I. Variety characteristics
1. Botanical characteristics: the shoots are yellowish green, the young leaves are reddish, and the hairs are dense. Adult leaves are large and thick, nearly round, 5-lobed, with deep upper fissure and shallow lower fissure and sharp serrations. The petiole is broad and arched, and the petiole is purplish red. Annual mature branches are yellow-brown, shiny and long internodes. Mature winter buds are of medium size.
2. Fruit characteristics: the ear is medium and large, oblong and conical, and the grain elasticity is moderate, with an average ear weight of 445g and a maximum of 980g. The fruit is oval to oblong, slightly curved and yellow-white, with an average grain weight of 7.5g and a maximum of 10g. Each fruit contains 0 ~ 3 seeds, mostly 1 ~ 2 seeds, with shriveled seeds and no small seeds. The fruit powder is very thick and beautiful, and the skin is very thin, so you can peel it off and eat it with the skin. The content of soluble solids 18 ~ 23%, the highest is 28.3%. Rock sugar is rich in milk flavor, high in quality and high in commodity. Not easy to crack fruit, extrusion resistance, good storage and transportation resistance and long shelf life.
3. Growth and fruiting habits: the root system is developed, the growth potential is moderate, and the new shoots are upright. The fruit-setting period is early, the fruit-setting rate in the second year of planting is over 90%, and the fruit-setting ability is strong. The output of 667 square meters is about 1500 kg. The average germination rate is 85%, the fruiting branch rate is 98%, and the average per fruit branch is 65438 0.8 ears. The secondary top junction has medium strength. It germinates on April 7, blooms on May 23, and matures in early August. It is 10 ~ 15 days earlier than Kyoho, and it is a middle-early maturing variety.
4. Resistance and adaptability: the cold resistance is strong, and the mature branches can withstand the low temperature of about-18℃; Strong disease resistance, according to the conventional control method of Jufeng strain varieties, no pests and diseases occur; Both waterlogging resistance and drought resistance are very strong, and the requirements for soil and environment are not strict. It can be cultivated in all grape producing areas in China.
Second, the benefit analysis
1. Benefit analysis: With the improvement of people's living standards, the consumption concept has also undergone earth-shaking changes. Many rich people spend high prices to buy functions and enjoy life. Under this premise, many special fruits have sold at amazing prices. Golden finger grape has beautiful appearance, high sugar content and special flavor, which conforms to the concept of high-end consumption, so it can sell at a high price. In 2009, Golden Finger Grape sold for RMB 100 per kilogram, which can reach the output value of 1500 yuan per 667 square meters. Even in economically backward areas, the price is several times that of Kyoho grapes. Calculated by per kilogram 10 yuan, the output value can reach 1.5 million yuan per 667 square meters, and the benefits are very considerable.
2. Development prospect: According to the resistance of Goldfinger, where giant peaks can be planted, Goldfinger grapes can be planted; According to the consumption habits of China people, sweet fruit is always more delicious than sour fruit. At present, Kyoho grape has been planted in hundreds of thousands of hectares in China, while Goldfinger grape has just been planted, which can be planted in all grape producing areas in China, and its development prospect is very considerable. In 2009, the origin price of Qingdao was RMB 0/00 per kg/kloc, and six supermarkets, including Qingdao Jiashike and Carrefour, were listed at the same time, with a price of RMB 268 per box (1 kg), which had a strong market response.
Three. Key points of cultivation techniques
1. Shelf selection: This variety has strong growth potential and easy flowering, and is suitable for any cultivation mode. A new type of Y-frame is recommended here.
Advantages of "Y" frame: (1) The management is relatively standardized and easy for fruit farmers to master; (2) High planting density and good early yield; (3) It has the nature of scaffolding, and the fruit is good in commodity; (4) easy to control the output and improve the quality; (5) The three zones (ventilation zone, fruit zone and nutrition zone) are obviously distributed, which is convenient for mechanized management; (6) In high-temperature and humid areas, it is convenient for shelter from rain and farming.
Y-shaped frame design: (1) column is 2.3 ~ 2.4m high, buried 0.5 ~ 0.6m underground and left on the ground1.8m. (2) Tie three cross bars with the length of 0.5 m, 0.8 m and 1.7 m respectively on the ground, and require that both ends have the same length. Pull a wire forward at both ends of the cross bar, and at the same time pull a wire on both sides of the post with the height of 0.5 m on the ground. In this way, there are four iron wires on both sides of the column, and the frame type is completed.
Y-frame planting: the soil can be prepared for planting after thawing in early spring. Generally, the plot is irrigated once, and if it is saline-alkali land, it is irrigated twice. When planting, the seedlings should not be buried too deep in the soil, and the top of the seedlings should be 5 ~ 10 cm above the ground. After planting, water it once, then cover it with plastic film, dig out the overground part of the grape seedlings from the film, and press the plastic film with a small amount of soil to avoid being blown by the wind. Planting density: 2.5 ~ 2.8m long row spacing, 0.2m short row spacing, plant spacing 1m, 667m2 planting 400 ~ 500 plants.
Step 2: plastic trimming
(1) management technology in the first year after planting: first plant the column, pull the wire, and complete the Y-frame. Second, after the seedlings germinate, in line with the principle of "leaving the strong and not the weak, leaving the upper and not the upper", select the two strong buds in the upper part and erase the rest. Thirdly, when the height of the seedling grows to 15 ~ 20 cm, remove a relatively weak branch and leave only a strong branch to grow; The purpose of this is to prevent the damage of weather disasters such as breaking to the new shoots, and to be foolproof. Fourthly, when the seedling height is 40 ~ 50 cm, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied, and the seedling should be supported and the new shoots should be tied on the bracket. Fifthly, when the new shoot grows to1.2m, core is taken at the top of the main shoot, and then five leaves are left at the top of the secondary shoot for repeated coring, and the final height is about1.8 ~ 2m. 6. In the first year of winter pruning, it is required to prune the grapes at any position where the thickness of the cut mouth reaches more than 0.8 cm, but the maximum height of the pruned grapes shall not exceed 1.5 m, and the minimum height shall not be less than 0.5 m. If the growth in the first year is ideal, it is best to prune at 1.5 m to ensure the yield in the second year to the maximum extent.
(2) Management in the second year: firstly, tie the vines horizontally on the first iron wire. If the pruning height last year was 1.5m, it happened to be connected with the previous grapes. The second is to wipe the bud and trim the tip. After the grapes germinate, leave a branch in the corner to grow upright as the fruiting branch of the next year. This branch was not allowed to bear fruit that year, so it grew upright. When the new shoot grows to1.2m, core it. After that, leave two leaves at the top of the branch for repeated coring. Third, the new buds of the main vine tied to the first steel wire can bear inflorescences and grapes. According to the inflorescence number of grapes, leave a new shoot every 15 ~ 18 cm, and each new shoot usually leaves one ear, and some can leave two ears; If carefully managed, the output of 667 square meters in the second year can reach 1000 kg. The fourth is to be clever and promote big ears. This variety is easy to grow white and has a small inflorescence when it is young, so it should be picked early and skillfully. When the new shoot grows to 60 ~ 70cm, leave 50cm for re-coring, leave a top secondary branch a few days later, and leave 1 leaf for other secondary branches to core; When the new shoot grows to about 60 ~ 70 cm, the core is picked again, and then two leaves are left at the top to pick the core repeatedly. Fifth, the whole ear becomes thinner. In order to achieve the goal of high quality and high efficiency, thinning the whole ear is an essential link, except for the secondary ear before flowering, pinching the tip of the ear when seeing the flower, and thinning the whole ear at the same time when the grain is big and clear after physiological fruit drop; Make the ear shape neat, and then remove the diseased fruit, small fruit and over-dense fruit. 6. Pruning in the winter of the second year-single branch pruning. When pruning in the winter of the second year, the branches cultivated in the corners will be cut off at 1 m as the bearing branches of the next year, and all the others will be cut off.
(3) Management in the third year and beyond: completely according to the management mode of the second year.
3. Soil, fertilizer and water management
(1) Soil management: There are mainly measures such as deep tillage, intertillage weeding, intercropping, mulching and planting grass.
(2) Fertilizer management: Goldfinger grape, like other varieties, needs not only nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and other elements, but also trace elements such as zinc, boron and manganese. The production of 1000 kg grapes generally requires N: 5 ~ 10 kg, P2O5: 2 ~ 4 kg and K2O: 5 ~ 10 kg, depending on the fertility of the soil itself. Fertilization period is generally as follows: base fertilizer in autumn, topdressing before germination, topdressing before flowering, topdressing at young fruit stage, topdressing at berry maturity stage, etc. In addition, combined with spraying, foliar topdressing is carried out for 4-5 times a year, mainly including amino acids, humic acid, compound micro-fertilizers, and synthetic growth regulators such as Bijiu, NAA and 2.4-D. None, and PP333, PBO, etc. Is limited.
(3) Water management: The main stages of water management include grape germination, 65,438+00 days before flowering, about 65,438+00 days after flowering, berry coloring, berry ripening, grape burying for cold protection and so on. As for the water deficit index of grape plants, it can be used as the standard of irrigation according to the growth status of shoots, and the hard bending of shoots is a normal growth phenomenon; If the shoots are upright and soft, they are short of water and should be irrigated immediately.
4. Reasonable load: Too high yield will not only affect the quality and delay the maturity, but also make the trees premature. The load of trees must be strictly controlled in production. Under normal management conditions, the strong bearing branches can keep fruit 1 ~ 2 ears, the middle branches only keep fruit 1 ear, and the weak branches do not keep fruit.
5. Grape bagging: Bagging is one of the best ways to obtain bright, high-quality and pollution-free fruits, and has become an essential link in the production of high-grade grapes. Grape bagging can effectively reduce the harm of fruit diseases and insect pests and birds, reduce the application times, reduce pesticide residues, improve fruit quality and increase commodity value.
6. Timely harvesting: Golden Finger grapes can be picked one after another within 20 days after the grapes swell and soften. However, if you want to reflect the thick honey fragrance of Golden Finger Grape, you'd better let it ripen completely before picking. In Qingdao, Golden Finger grapes are generally harvested around September 1 every year, and finished in the middle and late June 10. During this period, the grapes are fully mature and can be used as high-grade gifts.
7. Pest control: This variety has strong disease resistance, so you can refer to the pest control method of Kyoho grape. Because the sugar content is too high, we should pay attention to the harm of birds and bees.