Grape production in greenhouse has extended the "life" of grapes to a certain extent, which can advance and postpone the annual harvest period of grape seedlings and increase the supply time of fresh fruit in the market. So how to improve the survival rate of greenhouse grape production? Next, Changli grape seedlings Xiaobian tells you the main points of cultivation: First, build a greenhouse: build an unheated plastic greenhouse in the yard, and build an east-west greenhouse according to geographical conditions and area. Outside the wall, soil is raised for thermal insulation, and a row of cement columns or wooden columns is erected at the position 1.2m away from the wall in the greenhouse. The frame of greenhouse can be welded with angle steel or iron pipe, similar to vegetable greenhouse. This greenhouse has good structural performance and good heat preservation effect, and grapes can completely overwinter in winter without heating. Building a greenhouse can plant grapes in the spring of that year, build a greenhouse in the autumn, extend the growth period of that year, increase the maturity of growth, and create conditions for more fruits in the coming year. Second, seedling planting and fertilizer and water management: when planting grapes in greenhouses, we should choose excellent varieties, such as Kyoho, White Banana and Kangtai. Before planting, soil preparation should be carried out and a planting ditch with north-south direction should be dug. The bottom of the ditch can be filled with some rotten weeds or bottom soil, and then the nutrient soil is backfilled, and finally the upper soil is backfilled. The row spacing of plants is 0.5x 1.8 or 0.6x2.0, all of which are cultivated by single dragon pruning and vertical frame. Thirdly, fertilizer and water management of greenhouse grape cultivation is very important. Phenology is different from open cultivation. Generally, grapes germinate in early March in winter, blossom 1 time in mid-May, ripen 1 time in August, ripen twice in mid-June and ripen three times in mid-February. Fertilization and irrigation must be adapted to the phenology of greenhouse grapes. After each fertilization and irrigation, weed and loosen the soil in time to keep the soil loose and permeable. Fourth, plastic pruning: greenhouse grape vertical cultivation, single dragon pruning the main vine. When the newly planted grapes are cut in winter in the first year, the thickness is above 1 cm, and the maturity is good, which can be cut about1.5 m. After the second year of germination, the bud eyes within 1 cm from the ground are smoothed, and the upper bud eyes are arranged every 25-30 cm, and the rest are smoothed. In order to promote the germination of winter buds of new shoots, the second fruit was born in the same year, and the terminal buds of 4-7 leaves of the first fruit were picked in late May and early June respectively. The secondary branches germinated in the first half of June respectively. When pruning in winter after fruiting, the branches with no secondary fruit and vigorous growth at the base of the plant should be selected, and the 10- 15 section should be left as the fruiting mother branch in the next year, and all the other branches should be cut and updated. In the growing period of grape seedlings, tendrils should be removed in time to save nutrition.

Treatment of grape seedling lesions

Many friends of grape seedlings are worried that grape seedlings will encounter diseases during their growth. If you have similar concerns, please take a look at the treatment methods we provide for grape seedlings to prevent diseases. There will be many pathological changes during the growth of grape seedlings, such as: the roots of grape seedlings grow like bones and crack longitudinally on the nodes. This is a kind of grape seedling root cancer, which occurs on the roots, roots and necks of grapes and old vines. Callus-like carcinoma was formed in the affected area, which was slightly green and milky white at first and soft in texture. With the growth of the tumor, it gradually becomes dark brown with hard texture and rough surface. Tumors vary in size, and dozens of tumors gather into large tumors. There are cracks on the surface of mature tumors, which are easy to rot and fall off in rainy and humid weather and have a stench. Due to the destruction of cortex and conduction tissue, the damaged plants are weak, with poor growth, small and yellow leaves, small and scattered fruit ears, irregular fruit grains and inconsistent maturity. Water should be poured once after planting, preferably with manure, but the concentration should not be high to prevent root injury. Seedlings should be planted shallowly, especially grafted seedlings, and the rootstock should be exposed 5- 10 cm to prevent the scion from taking root. The diseased plants have few branches and weak growth. In severe cases, the grape seedlings will dry up and die. Solution: the tumor can be removed first, and then smeared with residual liquid of sulfur mixture and thiram, or disinfected with 50 times of botulinum toxin or 100 times, and then smeared with Bordeaux solution. It has a good prevention and treatment effect on the disease. Strengthening cultivation management, applying more organic fertilizer, applying acid fertilizer properly, or applying March bacterial fertilizer to improve alkaline soil are not conducive to bacterial growth. Prevent root injuries during farming. During field irrigation, the flow direction of drainage and irrigation water in ward and non-ward should be arranged reasonably to prevent the spread of germs. The root nodule aphid of grape seedlings mainly harms the roots. After the root was killed, a tumor was born. At first, it was bright yellow, then it gradually turned brown and rotted, which made the leaves of the above-ground plants turn yellow, the fruits became smaller, the tree was weak, the yield and quality grew obviously, and in severe cases, the whole plant died. This worm is soft and looks like an aphid, but its abdomen has no abdominal tube. The treatment method of grape seedling disease is still practical, and you can do a good job of preventing grape seedling disease according to this method.

How to manage grapes during the expansion period

The so-called grape expansion period is the time when the grapes grow the most and the fruits are the biggest. This is the most important time for grapes. Proper management can not only ensure the quality of grapes. The following are management measures. First, the management of branches and vines. The new shoot leaves 12- 15, and the core is picked. If secondary branches appear after coring before flowering, leave 1-2 secondary branches at the top of the new branches, each with 3-5 leaves for coring and the rest with 1 piece. The tendrils of the new shoots have been pinched off from the roots. Tie the new tips to the wire in time to make them grow upright, and the spacing between the new tips should be even. Cut off all the sick and withered old vines outside the garden. Of course, you have to add trouble after sweeping. I threw the fallen leaves all over the floor with my hands, and grandma could do nothing. She touched my forehead with her finger and said a little seriously, "It won't happen again!" " But every time I just nodded and forgot, grandma had to leave me alone. Second, ear management. According to the growth trend of new shoots, the general methods are: strong two, weak one, no left. If 1 new shoot has 3 ears, it must be 1-2. If you don't pinch the ear before flowering, you can pinch off the ear tip 1/5- 1/4 at this time. Sick, disabled and deformed fruits should be removed. If you plan to pack grapes, this period is the best, so hurry up. Third, pest control. At this time, the new shoots of grapes are in adolescence, and most parts of China are not in the season of frequent pests and diseases. If it rains in the south, gray mold will happen. The focus of this period is disease prevention. It can be 1:0.7:200 times bordeaux mixture, interspersed or sprayed with carbendazim, chlorothalonil, or thiophanate-methyl, and sprayed with drugs when the disease occurs. I believe everyone has learned the management methods of grapes during the expansion period.

Key points of grape layering propagation technology

The layering of new shoots of grape seedlings was used for layering propagation. When the new buds grow to about 1000 meters, they are cored and tied horizontally to promote the germination of secondary buds. When the secondary tip grows to cm, flatten the new tip in the cm ditch and fill it with soil for about cm. When the new shoots are semi-lignified, and the height is10cm, the ditch is filled. In summer, the secondary shoots of the layering are supported and cored, and in autumn, the layering is dug up and divided into several seedlings with roots. Before the layering of biennial branches germinates in spring, the annual branches reserved for layering at the base of the plant are laid flat or tied flat, and when the length of new buds sprouted on them reaches cm, the mother branches are flattened in the ditch to expose new buds. If it is not easy to take root, the first section of the mother branch should be girdled or girdled before layering to promote rooting. After stratification, cover the soil shallowly, and then gradually cultivate the soil after the new buds are semi-lignified, so as to increase the number of adventitious roots. Dig out the crushed branches after autumn and divide them into several seedlings with roots. Perennial vines in old grape producing areas are layered, and old vines are trimmed in autumn. First, dig a ditch with a depth of cm, press the old vines into the ditch, and the annual branches and vines in the ditch are exposed from the ditch surface, and then cultivate the soil for the winter. In the process of creeping old roots, cut off old vines and promote new roots. Take out the old vines after autumn and divide them into seedlings with roots.

Prevention and control of grape diseases

Disease is also one of the five common diseases in southern China, especially for leaves and fruits. Symptoms: Fungal disease, which harms young fruits, shoots and leaves. The infected area is usually covered with a white to grayish white powdery mildew layer. When damaged, the fruit almost stopped growing, and the surface of the damaged fruit was reticulate, deformed and hardened, and sometimes cracked vertically. When the leaf is damaged, the surface is initially covered with gray powder particles. When the pathogen spreads to the whole leaf, the leaf turns brown and is burnt. When the new branches and axes are damaged, many brown reticular patterns appear on the epidermis, and in severe cases, the branches and vines cannot mature. Occurrence regularity: grape diseases overwinter with mycelium in diseased tissues or under buds. When the conditions are suitable in spring, conidia are produced and spread with the wind. Spring is my happiest time. Anyway, I'm going to the country to see those grapes and grandma. Grapes have started a wonderful journey again. Grapes all grow small and lovely grapes. After conidia germinate, they can directly invade the epidermal cells of the host tissue from the epidermis and absorb nutrients. The suitable temperature for conidia germination is 25-28℃, which is resistant to dry climate and can germinate when humidity is low, and conidia germinate fastest in hot and cloudy weather in summer. Shanghai and other Yangtze River Delta regions began to get sick in mid-June, and July-August after plum blossom was the peak period. Hot, humid and sultry weather often causes the spread of epidemics when fruits are ripe. After September, the condition gradually stopped. Prevention and control measures: (l) Clean up the orchard, collect and burn the sick and disabled bodies in time, and reduce the overwintering germs. (2) Pick the core in time, bind the new shoots, and keep the ventilation and light transmission conditions. (3) At the initial stage of germination, spraying a sulfur mixture of 3-5 degrees. (4) At the onset of the disease, spray Japanese grass Teflon for 5000-7000 times; 15% wettable powder or aqueous solution 1000 times; 75% chlorothalonil 600-700 times; 0.3 degree stone sulfur mixture; The disease is sensitive to sulfur preparations, and the prevention and control effect of stone sulfur mixture and sulfur rubber suspension is better.