1842 On August 29th, the Qing government and the British government signed an unequal treaty-Sino-British treaty of nanking. Every patriotic China will never forget this day, which is the first national shame day in modern history! Treaty of nanking has brought disastrous consequences to China society. Since then, three imperialist countries have invaded, plundered and carved up China. According to Article 2 of the Treaty, China has changed from an independent sovereign state to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
The treaty of nanking was drafted by the British aggressor Ma Lixun according to the Draft Treaty with China drafted by British Foreign Secretary Mr. Bamaizun. The treaty is *** 13, and its main contents are as follows:
(1) trade with five ports. According to Article 2 of the Treaty, China's coastal cities of Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai were opened as trading ports, which satisfied the long-planned wish of the British invaders.
(2) Occupy Hong Kong. According to Article 3 of the Treaty, China and Hong Kong were ceded to Britain, making Hong Kong a bridgehead for British aggression against China.
(3) Compensation paid by Suo Le. According to Article 7 of the Treaty, China paid compensation of 2 1 10,000 yuan to Britain, which was paid in four years, including opium compensation of 6 million yuan, commercial arrears of 3 million yuan, and land and water military expenditure of10.2 million yuan. This huge sum of money seriously weakened the fiscal revenue of the Qing government, and the cost was bound to be passed on to the working people, thus further aggravating the people's disaster.
(4) agreed tariffs. According to Article 10 of the Treaty, China must negotiate with the British government to levy import and export goods tax on British businessmen. The agreed tariff is one of the important reasons for the underdeveloped industry in modern China.
(5) Other issues. Britain can send officials in charge of neighboring countries' affairs and trade port affairs; Abolish the public banking system in Guangdong; Release traitors and traitors; British managers and China officials communicate on an equal footing; British troops occupied this area of China until the Qing government paid the reparations.
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Nanjing Injury Treaty
(1) The cession of Hong Kong Island made China's territorial sovereignty incomplete; Hong Kong Island controls the estuary of Guangzhou. Commercially, the occupation of Hong Kong Island can hit Guangzhou's trade. Militarily, it can control Guangzhou and the southeast coast of China. Since then, Hong Kong Island has become a stronghold of British aggression against China.
(2) Huge reparations, equivalent to one-third of the annual fiscal revenue of the Qing government. Therefore, the Qing government strengthened the oppression of the people, and the people's burden was unprecedented; Made a bad example of the invaders extorting compensation from China. At the same time, it also provided capital accumulation for the development of British capitalism.
(3) The opening of five ports opened the door to the southeast coast of China, which facilitated the invasion of foreign capitalist forces and facilitated the export of foreign capitalist goods. It promoted the influx of goods from capitalist countries, including opium, into China, and made China's economy semi-colonial day by day. As a result, a large number of craftsmen in the southeast coast of China went bankrupt, and China's self-sufficient natural economy began to collapse, seriously undermining China's trade sovereignty. According to the Humen Treaty, the British can build houses on these leased land and live for a long time. These five ports became the strongholds of British aggression.
(4) The stipulation of the agreed tax rate is one-sided. It is only stipulated that the tax rate of British businessmen's import and export goods to China should be negotiated with the British side, but it is not stipulated that the tax rate of China's import and export goods to Britain should be negotiated with the Chinese side. Therefore, China unilaterally reduced the tariff rate. Therefore, this is a serious violation of China's tariff sovereignty and a far-reaching economic aggression measure. China began to lose its customs autonomy, which provided favorable conditions for foreign invaders to plunder China economically. Make China's import tax the lowest in the world. Since then, China has been unable to adjust its tax rate, and the customs has been unable to protect its industry and commerce. Instead, it has become a tool used by foreign invaders to dump foreign goods and plunder the export of China's raw materials. The agreed tariff not only destroyed China's tariff autonomy, but also helped western countries to dump goods, which made the development of China's national industry lose the protection of tariffs. China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Traditional tariff
Also known as the agreed tax rate, it is a tariff system. It is the tax rate set by a country on import and export commodities according to trade agreements concluded with other countries. There are several kinds of tariffs in bilateral, multilateral and unilateral agreements. The first two are generally equal and mutually beneficial, for mutual economic development. Imperialism imposes unilateral agreed tariffs on colonial and semi-colonial countries. Under this tariff system, powerful countries rely on power or force to force weak countries or backward countries to set one-sided low tax rates suitable for the requirements of powerful countries in treaties and tariff tariffs in order to achieve their aggressive purposes. The rights of both parties are not equal: one party has rights but no obligations, and the other party has obligations but no rights. From the middle of19th century, China was forced to conclude a unilateral tariff agreement with the big powers. 1842' s Sino-British treaty of nanking stipulates that "Guangzhou and other five places where British businessmen live and trade should pay import and export taxes and pay compensation, and fair negotiation rules are appropriate", which is the beginning of China's forced acceptance of agreed tariffs. Since then, in 1843, the Sino-British Customs Tariff on Trade Chartering in Five Ports stipulated that the tax payable for general goods should be calculated according to the value of the goods. If you want to change it, you must reach an agreement with the British. 1844 The Wang Xia Treaty signed between China and the United States stipulates: "If China wants to change tariffs in the future, it must negotiate with American consular officials." Other capitalist countries have followed suit under the pretext of "sharing benefits". In this way, China's tariff autonomy will fall into the hands of all capitalist countries that trade with China.
References:
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Main influence
Nanjing Injury Treaty
(1) The cession of Hong Kong Island made China's territorial sovereignty incomplete; Hong Kong Island controls the estuary of Guangzhou. Commercially, the occupation of Hong Kong Island can hit Guangzhou's trade. Militarily, it can control Guangzhou and the southeast coast of China. Since then, Hong Kong Island has become a stronghold of British aggression against China.
(2) Huge reparations, equivalent to one-third of the annual fiscal revenue of the Qing government. Therefore, the Qing government strengthened the oppression of the people, and the people's burden was unprecedented; Made a bad example of the invaders extorting compensation from China. At the same time, it also provided capital accumulation for the development of British capitalism.
(3) The opening of five ports opened the door to the southeast coast of China, which facilitated the invasion of foreign capitalist forces and facilitated the export of foreign capitalist goods. It promoted the influx of goods from capitalist countries, including opium, into China, and made China's economy semi-colonial day by day. As a result, a large number of craftsmen in the southeast coast of China went bankrupt, and China's self-sufficient natural economy began to collapse, seriously undermining China's trade sovereignty. According to the Humen Treaty, the British can build houses on these leased land and live for a long time. These five ports became the strongholds of British aggression.
(4) The stipulation of the agreed tax rate is one-sided. It is only stipulated that the tax rate of British businessmen's import and export goods to China should be negotiated with the British side, but it is not stipulated that the tax rate of China's import and export goods to Britain should be negotiated with the Chinese side. Therefore, China unilaterally reduced the tariff rate. Therefore, this is a serious violation of China's tariff sovereignty and a far-reaching economic aggression measure. China began to lose its customs autonomy, which provided favorable conditions for foreign invaders to plunder China economically. Make China's import tax the lowest in the world. Since then, China has been unable to adjust its tax rate, and the customs has been unable to protect its industry and commerce. Instead, it has become a tool used by foreign invaders to dump foreign goods and plunder the export of China's raw materials. The agreed tariff not only destroyed China's tariff autonomy, but also helped western countries to dump goods, which made the development of China's national industry lose the protection of tariffs. China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Traditional tariff
Also known as the agreed tax rate, it is a tariff system. It is the tax rate set by a country on import and export commodities according to trade agreements concluded with other countries. There are several kinds of tariffs in bilateral, multilateral and unilateral agreements. The first two are generally equal and mutually beneficial, for mutual economic development. Imperialism imposes unilateral agreed tariffs on colonial and semi-colonial countries. Under this tariff system, powerful countries rely on power or force to force weak countries or backward countries to set one-sided low tax rates suitable for the requirements of powerful countries in treaties and tariff tariffs in order to achieve their aggressive purposes. The rights of both parties are not equal: one party has rights but no obligations, and the other party has obligations but no rights. From the middle of19th century, China was forced to conclude a unilateral tariff agreement with the big powers. 1842' s Sino-British treaty of nanking stipulates that "Guangzhou and other five places where British businessmen live and trade should pay import and export taxes and pay compensation, and fair negotiation rules are appropriate", which is the beginning of China's forced acceptance of agreed tariffs. Since then, in 1843, the Sino-British Customs Tariff on Trade Chartering in Five Ports stipulated that the tax payable for general goods should be calculated according to the value of the goods. If you want to change it, you must reach an agreement with the British. 1844 The Wang Xia Treaty signed between China and the United States stipulates: "If China wants to change tariffs in the future, it must negotiate with American consular officials." Other capitalist countries have followed suit under the pretext of "sharing benefits". In this way, China's tariff autonomy will fall into the hands of all capitalist countries that trade with China.
Supplementary Treaty of treaty of nanking
The supplementary treaties of treaty of nanking refer to the Humen Treaty and the Five-Port Trade Charter.
The main contents of the Humen Treaty are: (1) "If the great emperor has new Enshi and other countries in the future, the British should also be allowed to share them", that is, Britain has obtained one-sided MFN treatment. Britain can rent land to build houses in five places. This provision became the beginning of the "concession" system in the future.
The main content of the Charter of Trade with Five Ports is: whenever China people "negotiate litigation" with the British people, "how their British people punish criminals (that is, conviction), the British people will reach an agreement on the charter and laws and send them to the steward (that is, the consulate) for compliance", that is, Britain enjoys consular jurisdiction. The provision of consular jurisdiction means that British expatriates and businessmen who have conflicts with China people, break the law or become defendants can only be tried by the British housekeeper in China, and the China government must not ask. This is the judicial privilege seized by the western capitalist powers when they invaded China. Since then, some foreign smokers and lawless elements have done whatever they want in China under the official protection of capitalist powers, which has seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Provisions on unilateral MFN treatment. In international communication, MFN treatment is possible, but it must be reciprocal. However, judging from these unequal treaties, it stipulated one-sided MFN treatment, that is, foreign countries requested China to grant MFN treatment, but did not give China MFN treatment. In addition, they also raised the issue of benefit sharing. Since then, China's signing of unequal treaties with any aggressor country is not only the loss of a country's sovereignty, but also the loss of the rights of all capitalist countries that have signed unequal treaties with China.
consular jurisdiction
This is the judicial privilege seized by the western capitalist powers when they invaded China. It is stipulated in the Sino-British Charter on Trade between Five Ports that when Chinese and British nationals "negotiate for a lawsuit" and British nationals become defendants in civil and criminal proceedings, China courts have no right to make judgments, and British consuls shall handle them according to British laws. This privilege made the invaders run amok and do whatever they wanted under the official protection of the capitalist powers, which seriously damaged China's sovereignty.
The reasons why the Qing government accepted this content are as follows: ① China people think that Yi people are foreigners and do not deserve to be taught by China's ethics. The Yi people have always implemented the policy of combining leniency with severity, allowing them to take care of themselves. Therefore, there is nothing wrong with foreigners breaking the law and being under the jurisdiction of their officials. Afraid of getting into trouble. Since the Opium War, Qing government officials felt a little tricky when dealing with foreign-related cases. If they can't satisfy outsiders, there will be problems. (3) At that time, there were only 1,000 foreigners in China, scattered in various ports, which seemed to be no problem.
Unilateral MFN treatment
Most-favored-nation treatment is not a general preferential policy. It should be the preferential and privileged treatment given by the nail country to Party B in trade, navigation, taxation or civil legal status. More importantly, if there are new preferences or privileges in the treaty concluded between country A and any third country, country B can enjoy such rights according to MFN treatment. Generally speaking, MFN treatment is given to the other side. However, after the Opium War, the capitalist powers forced the Qing government to grant them MFN treatment instead of giving China the same treatment, which was one-sided MFN treatment. As a result, once China is forced to sign a new unequal treaty, other aggressors can enjoy the same privileges (except for special clauses such as land cession and compensation). Therefore, Gu said that after the signing of the Wang Xia Treaty, the door of the United States was more open.
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