The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. The area including the sea is 18 1344000 square kilometers, and the area excluding the sea is 16624 10000 square kilometers, accounting for about 1/3 of the total area of the earth. It extends from the coast of the Antarctic continent to the Bering Strait, with latitude 135 and north-south width 15500 km. From the coast of Colombia in South America to the Malay Peninsula in Asia, the longest thing is 2 1300 km. Including the sea, the volume is 7 144 10000 cubic kilometers, but excluding the sea, the volume is 696 189000 cubic kilometers. The average depth including the sea is 3939.5m, excluding the sea, which is 4187.8m. The known maximum depth is11034m, which is located in the Mariana Trench. The Bering Strait, which is only 102km wide in the north, communicates with the Atlantic Ocean in the southeast through the Drake Strait between Tierra del Fuego in South America and Graham Land in Antarctica. The dividing line between the southwest and the Indian Ocean is: from Sumatra to Timor via Java, then to Cape London in Australia via Timor Sea, then from southern Australia via bass strait, and from Tasmania to the Antarctic continent. Due to the layout of the main mountain systems on the earth, the amount of water injected into Pacific rivers only accounts for 1/7 of the total amount of water injected into the ocean by rivers all over the world. Among the Pacific water systems, the most important are the rivers in China and Southeast Asia.
The word Magellan the navigator first appeared in the 1920s of 16. It was first named by the great navigator Magellan and his fleet. 1565438+On September 20th, 2009, Portuguese navigator Magellan led an expedition composed of 270 sailors to sail from Seville, Spain, and crossed the Atlantic Ocean to find new routes to India and China. The fleet of 65438+February 13 arrived in Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil for a short rest, then headed south and arrived at the port of San Julien on March 1520. Since then, the fleet has been fighting. Magellan suppressed the rebellion launched by the Spanish fleet with great efforts, and the fleet continued south. They braved the stormy waves and suffered a lot, reaching the southernmost tip of South America and entering a strait. This strait, which was later named after Magellan, was even more sinister, full of violent winds, huge waves and dangerous beaches and reefs. After 38 days of hard fighting, the fleet finally reached the western end of strait of magellan. However, at this time, there were only three ships left in the fleet, and half of the crew were lost. After another three months of hard sailing, the fleet crossed Guam from South America and came to the Philippine Islands. There was no storm on this voyage, and the sea was very calm. The original fleet has entered the equatorial windless zone. The crew who experienced the previous waves said happily, "This is really the Pacific Ocean!" Since then, people have called this ocean between America, Asia and Oceania "Pacific Ocean".
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean in the world. The ancient name Atlas Sea originated from Atlas, a Hercules with two shoulders in Greek mythology. It lies between Europe, Africa, North America and South America, with the Arctic Ocean in the north and Antarctica in the south. The southwest is bounded by the meridian passing through Cape Horn (67 west longitude), and the southeast is bounded by the Indian Ocean. The sea area is 94310.4 million square kilometers, excluding the sea area of 86.557 million square kilometers. The volume including the sea is 3327 10000 cubic kilometers, and the volume excluding the sea is 323369000 cubic kilometers. The average depth, including the sea, is 3575.4 meters, which is not as good as that of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The average depth excluding the sea is 3735.9 meters, and the known maximum depth is 92 18 meters.
The English word Atlantic comes from Greek, which means the sea of Atlas, the great god in Greek mythology. In Latin, the Atlantic Ocean is called MareAtlanticum, and the Latin form of Greek is Atlantis. It originally refers to the Mediterranean Sea between the Strait of Gibraltar and the Canary Islands, and later refers to the whole sea area. In some Latin documents, the Atlantic Ocean is also called OceanusOccidentalis, which means the western ocean.
Ptolemy's map contains ancient knowledge about the Atlantic Ocean. From 1440 to 1540, the land boundaries of almost all islands and oceans in the Atlantic Ocean are basically clearly drawn. During1819 ~1821year, the Antarctic continent and its surrounding islands were discovered. 1770, B. Franklin's North Atlantic current map (mainly describing the path of the Gulf Stream) was printed. /kloc-after the 0/9th century, it entered the stage of marine investigation and research. In the investigation of international organizations, the British Challenger (1872 ~ 1876) and Discovery (1925 ~ 1927 and 1929 ~ 1938) are more important. German "Antelope" (1874 ~ 1876) and "Meteor" (1925 ~ 1927) and the investigation of the Gulf Stream by the US Coast and Geodesy Bureau. Since 1970s, special investigations and field experiments have been carried out in the Atlantic Ocean, such as Jasin, POLYMODE-MIDDLE-OCEAN Dynamics, Global Atmospheric Research Program, GATE and famous projects, which have made people know more about the Atlantic Ocean.
The Indian Ocean is the third ocean in the world. Located between Asia, Oceania, Africa and Antarctica. Including the sea area of 74 1 1.8 million square kilometers, excluding the sea area of 73.427 million square kilometers, accounting for about 20% of the world's total ocean area. The sea volume is 284.608 million cubic kilometers, and the sea volume is 284.34 million cubic kilometers. The average depth of the Indian Ocean is second only to that of the Pacific Ocean, with an average depth of 3839.9 meters including the sea and 3872.4 meters excluding the sea. To its north are India, Pakistan and Iran; Arabia and Africa are in the west; Australia, Indonesia and Malay Peninsula in the East; South is Antarctica. Boundary with the Atlantic Ocean: From CapeAgulhas at the southern tip of Africa to the south, the Indian Ocean reaches the Antarctic continent along the 20 east longitude line. Boundary with the Pacific Ocean: from the southeast corner of Tasmania to the south in the southeast, along the east longitude 146 5 1' line to the Antarctic continent. Bass strait, located between Tasmania and the Australian mainland, is the dividing line between the two oceans. However, scholars have different opinions on whether bass strait should be classified as the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean. It is difficult to draw a clear line in the northeast. Some scholars believe that it passes through the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea, then from Adi Island to lesser sunda islands (Nusa Tenggara Islands) and southern Java Island, and then from sunda strait to Sumatra Island. However, some scholars believe that the Arafura Sea and the Timor Sea should belong to the Pacific Ocean and should not be included in the Indian Ocean. Between Sumatra Island and Malay Peninsula, some people claim that Singapore is the boundary, while others claim that Capello extends to the northeast and divides the Straits of Malacca into the Pacific Ocean.
The deepest part of the Indian Ocean is the Amilante Trench on the west side of the Amilante Islands, with a depth of 9074 meters ... The east, west and south coasts of the Indian Ocean are steep and straight, with no prominent marginal sea and internal sea. The northern Indian Ocean borders Asia and is separated by islands and peninsulas in West Asia and South Asia, forming many marginal seas, inland seas, bays and straits. The main marginal seas are Andaman Sea and Arabian Sea; The main inland sea is the Red Sea; There are Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Oman and Gulf of Aden. The main straits are Mande Strait, the Strait of Hormuz and Malacca Strait.
Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean is the fourth ocean in the world. It is centered on the north pole, between Asia, Europe and North America, surrounded by three continents and almost semi-enclosed. It connects with the Atlantic Ocean through the Norwegian Sea, Greenland Sea and Baffin Bay, and communicates with the Pacific Ocean through the narrow Bering Strait. Between Asia and North America, the Bering Strait is connected with the Pacific Ocean. Between Europe and North America, it is bounded by Iceland-Faroe Ridge and Vivia Thomson Ridge; The Danish Strait and Smith Strait in northeast North America are connected with the Atlantic Ocean.
The name of the Arctic Ocean comes from Greek, which means the ocean facing Ursa major. 1650, German geographer B. Varenius first divided it into an independent ocean called the Great Beiyang; 1845, which was named Arctic Ocean by the Geographical Society of London. It was changed to the Arctic Ocean because it is at the northernmost part of the four oceans, and because the climate in this area is extremely cold and the surface of the ocean is covered with ice all the year round, so people call it the Arctic Ocean.
The area of the Arctic Ocean is 1, 365,438+10,000 square kilometers, which is about114 of the Pacific Ocean, accounting for about 4. 1% of the world's total ocean area, making it the smallest and shallowest of the four oceans on earth. There are three ridges under the sea. In the center is Richie, lomonosov, which extends from ellesmere island to Novosibirsk Islands, with a length of 1.760km, a width of 60- 1.900km, an average height of 3050m and a depth of 900-1.650m.: The Arctic basin is divided into Eurasian basin and Meiya basin. The Nansen Cordillera Basin, which extends from the Atlantic Ridge, divides the Eurasian Basin into Nansen Basin and Flambassin Basin. Maya basin is divided into makarov basin and Canadian basin by Alfa Cordillera.