Focus on promoting black cherry and yellow lantern cherry (belonging to China cherry).
Cherry in China is weak in cold resistance and likes warm and humid climate, so it is suitable for cultivation in the place where the annual average temperature is 15 ~ 16℃. Sweet cherries like cold and dry. The natural dormancy period of cherry is about 80 ~ 100 days. The chilling requirement of sweet cherry for complete dormancy below 7.2℃ is 1 100 ~ 1300 hours. Sour cherry needs 1200 ~ 2500 hours. China cherry has a short dormancy period, and it is easy to germinate when the temperature warms up in late winter and early spring. If you encounter "late spring cold" (frost or snow), the flower organs will be frozen, which will seriously affect the yield and even the grain will not be harvested. Therefore, in the development, we must pay attention to whether the time when the local cold wave strikes in spring coincides with the flowering period, and we can't plant cherries in places where adverse weather (frost, snowfall, strong wind) occurs all the year round. Even in places where disastrous weather rarely occurs, it is necessary to choose suitable small terrain for planting when building gardens.
The annual rainfall suitable for cherry growth is generally 700 ~1000 mm. How to solve the problem of "early spring" should be fully considered when building gardens in some areas in the south. Because in the early stage of fruit growth, drought will cause serious fruit drop and affect fruit growth and development.
Cherry is a light-loving tree species. China cherry is more shade-tolerant, but it has good illumination, early fruit ripening and good coloring.
Cherry is suitable for cultivation in deep, fertile and loose sandy soil. The pH value of soil is generally 6.0 ~ 7.5.
The vertical distribution of cherry roots in China is generally concentrated in the soil layer about 20 cm deep, which requires loose soil and good irrigation and drainage conditions. Heavy clay is not suitable for planting cherries. As cherries are not easy to transport, the garden should be built in a place with convenient transportation.
Planting density should vary according to varieties, rootstocks and soil conditions. On the fertile and flat land, China cherries are planted in a Y shape with a density of1× 3m and 220 plants per mu. If natural clumping or natural happy shaping is adopted, it can be planted at a density of 2 ~ 3m× 3 ~ 4m. The density can be appropriately increased in the young age, and thinning measures should be taken after the garden is completed.
Planting time is generally divided into autumn and spring. It should be planted in cold, dry and windy areas of Yichun in winter and before seedling germination in spring. It can be planted in warm places in winter and autumn.
Before planting, the soil should be deeply turned and cooked, and planting holes should be dug. Apply 25-50kg organic fertilizer to each hole. After mixing fertilizer with soil, plant seedlings and water the roots immediately.
Second, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
According to our experimental observation, the soil management of cherry should be covered by irrigation in spring and weeding in other seasons. Because mulching reduces the influence of spring drought on plants, it has a good effect on fruit growth. After harvesting cherries, remove or turn over the mulch. According to estimates, the average adult garden should cover 2000 ~ 2500 kilograms of straw per mu. Cherry trees should be fertilized 3-4 times a year. Namely:
1. Fertilization after fruit picking is mainly to restore tree vigor, promote flower bud differentiation and increase the next annual output. Manure, livestock manure and urine should be applied immediately after fruit picking, and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer should be added. According to the results, 30 ~ 60 kg of livestock manure should be applied to each crop.
2. Fertilize before budding and flowering
Topdressing available nitrogen fertilizer. Apply/kloc-0.5 ~ 20kg of livestock manure or 0.5kg of urea per plant.
3. The rapid and long-term fertilization of fruit will enter the fruit development after the flowers wither. Quick-acting chemical fertilizer should be applied to fruit trees at one time, and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied.
4. Apply base fertilizer before defoliation in September ~ 65438+1October (southern warm area10 ~165438+1October) to rejuvenate the trees and increase the content of stored nutrients in the plants. Because it only takes more than 40 days from flowering to fruit ripening, the amount of stored nutrients greatly affects the size and quality of fruit. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer is very important, accounting for 50 ~ 70% of the annual fertilization. Organic fertilizer should be the main fertilizer, such as compost, manure, rotten bean cake, etc. And adding calcium superphosphate or calcium phosphate fertilizer appropriately.
In addition to the above-mentioned soil fertilization, spraying 0.5% urea, 600 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 0.3% borax solution/kloc-0 every day from early flowering to full flowering is helpful to improve the fruit setting rate.
Third, shaping and pruning
1, plastic surgery
A. Natural clumping is a common tree shape of China cherry. Generally, there are 5-6 main branches, which spread around and grow, and each main branch has 3-4 side branches. The fruiting branches are attached to the main branches and side branches. After the main branches are aged, they are regenerated by sprouting. This tree has a wide angle, fast forming and early fruiting. However, the inside of the crown is easy to close.
B. Natural happy shapes are mostly used for sweet cherries. The stem is 30 ~ 40 cm high, and the whole tree has three main branches with a branching angle of 30 degrees. Initially, the central stem was retained, and after 4-5 years of planting, the central stem was removed to form a happy shape. This tree has the advantages of easy shaping, small pruning, open crown, good ventilation and light transmission, early fruiting, high yield and good fruit quality.
C. The trunk is 40-60 cm high and has a central trunk. The number of main branches is 6-7, which are scattered on the central trunk in 3-4 layers. There are three main branches on the first floor, with an opening angle of 50 ~ 60 degrees; There are two main branches on the second floor, the opening angle is about 45 degrees, and each of the third and fourth floors has 1 main branch. The spacing between the first and second floors is 60 ~ 80 cm, the spacing between the second and third floors is 40 ~ 50 cm, and the spacing between the upper floors can be appropriately smaller. There are 2 ~ 4 lateral branches on each main branch. At the same time, the fruiting branches are cultivated on the backbone branches at all levels.
D. "Y-shaped tree. This tree runs from north to south, and each plant has two main branches that grow symmetrically on both sides. During plastic surgery, it is necessary to set up a support frame for binding. This kind of tree has good ventilation and light transmission, easy flowering and fruiting, suitable for close planting, convenient management and good fruit quality.
prune
A. Matters needing attention in pruning cherry branches are divided into developing branches and fruiting branches. There are many developing branches on the young tree. The leaf buds in front are elongated and grow, expanding the crown, and the axillary buds in the lower part produce fruiting branches. After entering the fruiting stage, most annual branches are called fruiting branches, with terminal buds outside leaf buds and axillary buds mostly flower buds. Results Branches were divided into long fruit branches (15 ~ 20cm), middle fruit branches (5 ~ 15cm), short fruit branches (about 5cm) and flower cluster fruit branches (1 ~ 2cm) according to length. Judging from the fruit-setting ability, the fruit-setting ability of long fruit branches is poor, generally around 40%; The fruiting ability of intermediate fruit branches varies with varieties; Short fruit branches have high fruit setting rate and good fruit quality; The fruit branches of flower clusters are the main fruit branches of flourishing trees in full fruit period, and the fruit setting rate can reach about 80%. The fruit has the best quality and long life, and can bear fruit continuously 10 ~ 20 years. Fruiting branches and flower cluster fruit branches are the basis of yield formation. In China cherry and sour cherry, the proportion of long fruit branches and middle fruit branches is large in the early fruiting stage, while in the full fruiting stage, the short fruit branches and flower cluster fruit branches are dominant.
B. Pruning of young trees In order to promote the early fruiting of young trees, on the basis of shaping, the pruning degree of all kinds of branches should be light, mainly in the growth period. In order to control the growth of branches, increase branches and expand the crown. In winter, the pruning time should be postponed until before germination, so as to avoid dehydration and drying of the cut. In addition to cutting short the main branches and extension branches, and properly thinning out some over-dense and cross branches, the remaining middle branches should be kept as much as possible.
C. Pruning of fruit trees is often done after fruit picking in summer. Through thinning, the perennial branches that are too dense and strong and disturb the crown are removed, and the crown structure is adjusted to promote the formation of flower buds. When thinning large branches, pay attention to small and flat wounds to help heal as soon as possible. When thinning annual branches, they can be cut above the axillary buds at the base, and then thinned after the results are bare. When pruning in winter, attention should be paid to properly retracting the 2 ~ 3-year-old branches at the top of the backbone branches and short fruit branches to stimulate the vegetative growth and the continuous formation of new fruit branches, and to prevent the fruit from moving out and the crown from being bald.
D. The main task of pruning old trees is to renew and rejuvenate in time to form a COVID-19 with vigorous branches. If the main branch is weak first and then has no bearing capacity, it should be retracted in time. The life span of China cherry cryptobud is about 5 ~ 10 years. In order to retract and regenerate branches, it is best to have small branches that grow normally at the retraction position, which is less harmful to the tree. After pruning, take back the overgrown branches, select branches with proper direction, position and growth, and cultivate new main branches and lateral branches. Too much should be thinned out, and the rest should be cut short to promote branching, and then slowly released to form fruiting branches. When the big branches are updated, they should also be carried out after the fruits are picked, so as not to cause the wound to flow glue.
Fourth, protect flowers and fruits.
To protect flowers, we should pay attention to the management of fertilizer and water in spring to promote the complete construction of flower organs and normal flowering. The purpose of fruit preservation is to improve the fruit setting rate of healthy fruits. The measures are: artificial pollination; Insects visit flowers to pollinate; Spraying plant hormones, such as gibberellin (GA3), paclobutrazol and green Wei Fen foliar fertilizer. In order to promote fruit health, it is necessary to sparse flowers and fruits to prevent and reduce fruit cracking.
Five, pest control
The main pests and diseases that harm cherry trees are mulberry white scale, stickleback moth, pink-necked longicorn beetle, apple winged moth, stinkbug with golden edge, chafer, pear moth, anthracnose, cherry leaf spot, bacterial perforation, gummosis, root and neck rot and so on. Comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent and control it. When pruning in winter, cut off the branches of diseases and pests and burn them, and spray Bubomei 5-degree stone sulfur mixture once when falling leaves; Spraying 40% dimethoate 1200 times solution and 70% thiophanate methyl 800 times solution each 1 time before the leaves of spring shoots stop growing; In July and August, spray 50% marathon emulsion with a ratio of 1000 and 65% zineb with a ratio of 400-500 once each.