Fushan Crataegus, Qianshan Crataegus, Qixia Jinxingmian, Lulong Short Branch and Pingyi. 2n = 3x = 5 1 is hawthorn, millstone and northern Henan red in Liaoning. 2n = 4x = 68 is Altai hawthorn (Figure 3).
Fig. 2 Cultivated hawthorn can be divided into yellow and red varieties according to fruit color. The peel and pulp of yellow varieties are yellow, and a few are flushed. Hawthorn varieties in Yunnan belong to this category. Red varieties have red skin and different pulp colors, which can be divided into red meat, pink meat and green meat. The red meat series is red to purplish red, such as Liao Hong in Liaoning, Xifeng Red, Sweet Water, Yu Zi, Dajinxing, Kaiyuan Red and Luanhong in Hebei. The fleshy meat is pink to white, such as Lushan Red in Liaoning, Dajinxing, Hongpiaomian and Qixia Jinxing noodles in Shandong, Yubeihong and Lin Hong in Henan (Linxian), Zezhouhong and Yanguohong in Shanxi (Jiangxian). Green meat is green to white, such as millstone hawthorn in Liaoning, big goods in Shandong, and white pulp cotton with open mouth.
Fig. 3 The cold resistance of hawthorn is different. Crataegus pinnatifida, Hairless Crataegus pinnatifida and Hairy Crataegus pinnatifida can tolerate the low temperature of -40 ~-50℃. Hawthorn can tolerate the low temperature of -33℃. It has large causal shape, strong flavor, storage resistance and strong adaptability, and the excellent varieties cultivated in production belong to this species. Hawthorn in Yunnan likes high temperature and humid ecological conditions and has poor cold resistance. You can't spend the winter in the open air in the north. Although its fruit shape is large, its flavor is not as good as that of hawthorn.
Crataegus pinnatifida, also known as Crataegus pinnatifida, is an excellent rootstock for cultivating Crataegus pinnatifida in the north. Bushy hawthorn in Hubei, also known as monkey hawthorn, dwarf hawthorn in Gansu and Inner Mongolia, is suitable for dwarf rootstocks in different regions, and this work is still under study. Some kinds of hawthorn can be used as rootstock not only for cultivating hawthorn, but also for apple, pear, quince and loquat, but it is not widely used in production.
Hawthorn seeds are generally impermeable, and embryos have dormancy function, so it is difficult to germinate (see seed treatment). Only the seeds of Altai hawthorn can germinate after stratification in winter, which is an extremely useful rootstock germplasm resource. Liaoning soft-seeded hawthorn seeds are incomplete, thin and soft, and can be eaten with pulp, which is a valuable germplasm for cultivating seedless or soft-seeded hawthorn. After 1980s, China began to study the identification and evaluation of hawthorn germplasm resources.
Although there are 1000 species of hawthorn, most scholars believe that many of them can not be regarded as species, but only varieties or hybrids of some species. The situation is very complicated and chaotic, which needs further study and clarification. This variation is beneficial to the utilization of fruit tree germplasm resources, but it has not been paid due attention to. For example, in the United States, where species are most widely distributed, they are generally only used as ornamental plants. There are also varieties with particularly large fruits. Such as hawthorn (C.mollis Schneid) ), the fruit is very big, with a diameter of 3 cm; Diameter of peach and plum fruit. It is also 2.3 ~ 3 cm. The Italian hawthorn (C. Azalus L.), which originated in West Asia and the Mediterranean region of Europe, has few thorns, yellow, red and white fruit with apple flavor, and is cultivated and eaten locally, which deserves attention.