1 Status of Grass Industry in China
China needs about 654.38+ten thousand tons of grass seeds every year for artificial grassland construction, grassland improvement, ecological management, lawn engineering, etc. However, at present, the annual production capacity of grass seeds in China is only 64 thousand tons, which is a big gap. In addition, with the increase of grass planting area in the western development, the gap of grass seeds will also increase. Domestic forage seeds not only have low yield, but also poor quality. The yield per unit area of forage seeds in China is only110 ~1/5 of that in the United States. In recent years, the inspection results of forage seeds by the forage seed quality inspection station of the Ministry of Agriculture show that the qualified rate of domestic forage seeds is only 50%, and the qualified rate of genetic purity of domestic forage seeds is close to zero.
1. 1 There are no forage seeds in concentrated production areas. Because there is no concentrated forage production area in China, it is impossible to make full use of climatic factors to meet the special requirements of forage reproductive growth and improve forage seed yield per unit area. Oregon, in the northwest of the United States, makes full use of the climatic conditions conducive to the development of forage seeds to build a concentrated production area of forage seeds in the United States and become the "forage seed capital" in the world, with an annual output of more than 300,000 tons. The western region of China (such as Xinjiang) has excellent water, soil, light and heat conditions and can become an important forage seed production base. At present, 23 countries and regions such as Germany and France have established forage seed breeding bases in Xinjiang. In view of the fact that the demand for forage seeds in China will increase greatly in the future, with less investment and abundant plant resources, Xinjiang plans to establish a 50,000-mu forage seed base within three years.
Slowly, the annual output of forage seeds reached 3000 tons and established its own brand.
1.2 There is no special pasture seed production field. Most forage fields in China belong to the genus Hedyotis, which is an artificial grassland or natural grassland used for mowing or grazing. According to the market situation and the climate of that year, harvesting forage seeds, that is to say, forage seeds are only by-products of forage production.
1.3 The forage seed breeding system is not perfect. Due to the restriction of the current system and the imperfection of the legal system, the birth and popularization speed of new forage varieties in China have been seriously affected. At present, forage breeding in China is still a single national investment. Because of the lack of funds and problems in variety promotion, the interests of breeders are often not compensated, and the birth of new varieties is very slow. In addition, the breeding system of grass seeds has not been established, and the varieties of grass seeds produced are mixed and the quality problems are serious. Because there is no seed breeding system in China, the export price of some special grass seeds in China has been seriously affected, resulting in great economic losses.
2 grass products industry status
In recent ten years, China's grass products industry has developed to a certain extent, and some production bases of hay and grass powder have been formed in Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Gansu and other provinces, greatly alleviating the contradiction of insufficient forage for livestock in these areas in winter. According to statistics, at present, the planting area of high-quality alfalfa in China is about 20 million mu. However, the grass products industry in China is still very backward, and the annual output of grass products in China is only about 654.38+10,000 tons.
China's grass products also have a strong advantage in the international market, and some of them are exported to Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia. The international market of grass products is mainly concentrated in some Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea. They mainly import grass products from the United States, Canada and other countries. Because of the long transportation distance, the price of the same grass products is 1 ~ 15 times higher than that in China.
With the large-scale implementation of returning farmland to grassland, some provinces and regions, from enterprises to governments, actively explore the huge business opportunities contained in the development of grass resources in accordance with the idea of industrialization, so that the grass industry is gradually heating up. At present, Gansu, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and other provinces have regarded grass industry as an important emerging industry in the western development.
In 2000, the development of grass industry was listed as one of the three major projects to adjust the structure and realize the breakthrough of animal husbandry development in Gansu Province. At present, three companies in Gansu Province are developing grass products mainly based on alfalfa. These companies provide farmers with technical guidance on grass seeds and planting, and are responsible for recycling fresh grass and buying special equipment to process it into export-oriented hay products. Jiuquan, located at the western end of the Hexi Corridor of the Silk Road, will develop 6.5438+0.5 million mu of alfalfa this year, and at the same time build a lawn grass seed base, striving to realize the localization of lawn seeds in two years. As the only pasture development base of the Ministry of Agriculture in China, the planting area of artificial high-quality pasture in Gansu Province is currently stable at about 6,543,800 mu.
Planting and developing high-quality forage grass has made farmers and enterprises in the western region taste the sweetness. "Qilian" brand hay officially registered in Jiuquan, Gansu last year was directly exported to Japan, with a ton 1.200 yuan. Compared with planting grain, farmers planting alfalfa not only reduces the investment of water and fertilizer, field management and other funds and manpower, but also increases the income by more than 200 yuan per mu. Ewenki Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has cooperated with companies in Australia, Dalian, Beijing and other places in recent years to develop pasture products for export or devote themselves to grassland improvement projects. Among them, Hulunbeier Grass Industry Development Co., Ltd., a joint venture with Australia, specializes in developing silage, with an annual direct economic benefit of more than 3.7 million yuan.
According to the survey, the annual demand for grass products in China is about 8 million tons, and the annual demand in neighboring Japan and Southeast Asia is as high as 3 million tons. At present, foreign markets are seized by the United States and Canada, and the northwest of China will vigorously develop grass industry, with outstanding geographical and price competitive advantages.
3 lawn development status
In recent years, with the needs of social development and the rapid rise of "garden city" and "ecological city", China's lawn industry has developed rapidly, such as sports lawn, leisure lawn, traffic isolation lawn, ornamental lawn, soil and water conservation lawn and so on. For example, Dalian invested more than 2 billion yuan to plant trees and grass on a large scale, which greatly reduced urban pollution, with nitrogen oxides reduced by 40%. According to the traditional pollution control methods, every 20% reduction of air pollution will cost at least 2 billion yuan, which shows the great ecological, economic and social benefits of planting grass and greening.
At present, there are about 100 golf courses in China, and the lawn area for various purposes is about 300 million square meters. National, collective and individual lawn enterprises have been established. At present, there are nearly 2,000 enterprises mainly engaged in lawn seeds or lawns, with more than 654.38+million employees.
3. 1 Lawn seeds are mainly imported.
Due to the late start of lawn industry in China and the backward breeding of lawn grass, most lawn grass species need to be imported to meet the market demand except Zoysia japonica. In recent years, the import of turfgrass seeds has increased rapidly, from less than 50 tons per year in the early 1990s to 1.500 tons in 1996, 2,500 tons in 1997 and 4,000 tons in 1998./kloc. It is expected that in the next few years.
3.2 Lawn construction has developed rapidly, but management is emphasized.
1985, the national green area was only 159300 hectares, and by 1999, the green area reached 778,200 hectares, with a growth rate of 12%. The green area per ten thousand people 1985 was 13.7 hectares, and 1999 was 38.6 hectares, an increase of 1.8 times. Due to the emphasis on the amount of green space, whether it is urban lawn greening or highway and railway slope protection lawn, only the funds for lawn construction are often planned, while the funds for lawn management are neglected. Most lawns were of high quality when they were first built, but after 1 ~ 2 years, pruning, irrigation and fertilization could not keep up, which led to the decline of lawn quality and lawn degradation. In severe cases, large areas of bald spots appeared and had to be replanted. According to records, reasonable lawn management can maintain the lawn life for ten years, even decades.
3.3 Production processes such as sowing, transplanting, lawn planting belt, lawn roll and carpet lawn were gradually improved.
In recent years, the development speed and technical level of lawn industry in China have been rapidly improved, and the sowing and transplanting techniques adopted for a long time are gradually improving. The production of lawn roll, the successful application of hydraulic spray seeding technology and the development of lawn planting belt have become important contents of lawn industrialization.
During the 11th Asian Games from 65438 to 0990, Qiqihar Lawn Planting Belt Factory supplied 200,000 square meters of lawn planting belt, which contributed to the success of the Asian Games. At present, the annual production capacity of Qiqihar lawn planting belt factory reaches 2 million square meters. After years of research and production, Beijing Lanyuan Lawn Engineering Co., Ltd. has greatly improved the quality of lawn planting belt by adopting cold compound method and other technologies. The development and production of carpet lawn were first carried out in Dalian and Tianjin. Dalian Institute of Landscape Science has done in-depth research on the selection of interlayer materials and seed soaking with chemical agents, and achieved excellent results. The time for making lawn rolls was shortened from 80 days to 40 days. 1995, they promoted the application of carpet lawn in Dalian with 65,438+10,000 square meters. During the development and production of carpet lawn, Tianjin Honggang Green Flower Company has carried out a series of experiments and production from the aspects of grass seed selection, net laying operation, post-seedling management and mechanized harvesting, which have been supplied to the market in batches and achieved good social and economic benefits.
4 China grass industry development prospects
4. 1 Ecological environment management needs grass industry development.
China's grassland is located in the periphery of the mainland desert, which is not only the base of grassland animal husbandry production, but also the source of rivers in China, and is a very important natural barrier in the economically developed areas in eastern China. In recent ten years, due to reclamation and overgrazing, grassland has deteriorated, vegetation is sparse, water storage capacity of grassland has deteriorated, soil erosion has intensified, sediment carrying capacity of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River has soared, sediment deposition has raised riverbeds, and flood discharge capacity has decreased, which has seriously threatened the life safety of coastal people. The extraordinary floods in the Yangtze River valley in 1998 and the extraordinary sandstorms in 1993, 1994, 1998, 2000 and 1 year are all directly related to the destruction of grassland vegetation, causing heavy casualties and economic losses. The deterioration of environmental conditions in grassland areas has endangered the North China Plain and the Northeast Plain, seriously affecting the environmental quality of Beijing and large and medium-sized cities in this area. The short-term goal of the National Ecological Environment Construction Plan (20 10) is to build new artificial grassland, improve 50 million hectares of grassland and control 33 million hectares of "three-oriented" grassland. The western ecological construction policy of "returning farmland to forest and grassland, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, individual contracting, and substituting food for relief" put forward by the CPC Central Committee in the strategy of developing the western region will play a positive role in reducing the harm of sandstorms, preventing desertification, curbing the eastward movement of deserts, controlling soil erosion in the Loess Plateau and protecting the ecological environment at the source of rivers.
4.2 Urban greening needs a lot of lawns.
With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the lawn industry is booming. In big cities in developed countries, such as Canberra, where the per capita green space is 70 square meters, Moscow, 44 square meters and Stockholm, 80 square meters, lawns account for the vast majority. China's cities with high greening level are 7.8 square meters in Beijing and 9.5 square meters in Dalian, and the lawn area accounts for a small proportion of the greening area. At present, the standard of China's population of more than one million (30 ~ 40 square meters per capita) still needs several generations' efforts.
4.3 Domestic and international markets need a large number of grass products.
The demand for alfalfa products in the international market is mainly concentrated in Asia. Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia need 3 million tons of alfalfa hay products every year. Among them, Japan imports more than 654.38+0 million tons of high-quality alfalfa products from the United States and Canada every year, and the CIF price is 654.38+070-230 USD/ton. China alfalfa products have obvious geographical advantages in entering the international market. If 5% high-quality leguminous forage powder is added to the feed with an annual output of 50-60 million tons in China, 2.5-3 million tons of high-quality leguminous forage powder will be needed every year. In addition, China1400,000 cattle and 300 million sheep also need a lot of wintering forage. With the development of feed industry and grassland animal husbandry, there is a great demand for grass products in international and domestic markets
With the development of the industry, the market demand will also expand.
4。 Grass seeds are in great demand.
In the next 10 year, China will build 20 million hectares of artificial grassland, improve 30 million hectares of grassland and control 33 million hectares of "three-oriented" grassland, and need more than 200,000 tons of forage seeds every year. At present, the production capacity is only 30,000-50,000 tons, which is far from meeting market demand. At present, the per capita lawn area in China is less than 1.6 square meters. In order to ensure the normal breathing of urban residents, each person needs 30-40 square meters of green space, and all developed countries have reached or exceeded this standard. However, the per capita green space in China is actually less than that in developed countries110, and the proportion of lawns in green space is also very small. In the next 10 year, if all cities want to reach Dalian's per capita lawn area of 7.5 square meters, they will need1500 million square meters of lawn, and1500 million square meters of lawn will be built every year, and more than 5,000 tons of lawn seeds will be needed every year. Coupled with the construction of expressways, railways, dams, channel slope protection, vegetation restoration in mining areas and sports lawns, the demand for lawn seeds will increase.