Label: Taoist classification: Charming Henan
Taoism of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Henan Province (Taikang County)
Taikang Taoism has a long history, which originated from the ancient folk opera art in the Spring and Autumn Period and distributed in Taikang and its surrounding areas. Rich repertoire. According to census statistics, there are more than 30 kinds of qupai and tunes, including three categories and five varieties. There are three categories: singing, performance and music, and five categories: vocal school, performance program, music system, Qupai tune and percussion. The formation of these categories of Taikang Daoqing includes both inherited folk art and sister art, and finally forms the unique characteristics of Taikang Daoqing. There are more than 60 traditional dramas 160 and more than 60 modern dramas. Many of these plays have been lost in the long-term circulation. Since its formation, Taikang Taoist drama was renamed after several ups and downs in 1957.
"If you hoe two acres less, you can't delay watching Taikang Taoist drama." In eastern Henan and northern Anhui, Taikang Daoqing once conquered tens of millions of audiences with its unique charm. Taikang County established the first Taoist drama troupe in New China and the only one in China so far, winning the reputation of "the first drama troupe in the world". However, under the impact of the spring tide of market economy, this local opera with a thousand-year history has also encountered unprecedented difficulties.
Tao is an inexhaustible past.
In the spring of March, I came to Taikang County, the hometown of Taoism. Under the guidance of local people, they entered an unknown alley in the north of Hong Xue Street and stopped after walking for more than ten meters. The local people pointed to a three-story building listed as Taikang County Science School and said, "This is the Taoist Opera Troupe."
The font of the wooden signboard is mottled and the paint on the wooden signboard has fallen off. On the third floor, the first floor is a warehouse, which is full of props and musical instruments; On the second floor is the rehearsal hall, with only one table and a dozen wooden chairs; The third floor is the living room of the actors, and the present situation has explained the living conditions of the troupe today.
Spring is the peak season for performances. The troupe went to Luohe to perform, and the house was closed and locked. I heard that I visited Taoist drama. The locals still warmly invited Zhu, once a famous Taoist drama actor. At the age of 65,438+04, he entered the county drama training class and performed on stage. Because of its full and pure voice, clear and fluent articulation and dignified performance temperament, it has been unanimously appreciated by audiences inside and outside the province. She starred in Wang Jindou Borrowing Grain and Zhang Tingxiu.
Stills of Wang Jindou borrowing grain
Zhu took out her makeup photos and recalled the grand occasion of the performance that year. There was a different look on her face: "When we premiered in Anhui, we actually performed a dozen people who were so crowded that they couldn't buy tickets for the play, and asked for the live performance to be transmitted through a loudspeaker. At midnight, there are still hundreds of people sitting around the radio, actors walking in the street and pedestrians telling each other. We eat, take photos, take a bath and get a haircut, but the masses respectfully don't accept money. When the troupe passed away, the vendor selling steamed bread rushed to the actor's car with steamed bread and forced it into the actor's hand. "
"When I was performing on the open-air stage in Dashiqiao, Zhengzhou, I sang" Opposite Play "with Chang Xiangyu and Shen. No one dared to rest, and there were no substitutions in eight of the ten games, otherwise the audience would not agree. At that time, everyone praised their good feelings. In the famous modern Henan opera Chaoyanggou, Bao Bao sang, "Don't panic, don't be fierce ..."
In its heyday, Taikang had more than 60 Taoist classes. In the rural areas of eastern Henan and northern Anhui, you can casually pull a person over 30 years old, and he may be able to boldly hum a Taoist drama. As early as the 1970s, a Taoist drama "On the Way Forward" was popular all over the country, letting hundreds of millions of domestic audiences know that "Taikang still has such a good Taoist drama". Famous dramas such as "Wang Jindou Borrowing Grain" and "After Getting Rich" after 80s are talked about by countless people. Participate in national, provincial and municipal competitions and always go home with honor. Nowadays, Daoqing Troupe has been fighting in the north and the south before the wheat harvest every year, performing more than 400 performances, most of which are in rural areas. Most of the performances were written and performed by them, and the people in rural areas of Henan, Anhui and Shandong gave the Daoqing Troupe a name: "Cultivator Troupe".
The ongoing drama "Love"
On the way back to Zhengzhou from Taikang, I transferred to Luohe, where a Qing opera troupe was performing. Zhang, head of the Daoqing Opera Troupe in Taikang County, opened the box when talking about Daoqing Opera: "Spring is the peak season for the whole performance. After the autumn harvest and winter, there will be performances everywhere. This year, performances began in various places on the 28th of the twelfth lunar month, and contracts were signed on April 15th of the lunar calendar. There are many places to perform, such as Linquan in Anhui, Xiangcheng in Henan, Luohe, Wuyang, Yuzhou, Xuchang, Kaifeng and Zhengzhou, as well as several places north of the Yellow River. We put on a new play every year. This year, "I hate going out of the palace" and "Five generations under one roof" were staged. There are 60 performers in the whole troupe, the oldest is 54 years old, and the youngest is 14 years old. It can perform more than 400 performances throughout the year, ranking second to none among the Henan Opera Troupe, with a total income of 300,000-400,000 yuan. "
However, like other rare operas, Taoism is not prosperous. Daoqing Troupe is facing the problems of shrinking performance market and economic difficulties, and its survival is threatened at all times.
"The time for actors to go out to perform every year is mostly concentrated in three or four months after the end of the year. After the summer harvest and autumn planting, many actors from farmers have to go home to farm, and there is no salary in the middle. This dilemma has forced many artists to leave the opera stage and enter the business world. " It is understood that a number of Taoist rookies, such as Lu, Yi, Yi and Ding, are about to grow sturdily. However, affected by the market economy, some of them go to Zhengzhou singing opera teahouse and some go out to work.
"Go to the opera, the audience, just looking at the corner. Actors nowadays are so casual that they can sing whatever they want. If the old actors are allowed to play the role of passing, helping and bringing, and cultivate new forces, and the government gives relevant support to a few operas, Taikang Daoqing will definitely have an audience. " 66-year-old Zhu still hasn't given up her Taoist complex.
Brilliant family history
Sitting in a humble room, Zhang, the head of Taikang Daoqing Troupe, is still in high spirits. Later, he slowly told the historical origins and stories of Daoqing, as if telling his own family affairs.
Taoism has a long history and originated from Taoism in China. At that time, Laozi was the godfather, and Five Thousand Articles, Tao Te Ching and Taiping Tiaojin were the main Taoist works. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a new method of reciting precepts in the music movement (Taoist music) was formulated, in which Taoist themes were written in literary forms such as poems, words and songs, and Taoism and reason were integrated, saying, ".
Taoist sentiment was originally a poetic praise, but after the Song Dynasty, it absorbed words and qupai and evolved into a new verse sung in folk sermons, also known as Taoist songs. Accompanied by fishing drums and simple boards, similar to drum lyrics. Later, the poetic praise in Daoqing was mainly popular in the south, and it was a rap Daoqing with alternating songs and lyrics. A branch of Qupai style is popular in the north, and has developed into a Taoist drama in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong and other places, with "children's play", "soap robe" and "Qingjiang introduction" as the main vocals, and the drums and vocals of Shaanxi Opera and Bangzi are adopted, gradually forming Taoist dramas in various places. The content includes four categories: drama of promoting immortals, drama of encouraging goodness in Xiu De, drama of folk life, drama of historical stories and drama of legendary case-solving.
From the early years of the Republic of China, Daoqing stepped onto the stage from the form of Quyi singing, which was called "Daoqing Class". On the eve of liberation, the troupe dispersed and disappeared, and revived after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Daoqing is good at singing tortuous children's family stories to win, with strong local accent and folk color.
His stunts are absolutely amazing. Some "tongue twisters" were interspersed in the early Taoist singing, such as "mixed singing of hundreds of surnames and three-character classics" When an actor plays the role of a ghost, he has to wear a bell-shaped artificial eye shaped like an egg, and his eyes will turn, which is a rare stunt in other operas.
In its heyday, Taikang had more than 60 Taoist classes. At that time, Taoist dramas enjoyed a high reputation among the masses, and there were many proverbs, such as "I'd rather make you look sour than delay watching Taikang's Taoist class" and "I can't delay watching Taikang's Taoist dramas without hoeing two acres of land", so Taikang was also called "the hometown of Taoist feelings".
Proud experience
In the rural areas of eastern Henan and northern Anhui, if you pull a person over 30 casually, he may be able to boldly hum a Taoist drama, and the popularity of Taoist feelings is amazing. In fact, as early as the 1970s, a Taoist drama "On the Way Forward" was popular all over the country, letting hundreds of millions of domestic audiences know that "Taikang still has such a good Taoist drama". Famous dramas such as "Wang Jindou Borrowing Grain" and "After Getting Rich" after 80s are talked about by countless people.
Previously, it was said that Taikang Daoqing Troupe had the reputation of "Gold Award Professional Household" in the local area. Zhang's pile of honorary certificates and trophies confirmed this statement. It turns out that Taikang Daoqing has participated in national, provincial and municipal competitions for many times, and always returns with honor.
1992 "Wang Jindou borrows grain" participated in the national outstanding drama exhibition of "The First Troupe in the World" and won eight awards. The troupe was officially named "The First Troupe in the World" by the Ministry of Culture. In 2000, Daoqing Troupe was awarded as an advanced cultural collective in Henan Province. In 200 1 year, Hou Fu won the gold medal in the 11th "Stars Award" contest in China, and then won the National Population and Culture Award. In 2003, Taikang Daoqing Troupe won the first prize in the 8th Small Drama Sketch (Quyi) Competition in Henan Province with a love song ... At the same time, Daoqing Troupe was invited to perform in Beijing many times, which was cordially received and highly praised by the party and state leaders and was deeply favored by the people in the capital.
Known as "the first group in the world", Taikang Daoqing is a rare drama in China. Taikang Daoqing was designated as the first intangible cultural heritage in the State Council.
Zhengzhou Daily's original large-scale series of reports on intangible cultural heritage
Zhongyuan News Network-Zhengzhou Daily
Eyesight protection color: ███████████
In order to improve readers' understanding of intangible cultural heritage in our province and promote the rescue and protection of intangible cultural heritage, this newspaper has sent major reporters to cover all parts of the province since the beginning of March. Starting from today, this group of reports full of journalists' enthusiasm and painstaking efforts will be continuously launched in this edition in the form of a series of reports on intangible cultural heritage.
Intangible culture
Heritage is the inheritance of the Chinese nation for thousands of years.
A general term for cultures that have been handed down, are closely related to the people and are not displayed in material form, including traditional performing arts such as drama, music, dance, handicrafts, and other important spiritual and cultural heritages such as traditional festivals and folk customs.
Our province is rich in intangible cultural heritage, and the rescue and protection work also ranks at the leading level in the country. In 2003, our province established the leading group of Henan folk cultural heritage rescue project; The following year, the protection project of ethnic and folk culture in Henan Province was officially launched in the whole province. 5438+ In the middle of this year 10, the Ministry of Culture announced the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list recommended items 50 1. Of the 57 items reported by our province, 20 were included in the recommended list.
According to the reporter's interview, according to the Implementation Plan of National Folk Culture Protection Project in Henan Province, our province has identified the first batch of 46 national folk culture protection projects and the first batch of 24 national folk culture protection projects in Henan Province, and selected 57 projects to declare the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage. At the same time, we will increase the publicity of national and folk culture protection and take the lead in holding the "Henan Cultural Heritage Day" in the country.
It is understood that the protection project of ethnic and folk culture in our province is generally divided into three stages: the first stage is from 2004 to 2008, which is the first pilot and endangered stage; The second stage, from 2009 to 20 13, is a stage of all-round development and key protection; The third stage, 2065 438+04-2020, supplements and improves the mechanism.
According to the person in charge of the Henan Provincial Folk Cultural Heritage Rescue Engineering Committee, they are currently doing five aspects of work: looking for outstanding representatives in folk literature, fine arts and performing arts throughout the province, giving 100 winners the title of "Excellent Inheritor of Folk Culture in Henan Province" and selecting 10 important inheritors, which will be supported and protected by the state; Start editing the Encyclopedia of Folk Stories in China to rescue and protect folk oral literature; To carry out the naming, compilation and publication of the top ten folk classics in Henan; Conduct a comprehensive survey of the "time-honored brands" founded before 1949 in our province and put them on record; General survey of residential buildings in our province, rational development and utilization of classics.
List of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage representatives declared by Henan Province
(with "▲") Recommended items for entering the national intangible cultural heritage list) Folk literature/oral literature: 5.
1. The Legend of Mulan (Yucheng County, Shangqiu) ▲2. Legend of Butterfly Lovers (Zhumadian runan county) 3. Shun Di Legends and Cultural Space (Puyang County) 4. The Legend of the White Snake Xu Xian (Hebi qibin district)
5. The Legend of Dong Yong and the Seven Fairies (Wuzhi County, Jiaozuo) ▲ Folk Art: 2 pieces.
1. Zhuxian Town Woodblock New Year Pictures (Kaifeng County, Kaifeng) ▲
2. Wang Qiao peasant paintings (runan county, Zhumadian City) and folk music: 9 songs.
1. Bantouqu (Nanyang) ▲2. Zhongzhou Zheng School (Provincial Art Research Institute) 3. Raise (Xuchang) 4. Sima Yi Victory Drum (Jiaozuo wen county) 5. Shallow Blowing Songs (xinmi city, Zhengzhou) 6. Suona (Qinyang City, Jiaozuo) ▲7. Bronze Drum Dance (Jiaxian City, Pingdingshan City)
9. Wuzhi Pangu (Wuzhi County, Jiaozuo) Folk Dance: 1.
1. official gong (Zhoukou Xiangcheng) drama: 14.
1. Henan Opera (Provincial Art Research Institute) ▲2. Quju (Provincial Institute of Art) ▲3. Yuediao (Zhoukou) ▲
4. Daxian Opera (Anyang hua county Puyang Provincial Art Research Institute) ▲
5. Luo Juan Opera (runan county Art Research Institute in Zhumadian, Tongxu County in Kaifeng)
6. Mulian Opera (Nanle County, Puyang) ▲7. Daoqing (Taikang County, Zhoukou) ▲8. Wanbang (Nanyang neixiang county) ▲
9. Siping Tune (Shangqiu Provincial Institute of Art, Puyang County)
10. Dapingdiao (Puyang County Art Research Institute, hua county, Anyang) ▲
1 1. Taoist Shadow Play (Sanmenxia lingbao city) 12. Luoshan Shadow Play (Xinyang luoshan county) 13. Gangshen (Xincai County, Zhumadian)
14. Huai Bang (Qinyang City, Jiaozuo) ▲ Quyi: 5 songs.
1. Heluo Drum (Luoyang) 2. Henan Pendant (Provincial Art Research Institute) ▲3. Prince Qin Shu (Jiyuan) 4. Jujube (Gushi County, Xinyang)
5. Sixiandao (Pingyu County, Zhumadian) folk handicraft skills: 5.
1. Du Kang wine brewing technology (Luoyang) 2. Jun Porcelain (Xuchang, Yuzhou City) 3. Jade Carving Craft (Nanyang zhenping county) 4. Mud goo goo (Hebi) ▲
5. Tangxijian Craft (Xiping County, Zhumadian) Production and Trade Customs: 1.
1. Queshan Tiehua (Zhumadian) Annual Order: 1.
1.99 Double Ninth Festival (Shangcai County, Zhumadian) Folk knowledge: 5.
1. Shaolin Kung Fu (Shaolin Temple in Zhengzhou) ▲2. Taiji Biography (Jiaozuo wen county) ▲3. Bagua Culture (Provincial Academy of Social Sciences) 4. Luoyang bonesetting (Luoyang)
5. Cultural space related to the cultural expression of the above-mentioned acupuncture bronze statue (Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kaifeng): 9.
1. Majie Book Club (Pingdingshan) ▲2. Taihaoling Ancestral Hall Club (Huaiyang County, Zhoukou) ▲3. Laozi Birthday Temple Fair (Luyi County, Zhoukou) 4. Xunxian (Hebi) Ancient Temple Fair in the First Month
5. Pangu Temple Fair (provincial national folk culture protection center, Tongbai County, Nanyang, Biyang County, Zhumadian)
6. Baiquan Temple Fair (huixian city) 7. Daying Shehuo (Sanmenxia Shan County) 8. Folk Shehuo (Xun County, Hebi) 9. Jiaochang (Sanmenxia)