First, the transplant points:
1, transplant time
Walnut trees can be transplanted when they are dormant, that is, from 65438+February to 10 days after beginning of spring in the following year, but the best transplanting time is from mid-February to 1 month.
2. Soil preparation for transplanting pit
According to the crown size, the pit gauge is generally (length and width)120-150 cm× (depth) 60 80cm, which is not suitable for deep excavation. If the pit is too deep, it is easy to cause the tree to fall down, get sick and die.
3. Mining walnut trees
Dig about 20cm outside the crown of the tree, try to avoid branching when digging, and cover the roots with more soil. After the tree is dug, the trunk and attached trunk are cut properly in combination with shaping, and the incision is wrapped with film.
Step 4 transplant
First of all, the root system of the tree should be trimmed, put into the pond, with the seedling trunk in the middle, the root system unfolded and straightened, and poured with appropriate amount of water. After the soil absorbs water, it should be leveled and tamped, then the foot water should be poured, and then a layer of dry soil should be covered, which is 5 1Ocm higher than the ground. If possible, it should be covered with plastic film.
5. Management after transplantation
(1) Use lime white after transplanting to prevent frost and diseases and insect pests;
(2) After the spring of the second year, comprehensively check the survival of transplanted trees, and remedy those that are not alive in time;
(3) Weeding and loosening soil, weeding 2-3 times a year if intercropping is not implemented;
(4) Clean up the surrounding environment, often remove miscellaneous shrubs that affect the lighting of walnut trees, and improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions;
(5) Fertilization: mainly applying organic fertilizer and applying inorganic fertilizer appropriately. Generally, 50- 100kg of organic fertilizer or 0/00-200 g of nitrogen fertilizer are applied to each plant every year;
(6) Artificial pollination: If young walnut trees enter the fruiting period, they cannot pollinate themselves, and there is no suitable pollinating tree nearby.
6. Matters needing attention
(1) When transporting seedlings, it is necessary to protect the trunk and tree hate, especially the root and neck, to avoid damaging the bark;
(2) When transplanting, the trees dug on the same day should be transplanted after 3 pm, because the soil temperature is the most suitable after 4 pm in winter in mountainous areas, which is conducive to root growth. If it can't be transplanted that day, the transplanted trees should be placed in the shade and covered with plastic film;
(3) Topdressing should be the main method of fertilization.
Second, the key points of walnut cultivation management technology:
Walnut is a kind of tree species that likes warm and light, and it is more tolerant to dry climate. The climatic conditions suitable for walnut producing areas are: annual average temperature 9~ 12℃, frost-free period 150~220 days; The sunshine hours are not less than 2,200 hours, and the annual precipitation is 600-800 mm; It is best to keep the groundwater level of soil below 2m.
Planting technique
1. In order to prevent walnut from overwintering, it is best to plant it in spring, but it is best to plant it in early spring. Otherwise, the slow seedling stage is long and the growth is slow.
2. Planting methods are divided into two forms: centralized continuous cropping and fruit-grain intercropping. Concentrate on contiguous planting. In areas with deep soil layer, good soil quality and good fertilizer and water conditions, the row spacing and plant spacing should be slightly larger, with 8× 9-6× 8m as appropriate, and 9- 13 plants can be planted per mu; In sloping land, desert land and saline-alkali land with thin soil layer and poor soil fertility, the plant spacing should be smaller, with 5× 6-6× 7m, and 16-22 plants can be planted per mu; The intercropping area of fruit and grain can adopt the plant spacing of 7m and the row spacing of14-21m. Terrace planting can follow the curve one by one without strict distance.
3. Young walnut trees should pay attention to wintering and cold protection. Young walnut trees of 1-2 years old in northern China all have the phenomenon of "undressing" in winter. Before the soil is frozen, the seedlings should be buried in the ground or coated with vaseline, wrapped with plastic film or sprayed with Beijing B2, or ploughed deeply before winter, covered with film on the ground, covered with grass on the tree tray and ridged with soil, which can prevent peeling.
(2) plastic trimming
1, the main tree production mainly adopts sparse layer and natural happy shape.
(1) Sparse layer: there are 6-7 main branches, staggered up and down, and divided into three layers, with three main branches in the first layer, two in the second layer and 1-2 in the third layer. The included angle between the main branches is not less than 60 degrees. The spacing between the first and second floors is1.5-2m (early fruiting walnut1-1.5-2m), and the spacing between the second and third floors is 0.8-1m (early fruiting walnut is 0.5—0.8m). The main branch of the first layer selects three side branches, the main branch of the second layer selects two side branches, and the main branch of the third layer selects 1-2 side branches.
(2) Natural joy: Two, three or more main branches can be planted on the trunk at the same time, and each main branch has 2-3 lateral branches without a central trunk.
2. Pruning period
Pruning period of walnut should avoid bleeding period, and it is appropriate to prune before leaves turn yellow in autumn or after leaves unfold in spring.
3. Pruning method
(1) The task of pruning at the first fruit stage is to continue to cultivate the main lateral branches and make full use of the early fruits of the auxiliary branches. The principle of pruning the auxiliary branches is to stay when you have time, and to be sparse when you have no time. If long branches need to be preserved, they can be picked in summer to promote their branching and form branches. In addition, pests and diseases, dead branches and over-dense branches should be cut off in time.
(2) When pruning trees in the full fruit season, we should pay attention to lowering our heads at the right time and open the "skylight" to introduce light into the room; Maintain the advantages of main branches and side branches, and continue to control the back branches; The peripheral branches and overlapping branches are drained in time or properly retracted and trimmed; Continue to cultivate the regeneration and rejuvenation of the bearing branch group and the old bearing branch group. During this period, there are many branches in the borehole, which leads to the closure of the borehole, so it should be cut and selected appropriately according to the situation.
Let the tree be trimmed. This kind of tree is characterized by flourishing leaves, poor ventilation and light transmission, low yield and poor quality. Master the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions and not forcing trees. A small number of over-dense trunk branches should be thinned in different years. For medium-sized branches, gaps should be opened on the premise of not affecting each other's growth, good light transmittance and being conducive to the emergence of new branches, and some medium-sized branches that are too dense should be appropriately thinned. Peripheral redundant branches should be sparse and strong. Recover perennial weak branches and scorched branches, improve the angle of branches and buds, and make trees and branches rejuvenate.
(3) Soil, fertilizer and water management
1. Soil management Soil management has created favorable conditions for the root growth of walnuts, ensuring the growth and development of walnuts and good flowering and fruiting.
(1) The practice of soil ploughing proves that soil ploughing is one of the indispensable cultivation measures in walnut cultivation. The specific methods include soil deep ploughing and curing and tree planing. The suitable period of deep tillage is from harvest to defoliation, and the depth of deep tillage is 20-30cm. Combined application of straw and weeds. It is not advisable to damage too many roots during deep ploughing, especially those with a thickness of more than 1cm. Trees not suitable for deep digging; Ploughing in spring, summer and autumn has a good effect on flowering and fruit setting, branch growth and fruit development, and nutrient accumulation in autumn.
(2) Soil and Water Conservation Walnut is not afraid of being buried deeply, but of being exposed, which shows that it is necessary to build soil and water conservation projects to prevent soil erosion when planting walnuts on mountain terraces and slopes. In order to give full play to the maximum effect of soil and water conservation projects, shrubs can be planted at the outer edges of hidden places such as terraces, fish scale pits and horizontal ditches to strengthen soil and water conservation projects and prevent rain erosion.
2. Fertilization and irrigation
(1) Soil fertilization Soil fertilization can be divided into base fertilizer and topdressing. The application period of base fertilizer should be as early as possible, and should be completed after harvest and before defoliation. Young trees can be fertilized annularly, and adult trees can be fertilized radially. Fertilize each young tree not less than 25-50kg, the initial fruit-bearing period not less than 50-100-200kg and the full fruit-bearing period not less than100-200kg. The suitable period of topdressing is three stages: before flowering, young fruit expansion and fruit hard core. The first two periods were mainly supplemented with nitrogen fertilizer, and the hard core period was mainly phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer.
(2) The spraying period of foliar fertilizer can be carried out at flowering stage, new shoot growth stage, flower bud differentiation stage and after harvest. The types and concentrations of fertilizers commonly used in production are urea 0.3-0.4%, calcium superphosphate leaching solution 0.5- 1%, potassium sulfate 0.2-0.3%, boric acid 0. 1-0.2%, ammonium molybdate 0.5- 1% and copper sulfate 0.3-0.4%. Spraying 0.3% boron and 0.3% urea at the flowering stage in Shexian County, Hebei Province can increase the fruit setting rate by 9- 17%.
(3) Irrigation in time After general soil fertilization, it is necessary to water and irrigate in time and pay attention to moisturizing. In addition, before and after germination and before female flower differentiation (around mid-June), irrigation should be carried out after applying base fertilizer in autumn.
Peach tree (trunk diameter 5 5- 10/0cm)
First, the transplant points:
1. Transplanting time: The best transplanting time is from defoliation of peach trees to germination in the following year, and defoliation to late autumn before soil freezing. At this time, the aboveground parts of trees are dormant, and big trees can also be transplanted. Trees that are difficult to survive and need to transplant big balls can transplant big balls in late autumn and early winter, but they should avoid the severe cold period and do a good job in soil surface protection and wind and cold protection. It is best to plant it in Yiyuan, Shandong Province years ago (just transplanted and planted with walnut trees).
2. Garden selection: According to the characteristics of peach trees, choose places with high terrain, good drainage, deep soil layer, loose soil, sufficient sunshine and convenient transportation for planting. Planting peaches in the soil where peach trees were planted in the previous crop is easy to cause serious diseases, so continuous cropping should be avoided in Taoyuan. It was best not to plant peach trees here before.
3. Planting density:
4. Planting technology: according to the park planning and plant spacing, mark the planting points and dig planting pits with the planting points as the center. The pit is required to be 80- 100 cm deep and 0/00 cm wide. When planting, put the seedlings in the center of the pit, straighten out the roots, fill them while stepping on them, and plant the seedlings firmly. After planting, the mound on the pit is 20 cm higher than the surrounding ground, and a tree tray with a diameter of about 1 m is made to prevent the pit from sinking and accumulating water (that is, ridging cultivation).
Tips: When there are conditions and time, pile the excavated topsoil and subsoil separately, fill the topsoil back into the pit after digging, apply 50- 100 kg of decomposed ring fertilizer first, then fully mix the soil and fertilizer, and then fill some subsoil.
Overview of colonial points:
Fixed-point digging, fertilizing and backfilling, watering and sinking, digging before planting, planting, watering after planting, and covering with plastic film.
Two, peach cultivation and management technical points:
(1) plastic trimming
1, plastic: According to the characteristics of peach trees like light, peach trees generally take a natural and happy shape. The height of the stem is generally 30-40 cm. Before germination in spring, the peach seedlings are cut off at the full buds 50-60 cm from the ground, and the plastic belt is cut off at about 20 cm. After germination, all the buds below the plastic belt are wiped off, and three main branches are evenly arranged on the trunk, the included angle between the three main branches is 120, and the opening angle of each main branch is 45-50, and side branches and fruiting branches are arranged on the main branches. The lateral branch spacing is about 50-60 cm, and each main branch can leave 2-3 lateral branches.
2. Pruning: Pruning of peach trees can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning.
Pruning in winter is carried out in the dormant period of peach trees after defoliation. Methods include short cutting (cutting short branches), retraction (cutting perennial branches or branches) and thinning (thinning branches from the base). Summer pruning is an auxiliary pruning from spring germination to autumn defoliation, including germination (erasing long branches), core removal (removing the tender branches at the top of new branches) and branch pulling (opening branches), and the two pruning methods can be combined with each other.
The task of pruning in the young tree period is mainly to enlarge the crown as soon as possible, complete the plastic work, cultivate all kinds of branches in a planned way, relieve the tree vigor and promote early fruit and high yield.
Pruning in the fruiting period, when the crown gradually opens and the tree is relaxed. When pruning, attention should be paid to improving the lighting conditions inside the crown, and the pruning amount will increase year by year with the increase of the fruit quantity, and it will be retracted and updated in time to prevent the fruit part from moving up.
(2) Soil, fertilizer and water management:
1. Soil management: in autumn, combine digging fertilizer ditch and applying base fertilizer to expand the tree tray. Other crops, such as peanuts, soybeans, sweet potatoes and peppers. Intercropping is feasible within 1-2 years after peach seedlings are planted, but it is necessary to avoid planting tall crops such as corn and sunflower, whose tall plants will compete for fertilizer and seriously affect the growth of trees. Green manure can also be planted between rows, which can not only prevent weeds from growing wildly, but also enrich the fields, significantly increase soil organic matter and improve soil structure.
2. Fertilization: Peach trees grow vigorously, especially when they enter the fruiting period, so a lot of nutrients should be supplemented, otherwise high yield and high quality cannot be guaranteed. According to the fertilization period, it can be divided into base fertilizer application and topdressing.
Base fertilizer: the basic fertilizer supplied to fruit trees for a long time, mainly organic fertilizers such as after-effect ring fertilizer and compost. It is best to apply base fertilizer before peach leaves fall in late autumn. The method is to dig an annular ditch around the crown and apply 50- 100 kg to each plant. The fertilization amount of big trees entering the full fruit stage needs to be increased appropriately. Generally, standard organic fertilizer should be applied to peach trees with a yield of 100kg per plant 150kg.
Topdressing: used in the growth period of peach trees, mainly to supplement the deficiency of base fertilizer. Topdressing is generally divided into three times. For the first time, it was applied before germination, mainly with available nitrogen fertilizer to promote orderly flowering. For the second time, it was applied at the fruit expansion stage, mainly potassium fertilizer, combined with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer; For the third time, topdressing before and after fruit picking, mainly nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, supplemented a lot of nutrients consumed by peach trees and helped to restore tree vigor. Topdressing method: generally poured in a tree tray.
Topdressing outside the roots: spraying fertilizer on the leaves has quick effect and high utilization rate. The application time can be carried out in the growth period according to the growth needs of fruit trees, and can be sprayed together with pest control, saving labor and time. Common fertilizer and dosage: urea 0.3%; 0.5- 1% ammonium phosphate; 0.3-0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate; Plant ash leachate10-20%; 0.2- 1% ammonium ferrous sulfate.
Tip: Top dressing outside the roots is effective, but everyone is too troublesome. You can try!
3. Irrigation and drainage: common peach tree irrigation combined with topdressing. If the weather is dry, they should be irrigated separately. Peach trees are not resistant to waterlogging, and low-lying peach gardens are prone to waterlogging. Drainage ditches should be dredged in rainy season to ensure smooth drainage when rainy season comes.
(3) Fruit thinning and bagging (similar to apples):
1. Fruit thinning: Peach trees are easy to blossom and have high fruit setting rate. If the fruit is not thinned, there will be too many fruits, small deformation and poor quality. Fruit thinning is generally carried out within two weeks after flowering, divided into two times, the first time for light thinning, and the second time after one week. Fruit thinning begins with thinning small fruits, double fruits, deformed fruits and pests. There are many fruits left in the upper part of upright varieties, less in the lower part, and more in open varieties.
2. Bagging: The time should be immediately after fruit setting or physiological fruit dropping.