High-quality seedlings are the basis of big cherry production. The quality of seedlings not only directly affects the growth speed, fruit and yield of trees, but also has a great influence on the adaptability and stress resistance of trees. Therefore, attention should be paid to cultivating high-quality and strong seedlings in production. The technical regulations of seedling breeding are introduced as follows.
First, select the appropriate rootstock.
There are many kinds of big cherry rootstocks, including China cherry, Maoba acid, Mahali, Laiyang dwarf cherry in baking tray and big leaf grass cherry (also known as big leaf). Practice has proved that Prunus macrophylla has strong adaptability to soil and is most suitable for growing in sandy loam or gravel loam. Good resistance to root cancer; Strong grafting affinity with big cherry varieties, deep root distribution, many thick roots, strong growth of grafted big cherry, good land fixation, not easy to lodging and easy to yield. Therefore, it is suitable to choose the big leaf grass cherry as the rootstock for cultivating big cherry in production.
Second, the selection and arrangement of nursery land
1. It is best to choose neutral loam or sandy loam with sunny lee, fertile soil, no continuous cropping, no waterlogging and good drainage and irrigation conditions.
2. Nursery land should be spread with base fertilizer at the rate of 5000-6000g/m2 before winter, and then deeply ploughed after application. Before raising seedlings in the next spring, plough it again, rake it flat and thin, and make a border.
Third, the cultivation method of rootstock seedlings
1. It is easy to produce a large number of root seedlings around the rhizomes of Prunus macrophylla, and it is often used as the rootstock of Prunus macrophylla in production. The method is as follows: in spring and summer, the tiller seedlings growing around the root system are cultivated in the soil with a thickness of about 30 cm to make them take root; after autumn or before germination in the following spring, the rooted tillers are separated from the plants, and planted in a nursery for cultivation, so as to be used for grafting big cherries.
2. The methods of layering propagation of cherry rootstock seedlings in layering seedling production mainly include vertical layering and horizontal layering.
(1) Vertical layering: Planting cherry rootstock seedlings in the nursery in autumn or early spring. When planting, first dig a ditch with a depth of about 30 cm according to the row spacing of 1- 1.5 m, and then plant the rootstock seedlings in the ditch with a spacing of 50-60 cm, with the root neck lower than the ground. 5-6 buds are cut off before the rootstock seedlings germinate, and when the sprouted new buds grow to about 20 cm, 1 time soil culture is conducted, with a thickness of about 10 cm, and when the new buds grow to 40 cm 10 cm. Topdressing and irrigation should be carried out after each soil tillage. In the future, comprehensive management will be strengthened and the soil will be properly fertilized according to the situation. After the leaves fall in autumn, the soil can be removed and the plants can be divided.
⑵ Horizontal layering, also called buried layering, is a widely used method in cherry rootstock propagation. Ditching in early spring, with row spacing of 60-70cm, depth of 20cm and width of 20cm. Then, the excellent 1 year-old rootstock is obliquely inserted in the ditch along the ditch, the included angle between the rootstock and the ground is about 300, and the plant spacing is roughly equal to the seedling height. It should be practical after planting and watered with foot water. After the seedlings survive, the lateral buds germinate and grow new buds. When the new shoots grow to about 10 cm, press the rootstock horizontally into the bottom of the ditch, fix it with twigs, cover the trunk with about 2 cm of soil, and then water it. Later, with the growth of new buds, cover the soil several times until it is flush with the ground. In order to promote the growth of seedlings, 20 kg/mu of urea was applied in early and middle June. The seedlings with good growth can be grafted in the nursery from late June to early July, and those with poor growth can be grafted in September. When raising seedlings in autumn, cut the seedlings into independent rootstocks.
Fourthly, seedling grafting.
1, T-bud grafting and plate bud grafting are mostly used for seedling grafting.
(1) T-bud grafting is in Yantai cherry producing area, and the suitable time of T-bud grafting can be divided into early stage and late stage. The prophase is in the first half of June 15-20 days; The later period is from the end of July to August, and sometimes it can last until mid-September, lasting about 50 days. Grafting is too early (May), the scion is tender, the cortex is thin, and the bud development is not full. Grafting is too late (after mid-September), most branches have stopped growing, and grafted buds are not easy to fall off. In the first half of July, it was rainy season, so it was easy for glue to flow after connection, and the joint was difficult to heal. Mastering the budding time is one of the keys to improve the survival rate.
When grafting at different time, the choice of scion and bud should be different. In the early stage of budding (the first half of June), 5-6 full buds in the middle of strong branches should be selected as budding. In the late stage (July-August), in addition to the basal buds and autumn shoot buds, strong scions can be selected as scions. In September, bud grafting will start from the long branches on the crown ... >>
Question 2: How to plant cherry trees? High-quality seedlings are the basis of big cherry production. The quality of seedlings not only directly affects the growth speed, fruit and yield of trees, but also has a great influence on the adaptability and stress resistance of trees. Therefore, attention should be paid to cultivating high-quality and strong seedlings in production. The technical regulations of seedling breeding are introduced as follows.
First, select the appropriate rootstock.
There are many kinds of big cherry rootstocks, including China cherry, Maoba acid, Mahali, Laiyang dwarf cherry in baking tray and big leaf grass cherry (also known as big leaf). Practice has proved that Prunus macrophylla has strong adaptability to soil and is most suitable for growing in sandy loam or gravel loam. Good resistance to root cancer; Strong grafting affinity with big cherry varieties, deep root distribution, many thick roots, strong growth of grafted big cherry, good land fixation, not easy to lodging and easy to yield. Therefore, it is suitable to choose the big leaf grass cherry as the rootstock for cultivating big cherry in production.
Second, the selection and arrangement of nursery land
1. It is best to choose neutral loam or sandy loam with sunny lee, fertile soil, no continuous cropping, no waterlogging and good drainage and irrigation conditions. 2. The nursery should be cleaned up, and 5000-6000g/m2 of base fertilizer should be applied before winter, and then deep ploughing should be carried out. Before raising seedlings in the next spring, plough it again, rake it flat and thin, and make a border.
Third, the cultivation method of rootstock seedlings
1. It is easy to produce a large number of root seedlings around the rhizomes of Prunus macrophylla, and it is often used as the rootstock of Prunus macrophylla in production. The method is as follows: in spring and summer, the tiller seedlings growing around the root system are cultivated in the soil with a thickness of about 30 cm to make them take root; after autumn or before germination in the following spring, the rooted tillers are separated from the plants, and planted in a nursery for cultivation, so as to be used for grafting big cherries. 2. The methods of layering propagation of cherry rootstock seedlings in layering seedling production mainly include vertical layering and horizontal layering. (1) Vertical layering: Planting cherry rootstock seedlings in the nursery in autumn or early spring. When planting, first dig a ditch with a depth of about 30 cm according to the row spacing of 1- 1.5 m, and then plant the rootstock seedlings in the ditch with a spacing of 50-60 cm, with the root neck lower than the ground. 5-6 buds are cut off before the rootstock seedlings germinate, and when the sprouted new buds grow to about 20 cm, 1 time soil culture is conducted, with a thickness of about 10 cm, and when the new buds grow to 40 cm 10 cm. Topdressing and irrigation should be carried out after each soil tillage. In the future, comprehensive management will be strengthened and the soil will be properly fertilized according to the situation. After the leaves fall in autumn, the soil can be removed and the plants can be divided. ⑵ Horizontal layering, also called buried layering, is a widely used method in cherry rootstock propagation. Ditching in early spring, with row spacing of 60-70cm, depth of 20cm and width of 20cm. Then, the excellent 1 year-old rootstock is obliquely inserted in the ditch along the ditch, the included angle between the rootstock and the ground is about 300, and the plant spacing is roughly equal to the seedling height. It should be practical after planting and watered with foot water. After the seedlings survive, the lateral buds germinate and grow new buds. When the new shoots grow to about 10 cm, press the rootstock horizontally into the bottom of the ditch, fix it with twigs, cover the trunk with about 2 cm of soil, and then water it. Later, with the growth of new buds, cover the soil several times until it is flush with the ground. In order to promote the growth of seedlings, 20 kg/mu of urea was applied in early and middle June. The seedlings with good growth can be grafted in the nursery from late June to early July, and those with poor growth can be grafted in September. When raising seedlings in autumn, cut the seedlings into independent rootstocks.
Fourthly, seedling grafting.
1, T-bud grafting and plate bud grafting are mostly used for seedling grafting. Yantai big cherry
(1) T-bud grafting is in Yantai cherry producing area, and the suitable time of T-bud grafting can be divided into early stage and late stage. The prophase is in the first half of June 15-20 days; The later period is from the end of July to August, and sometimes it can last until mid-September, lasting about 50 days. Grafting is too early (May), the scion is tender, the cortex is thin, and the bud development is not full. Grafting is too late (after mid-September), most branches have stopped growing, and grafted buds are not easy to fall off. In the first half of July, it was rainy season, so it was easy for glue to flow after connection, and the joint was difficult to heal. Mastering the budding time is one of the keys to improve the survival rate. When grafting at different time, the choice of scion and bud should be different. In the early stage of budding (the first half of June), 5-6 full buds in the middle of strong branches should be selected as budding. In the late stage (July-August), in addition to the basal buds and autumn shoot buds, strong scions can be selected as scions. In September, bud grafting should be carried out, and full buds should be selected from the branches that grow too vigorously in the crown. Grafting >>
Question 3: Cherry cultivation method Cherry is suitable for cultivation in deep, fertile and loose sandy soil. The pH value of soil is generally 6.0 ~ 7.5.
The vertical distribution of cherry roots in China is generally concentrated in the soil layer about 20 cm deep, which requires loose soil and good irrigation and drainage conditions. Heavy clay is not suitable for planting cherries. As cherries are not easy to transport, the garden should be built in a place with convenient transportation.
Planting density should vary according to varieties, rootstocks and soil conditions. On the fertile and flat land, China cherries are planted in a Y shape with a density of1× 3m and 220 plants per mu. If natural clumping or natural happy shaping is adopted, it can be planted at a density of 2 ~ 3m× 3 ~ 4m. The density can be appropriately increased in the young age, and thinning measures should be taken after the garden is completed.
Planting time is generally divided into autumn and spring. It should be planted in cold, dry and windy areas of Yichun in winter and before seedling germination in spring. It can be planted in warm places in winter and autumn.
Before planting, the soil should be deeply turned and cooked, and planting holes should be dug. Apply 25-50kg organic fertilizer to each hole. After mixing fertilizer with soil, plant seedlings and water the roots immediately.
Second, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
According to our experimental observation, the soil management of cherry should be covered by irrigation in spring and weeding in other seasons. Because mulching reduces the influence of spring drought on plants, it has a good effect on fruit growth. After harvesting cherries, remove or turn over the mulch. According to estimates, the average adult garden should cover 2000 ~ 2500 kilograms of straw per mu. Cherry trees should be fertilized 3-4 times a year. Namely:
1. Fertilization after fruit picking is mainly to restore tree vigor, promote flower bud differentiation and increase the next annual output. Manure, livestock manure and urine should be applied immediately after fruit picking, and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer should be added. According to the results, 30 ~ 60 kg of livestock manure should be applied to each crop.
2. Fertilize before budding and flowering
Topdressing available nitrogen fertilizer. Apply/kloc-0.5 ~ 20kg of livestock manure or 0.5kg of urea per plant.
3. The rapid and long-term fertilization of fruit will enter the fruit development after the flowers wither. Quick-acting chemical fertilizer should be applied to fruit trees at one time, and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied.
4. Apply base fertilizer before defoliation in September ~ 65438+1October (southern warm area10 ~165438+1October) to rejuvenate the trees and increase the content of stored nutrients in the plants. Because it only takes more than 40 days from flowering to fruit ripening, the amount of stored nutrients greatly affects the size and quality of fruit. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer is very important, accounting for 50 ~ 70% of the annual fertilization. Organic fertilizer should be the main fertilizer, such as compost, manure, rotten bean cake, etc. And adding calcium superphosphate or calcium phosphate fertilizer appropriately.
In addition to the above-mentioned soil fertilization, spraying 0.5% urea, 600 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 0.3% borax solution/kloc-0 every day from early flowering to full flowering is helpful to improve the fruit setting rate.
Third, shaping and pruning
1, shaping A. Natural clumping is a common tree shape of China cherry. Generally, there are 5-6 main branches, which spread around and grow, and each main branch has 3-4 side branches. The fruiting branches are attached to the main branches and side branches. After the main branches are aged, they are regenerated by sprouting. This tree has a wide angle, fast forming and early fruiting. However, the inside of the crown is easy to close.
B. Natural happy shapes are mostly used for sweet cherries. The stem is 30 ~ 40 cm high, and the whole tree has three main branches with a branching angle of 30 degrees. Initially, the central stem was retained, and after 4-5 years of planting, the central stem was removed to form a happy shape. This tree has the advantages of easy shaping, small pruning, open crown, good ventilation and light transmission, early fruiting, high yield and good fruit quality.
C. The trunk is 40-60 cm high and has a central trunk. The number of main branches is 6-7, which are scattered on the central trunk in 3-4 layers. There are three main branches on the first floor, with an opening angle of 50 ~ 60 degrees; There are two main branches on the second floor, the opening angle is about 45 degrees, and each of the third and fourth floors has 1 main branch. The spacing between the first and second floors is 60 ~ 80 cm, the spacing between the second and third floors is 40 ~ 50 cm, and the spacing between the upper floors can be appropriately smaller. There are 2 ~ 4 lateral branches on each main branch. At the same time, the fruiting branches are cultivated on the backbone branches at all levels.
D. "Y-shaped tree. This tree runs from north to south, and each plant has two main branches that grow symmetrically on both sides. During plastic surgery, it is necessary to set up a support frame for binding. This kind of tree has good ventilation and light transmission, easy flowering and fruiting, suitable for close planting, convenient management and good fruit quality.
prune
A. Matters needing attention in pruning cherry branches are divided into developing branches and fruiting branches. There are many developing branches on the young tree. The leaf buds in front are elongated and grow, expanding the crown, and the axillary buds in the lower part produce fruiting branches. After entering the fruiting stage, the terminal buds of most annual branches are outside the leaf buds. & gt
Question 4: How to grow cherries? How many altitudes are suitable for the growing environment of cherry;
Born on sunny slopes or beside ditches, often cultivated, with an altitude of 300-600 meters.
Cherry is a fruit tree that likes light, temperature, humidity and fat. It is suitable to grow under the climatic conditions of annual average temperature 10 ~ 12℃, annual precipitation of 600 ~ 700 mm, and annual sunshine hours of more than 2,600 ~ 2,800 hours ... The time when the daily average temperature is higher than 10℃ is150 ~ 200 d. If there is freezing damage in the local area, cherry orchard can choose the northwest slope where the temperature rises slowly and the air circulates in spring. Considering that the cherry root system is shallow and easy to be blown down by the wind, the garden should be in an area free from wind damage, and the soil is sandy loam with loose soil and deep soil layer.
Second, cherry cultivation techniques:
(1) pruning
Pruning of cherries is mainly carried out in the growing period in principle. However, due to the actual production situation, sometimes pruning is not in place during the growing period, and pruning adjustment is needed before germination in spring. Pruning before germination should try not to move big branches, reduce wounds, prevent glue from flowing, and loosen over-dense branches and competitive branches. Pruning is generally required to end before March 10. Pruning principles of fruit trees in different periods are as follows:
65438+ The opening angle of main branches is 60-70 degrees, and the opening angle of side branches is 70-80 degrees. When pulling branches, pull them into a line, not an arch. Bud carving is usually carried out before bud germination in early March, in order to promote the lateral branches on the main branches.
2. When the trees are 4-7 years old at the first fruit-bearing stage, it is necessary to adjust the tree structure and pay attention to cultivating fruiting branches on the main branches. First, the main branches that are too low and too dense are gradually thinned out so that the main branches do not affect each other; The second is to properly retract without branching and promote branching. Third, the weak lateral branches are retracted or shortened to rejuvenate, which can alleviate the excessive opening angle and promote flowering.
3. Adjust the tree structure to improve the scenic conditions in the crown of the tree during the full fruit period. Redundant erect branches, over-dense branches, overlapping branches and cross branches sprouting in the crown are resolutely thinned out, and the spacing between layers is widened to avoid disturbing the tree shape and consuming nutrition. If the height of the tree is too high, fall down in time and control the crown height with weak branches.
(2) Flower and fruit management
Flower and fruit management is a necessary technology to improve the quality of cherry fruit. But in practice, it is not only the management of flowering and early fruit picking, but also pruning measures, fertilizer and water regulation and so on.
1. Spraying "Dayun-Whole Tree Fruit"1500-2,000 times 1-2 times before and after the initial flowering stage of cherry can fully promote the normal development and elongation of pollen buds and pollen tubes, significantly improve the fruit setting rate, help pollination and fertilization, and reduce the shedding of flowers and fruits.
2. Spraying "Dayun-Quanshuguo" for 2000 times during the expansion period of young cherry fruits can reduce the shedding of cherry stems, prevent the shedding of fruit stems and reduce the secondary physiological fruit dropping, and at the same time fully promote the synchronous division and elongation of cells, make the fruit stems stout and elongate, accelerate the uniform growth of fruits, promote the synthesis and transformation of fruit sugar, and obviously increase the selling price.
3. In the early stage of fruit coloring, measures such as picking leaves, spreading reflective film and so on were taken before harvest 10- 15 days to promote fruit coloring, and calcium salt was sprayed before harvest (spraying 0.3% calcium chloride solution continuously three times every other week before harvest can reduce the cracking of big cherries and prolong the shelf life).
(3) Prevention and control of freezing injury
Freeze injury of cherry and its control measures
First, early freezing injury occurs, mostly around the dormant Spring Festival, mainly because of extreme low temperature, which causes flower buds to suffer or trees to die. Early freezing injury is closely related to late management and tree nutrition of big cherry.
Second, the late freezing injury mostly occurs in the period from the germination to the young fruit of the big cherry, which is the sudden cooling or frost after the temperature rises, so that the flowers or young fruits are harmed. The late freezing injury is closely related to the site conditions of big cherry.
(1) to choose a good plot when building a garden.
② Strengthen fertilizer and water management. It is necessary to increase the application amount of organic fertilizer, apply sufficient autumn base fertilizer to protect the leaves, and at the same time, pour frozen water before freezing, line it with α t and paste it. Strengthen drainage and flood prevention.
(3) Painting: spray the whole tree or daub the big branches with 10% lime water in winter. Prevent from rising too fast and suddenly cooling down.
(4) water or smoke, after cherry germination, always pay attention to the weather changes. If a low-temperature frost is predicted, the orchard should be fully watered immediately, or grass should be piled and smoked in the orchard before the frost to buffer the freezing injury.
Late frost and its preventive measures
Cherry blossoms are often susceptible to late frost, especially in low-lying areas like cherry orchard.
Preventive and control measures are:
1. Choose a suitable garden to build a garden. Choose a place with sunny lee, gentle terrain and good soil, fertilizer and water conditions, which should be avoided ... >>
Question 5: When should cherry trees be planted and transplanted? About half a month before spring bud germination (mid-March in the solar calendar), the survival rate is the highest.
Question 6: How to plant cherry trees? High-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of big cherry in plastic greenhouse
1
get a first reign title after the founding of a dynasty
Build the garden according to the cultivation standard of protected land. Before cherry planting, 4000kg of high-quality ring fertilizer, 40kg of diammonium phosphate and ternary compound fertilizer, 0/000 kg of wheat straw/kloc and 500g of fresh phosphorus were applied in 667m2. Scatter half of manure, diammonium phosphate and all pesticides evenly in the garden, plow deeply for 20 cm, rake the garden, open a planting ditch with a depth of 60 cm and a width of 80 ~ 100 cm, apply the remaining manure, fertilizer and wheat straw into the ditch, backfill the planting ditch, and water the soil to precipitate. Planting in late March, with a spacing of 3.0×3.5m
In the spring after planting 1 year, the stem should be fixed at 60 ~ 80 cm. After the seedlings survive, weeding should be done in time, fertilizer and water management should be strengthened, growth and branching should be promoted, and branches should be opened in the growing season. Top dressing 3 times a year: 1 time before germination, top dressing urea 20 kg; Every 667 square meters; The second application was in the middle of July, and 30 kg of urea was topdressing; Every 667 square meters; The third fertilization was at the end of September, and 30kg ternary compound fertilizer was applied every 667 m2. Water after topdressing. In mid-September, after applying decomposed chicken manure 100kg, water the plants immediately. 65438+Clean up the orchard in early February, and thoroughly remove dead branches and rotten leaves. 65438+In mid-February, the trees were ridged and covered with plastic film to increase the ground temperature. In the middle of June, 5438+the following year 10, 4 Baume lime-sulfur mixture was sprayed on trees to kill pathogenic bacteria.
2
Peng Jian
There are two kinds of protection facilities commonly used to cultivate big cherries in protected areas: plastic greenhouses and warm sunlight greenhouses in winter. Plastic greenhouse is widely used in practical production because of its simple structure, convenient management, good ventilation performance and low cost, which is suitable for household operation. Reinforced concrete columns are often used as columns in plastic greenhouses, and the columns should be buried at least 50 ~ 60 cm underground. The row spacing and column spacing are 2m and 3m respectively.
The greenhouse generally has a span of 8 ~ 1 1m, a length of 60 ~ 80m, a ceiling height of 3 ~ 3.5m, a shoulder height of 2 ~ 2.5m, and an area of about 667m2. The direction of the shed should be the north-south direction. Although the east-west greenhouse has good lighting, the temperature difference between north and south is large and the trees grow irregularly. The phenology of northbound trees is about 6 days later than that of southbound trees. Operation doors are arranged at both ends of the greenhouse, and ventilation window is arranged at the top and both sides. Ventilation is achieved by opening and closing doors and windows. The size of the operation door is about 1.5×0.7m, the ventilation window is 0.8×0.5m, and the spacing is 5 ~ 8m. The time to buckle the shed should be determined according to the conditions of greenhouse facilities and the time to market fresh fruit. Generally, in the third year after planting, when the plants form a certain number of flower buds, the shed can be buckled. The specific time of shed closure should be held after the natural dormancy of cherry trees, which is generally 65438+1from late October to early February.
three
Variety selection
Varieties with short tree body, compact crown, short fruit growth and development cycle, strong resistance, high fruit setting rate, low chilling requirement, good early maturity, high yield and good quality should be selected. At present, the main varieties in production are: Hongguang, Zhiganhong, Satojin, Dazi, Rabins, Steiner, Italian Zaohong, Ukrainian cherry (series) and so on.
four
Cultivation management
(1) culture density. The plant spacing is generally 2×3m, and the configuration of main varieties and pollinated varieties is the same as that of open field planting. However, due to the high air humidity in the protected field, the proportion of pollinated trees should be higher than that in the open field, and the ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated varieties should be 2 ~ 4 ∶ 1. At the same time, pollinated varieties are required to be interspersed among the main varieties, and it is best to have more than two pollinated varieties.
(2) Planting method. It should be planted in the north-south direction. Before planting, a ditch with a width of 80cm and a depth of 80cm should be opened, and organic fertilizer should be applied in the ditch, and 4 ~ 5 t should be applied every 667 m2. After the topsoil is backfilled, it should be fully irrigated. Before planting, raise the soil on the planting ditch 20 ~ 30cm above the ground to form a high ridge, and cover it with plastic film after planting.
(3) Temperature and humidity management. Sweet cherry can only be released from dormancy after 1 100 ~ 1400 hours at a low temperature of 7.2℃, and then the straw curtain can be covered. After the shed is covered with plastic film, the number of times to uncover the straw curtain should be gradually increased during the day, so that the temperature in the shed will gradually increase. The temperature indexes of each phenological period from germination to harvest are: from shed to germination, 12 ~ 18℃ during the day, 5 ~ 6℃ at night, and the temperature should rise slowly; From germination to flowering, 18 ~ 2 1℃ during the day and 6 ~ 7℃ at night; From flower drop to fruit expansion, it is 18 ~ 2 1℃ during the day and 7 ~ 8℃ at night; Fruit expansion period, 22 ~ 25℃ during the day and10 ~ 20℃ at night; When fruits are colored to harvest, the temperature is not higher than 30℃ during the day and 12 ~ 15℃ at night, and the temperature difference between day and night is kept at about 10℃. In case of rain and snow, the seal shall be affixed at night ... >>
Question 7: What should I pay attention to when planting cherry trees? Technical regulation of big cherry seedling raising: high-quality seedlings are the basis of big cherry production. The quality of seedlings not only directly affects the growth speed, fruit and yield of trees, but also has a great influence on the adaptability and stress resistance of trees. Therefore, attention should be paid to cultivating high-quality and strong seedlings in production. The technical regulations of seedling breeding are introduced as follows. First, the selection of suitable rootstocks There are many kinds of rootstocks of big cherry, mainly Laiyang dwarf cherry and big leaf grass cherry (also known as big leaf) in China cherry, Maoba acid, Mahali and baking tray. Practice has proved that Prunus macrophylla has strong adaptability to soil and is most suitable for growing in sandy loam or gravel loam. Good resistance to root cancer; Strong grafting affinity with big cherry varieties, deep root distribution, many thick roots, strong growth of grafted big cherry, good land fixation, not easy to lodging and easy to yield. Therefore, it is suitable to choose the big leaf grass cherry as the rootstock for cultivating big cherry in production. Second, the selection and arrangement of nursery land 1, nursery land is suitable for breeding excellent new varieties of big cherry, and it is best to choose neutral loam or sandy loam with leeward, fertile soil, no continuous cropping, no waterlogging and good drainage and irrigation conditions. 2. The nursery should be cleaned up, and 5000-6000g/m2 of base fertilizer should be applied before winter, and then deep ploughing should be carried out. Before raising seedlings in the next spring, plough it again, rake it flat and thin, and make a border. Third, the rootstock breeding method 1, the seedling raising by ramets is easy to produce a large number of rootstock seedlings around the roots of the big leaf grass cherry, and the ramet propagation is often used as the rootstock of the big cherry in production. The method is as follows: in spring and summer, the tiller seedlings growing around the root system are cultivated in the soil with a thickness of about 30 cm to make them take root; after autumn or before germination in the following spring, the rooted tillers are separated from the plants, and planted in a nursery for cultivation, so as to be used for grafting big cherries. 2. The methods of layering propagation of cherry rootstock seedlings in layering seedling production mainly include vertical layering and horizontal layering. (1) Vertical layering: Planting cherry rootstock seedlings in the nursery in autumn or early spring. When planting, first dig a ditch with a depth of about 30 cm according to the row spacing of 1- 1.5 m, and then plant the rootstock seedlings in the ditch with a spacing of 50-60 cm, with the root neck lower than the ground. 5-6 buds are cut off before the rootstock seedlings germinate, and when the sprouted new buds grow to about 20 cm, 1 time soil culture is conducted, with a thickness of about 10 cm, and when the new buds grow to 40 cm 10 cm. Topdressing and irrigation should be carried out after each soil tillage. In the future, comprehensive management will be strengthened and the soil will be properly fertilized according to the situation. After the leaves fall in autumn, the soil can be removed and the plants can be divided. ⑵ Horizontal layering, also called buried layering, is a widely used method in cherry rootstock propagation. Ditching in early spring, with row spacing of 60-70cm, depth of 20cm and width of 20cm. Then, the excellent 1 year-old rootstock is obliquely inserted in the ditch along the ditch, the included angle between the rootstock and the ground is about 300, and the plant spacing is roughly equal to the seedling height. It should be practical after planting and watered with foot water. After the seedlings survive, the lateral buds germinate and grow new buds. When the new shoots grow to about 10 cm, press the rootstock horizontally into the bottom of the ditch, fix it with twigs, cover the trunk with about 2 cm of soil, and then water it. Later, with the growth of new buds, cover the soil several times until it is flush with the ground. In order to promote the growth of seedlings, 20 kg/mu of urea was applied in early and middle June. The seedlings with good growth can be grafted in the nursery from late June to early July, and those with poor growth can be grafted in September. When raising seedlings in autumn, cut the seedlings into independent rootstocks. Four, seedling grafting 1, seedling grafting mostly adopts T-bud grafting and plate bud grafting. (1) T-bud grafting is in Yantai cherry producing area, and the suitable time of T-bud grafting can be divided into early stage and late stage. The prophase is in the first half of June 15-20 days; The later period is from the end of July to August, and sometimes it can last until mid-September, lasting about 50 days. Grafting is too early (May), the scion is tender, the cortex is thin, and the bud development is not full. Grafting is too late (after mid-September), most branches have stopped growing, and grafted buds are not easy to fall off. In the first half of July, it was rainy season, so it was easy for glue to flow after connection, and the joint was difficult to heal. Mastering the budding time is one of the keys to improve the survival rate. When grafting at different time, the choice of scion and bud should be different. In the early stage of budding (the first half of June), 5-6 full buds in the middle of strong branches should be selected as budding. In the late stage (July-August), in addition to the basal buds and autumn shoot buds, strong scions can be selected as scions. In September, bud grafting should be carried out, and full buds should be selected from the branches that grow too vigorously in the crown. When grafting, cross-cut 0.5 cm above the scion bud. & gt
Question 8: What kind of soil is suitable for planting cherry trees? Cherry belongs to Prunus of Rosaceae and is the earliest tree species in deciduous fruit trees. Its taproot is underdeveloped, and there are many fibrous roots and horizontal roots, which are concentrated in the soil layer of 5-35 cm. The root system content in 20-40 cm soil layer is the largest, reaching 80%, and sandy loam can reach 70 cm, which is suitable for sandy loam with deep soil layer, good air permeability and strong water retention.