(1) grape cultivation racks in arid hilly areas include single shed small racks, combined shed racks, inclined shed racks and hedge racks.
(1) Single-shed small trellis is a common trellis for dry-land grapes in loess hilly areas such as Hebei and Shanxi. This kind of frame is mostly made of local materials and made of wooden sticks with a diameter of 3 ~ 5 cm, with a width of about 1 m and a length of about 5 ~ 7 meters. When erecting, first erect the column, the first column is about 1 m away from the root of the grape, the column is 30 ~ 40cm above the ground, the second column is about 1 90 cm away from the ground, and the column is about 70 ~ 80 cm away from the ground; Third, fourth, according to the terrain and landform, the height and spacing of columns can be appropriately increased; When reaching the last column, the height and spacing of the columns are appropriately reduced to form the arch bridge frame surface (Figure 59). The columns are arranged left and right along the extension direction of the trunk, the distance between two rows is about 100 cm, and the buried depth of the columns is 15 ~ 30 cm. After the post was erected, the railings on both sides stood up.
Fig. 59 Arch bridge shed
This kind of scaffolding material is mostly made from local materials, and the general pillars need to be replaced once every 3 ~ 5 years.
(2) Connecting scaffolding is often used in gentle slope terraces in mountainous areas. Generally, the row spacing is determined according to the terrain, usually 3-5 meters, and the height of the frame is determined according to the slope, with 1.5- 1.8 meters near the trunk and 2.0-2.2 meters at the apex, which is inclined, and the front and rear are connected (Figure 60). Each row is provided with a row of columns, with the row of trees1.5 ~ 2.0m. The two rows of columns are opposite, connected with wooden sticks, and the vertical walls are pulled with iron wires. This kind of scaffold can make full use of the ground, and it is easy to control the resulting components and update, but because of the large shed surface and heavy load, there are requirements for the quality of scaffold materials. You can use wooden columns or stone or cement columns. The surface of the shelf can be dried with wooden poles, and some places are connected with straw ropes. When using straw rope to connect the shed surface, the middle of the frame should be higher to avoid overloading the shed surface.
Fig. 60 Connecting scaffold
(3) the hedge frame, but the height should be set according to the terrain and whether it is easy to operate.
(2) Small-scale frame shaping and short-branch pruning are suitable for the situation of small annual growth and low yield of grapes in dry land on hillside. Among the methods of single-stem pruning, trellis pruning and hedge pruning used in various places, single-stem pruning is widely used in dry land grape cultivation.
The characteristics of dragon stem plastic surgery are that 1 ~ 2 tree trunks are selected from the ground, each tree trunk extends from the base of the frame to the front of the frame without lateral vines, and there is a result part on the tree trunk at regular intervals. Because there is no lateral vine, it is called single dragon stem plastic surgery. The length of the trunk depends on the growth intensity of branches and vines, generally 5 ~ 7 meters; When pruning, there are 1 ~ 2 short stubbles at all the results except one extended branch at the top of the trunk, and the stubbles should be short, otherwise such short pruning will form high stubbles every year, which is inconvenient for management. The old vines and stubble on the dry trunk should be removed in time.
After plant aging, shrinkage drying or whole plant regeneration can be used. Trunk retraction and renewal, generally, is to saw off the weak or dead part of the trunk tip and retract it to the thriving new vine; If the fruit part of the trunk is dry, new vines can regenerate from the roots. You can also plant a new plant next to the old plant, and then remove the aging plant after the new plant bears fruit.
In spring, when the new shoots are 5 ~ 10 cm long and can produce sterile ears respectively, select 1 strong buds at each fruiting part to make the fruiting part as close as possible to the trunk; Before flowering, when the new branches are 50 ~ 60 cm long, leave 3 ~ 5 leaves before the inflorescence for topping; When the new shoots grow to 90 ~ 100 cm, the new shoots are extended for coring, and combined with coring, bow binding is carried out.
As a result of pruning short branches, most of the new branches on the mother vine grow upright. When tying, hold the base of the new bud with one hand, and gently press the new bud with the other hand in the direction opposite to the incision, and then tie it after the new bud is close to the horizontal stem. If the branches are thick and erect, they can be slightly sprained at the middle and lower internodes to facilitate downward pressure and binding. The time for budding is 50 ~ 60 cm long. While tying new branches, straighten the inflorescence to make it droop and grow, so as to avoid wind friction damage. After the new shoots are tied with bows, the advantages at the top of the branches and vines become weaker, and more bud eyes sprout at the base, which should be paid attention to.
A large number of auxiliary tips will be drawn out after the main tip is cored, so the auxiliary tips should be cored in time. The number of times to pick up the auxiliary tip is not less than 5 ~ 6 times throughout the year.
Dragon stem pruning can be done with short tips or with long and short tips instead of pruning. Short branch pruning, as mentioned above, is to directly choose to leave the fruiting part on the trunk without leaving the fruiting mother vine. The replacement pruning of long and short branches is to select and leave some robust fruiting vines on the trunk to increase the fruiting parts. But in this way, the mother vine should not be left too much, cut too long, and it is appropriate to leave 5 ~ 9 buds for cutting. When pruning after fruiting, only one new vine at the base of the fruiting mother vine is left, and all the others are cut off. This pruning is repeated every year.
The summer management of alternate pruning of long and short branches is to select 2 ~ 3 strong buds with inflorescence and base 1 bud as the bearing mother branches in the next year, and remove the rest to avoid leaving too many buds. The method of alternately pruning long and short branches, although increasing yield, requires high fertilizer and water conditions. If there is no irrigation condition, the soil layer is thin and the soil quality is poor, it is not suitable.
In the mountainous areas of Hebei Province, there is also a cultivation method without pruning the trunk. That is, 3 ~ 4 new vines are directly cultivated from the roots, and when the growth becomes weak after 1 ~ 2 years, they are cut from the base and then cultivated from the roots.
In this pruning method, branches and vines grow naturally within 1 ~ 2 years after seedlings are planted, and all the aboveground parts are cut off after autumn. In the next spring, when the new buds grow to 20-30 cm, select 3-4 of them and remove all the others. Until autumn, according to the growth and fullness of the vines, cut 20-30 buds from each vine. After fruiting in the second year, the cutting length is determined according to the growth intensity or regeneration.
After germination in spring, the buds, weak buds and tillers without inflorescences should be erased. If regeneration is needed, 1 ~ 2 tillers close to the roots should be selected for timely topping and promoting growth. The new buds are about to stop growing. Because of the late coring of the main shoot and the slow growth of the auxiliary shoot, the coring is only done 2 ~ 3 times throughout the year.
Although the yield of this pruning method is high, the yield is very unstable year by year, and the phenomenon of fruit hanging in different years is more serious. In mountainous areas with poor soil and no irrigation conditions, the amount of branches and vines should be less, and the amount of fruit ears should not be too much.
The shaping and pruning methods of scaffolding and hedges are basically the same as other scaffolding and hedges.