There is a song in the Northern Dynasties folk song "Breaking Willows". The first six lines are "Issue? How hard is the edict? The woman is weaving at the window. The sound of the machine is not heard, only the woman sighs. Ask the woman what she is thinking? Ask the woman "What do you remember?" The first six sentences of "Mulan Poems" are the same as "Breaking Willows". Ancient folk songs often use the same rise and metaphor, and some words and phrases are similar or even identical (there are many examples in folk songs in the "Book of Songs"). Because they are passed down orally and have the same words and phrases, they are easy to remember. This is not plagiarism because the subject matter and content can be completely different. The beginning of "Mulan Poems" is probably also "Chi Chi He Li Li", which was changed to "Chi Chi Fu Chi" by later generations. "Chichihelili" has no specific meaning. Like "Yahehe" and "Yaweiziyo", it is a pronunciation word. (Shi Shenghuai's "About "Mulan Poetry"", "Chinese Teaching and Research" of Central China Normal University, Issue 1, 1979) 2. "Khan" and "Emperor" "Khan" is the name of the monarch by the ancient northwest people, and "Emperor" is the name of the monarch by the Han people in feudal society. However, in this poem "Khan" has become a synonym for "Emperor", and it can no longer follow the original meaning of "Tibetan King" in "Guangyun". This can only be seen as having elements of foreign words in Chinese during the era of "Mulan Poetry". Otherwise, wouldn't it be inconsistent if Mulan went to respond to the "Khan"'s expedition, but when she returned she was rewarded by the "Emperor"? (Kang Su's "Some Issues in "Mulan Poetry" from a Teaching Perspective, "Journal of Shandong Normal University", Issue 6, 1978) Since Mulan's poem comes from the Northern Dynasties, and Mulan is a Northern Dynasty surname, it can be verified that Mulan is not a Han Chinese. The monarch was naturally the leader of the separatist regime of ethnic minorities in the Northern Dynasties, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties were a period of great ethnic integration in Chinese history. The cultures of the Han and ethnic minorities influenced each other, and many of the ethnic groups intermarried with the Han and eventually merged with each other. For example, the once powerful Xianbei regime in the Northern Wei Dynasty. So the most likely hypothesis is that the leaders of the ethnic minority regimes in the Northern Dynasties were influenced by Han culture and were willing to accept the title "Emperor". ——Analysis of "Khan" and "Emperor" from a historical perspective 3. "Twelve" is an imaginary number, "Twelve volumes of military books", "Twelve years of traveling together" and "Twelve years of strong men returning" - the two characters "twelve" and one "ten" in these three sentences are both imaginary numbers. It is customary for such numbers to mean "many". The "twelve years" and "ten years" in the two sentences "travel together for twelve years" and "the strong man returns after ten years" both mean more than ten years. If understood as real numbers, the contradiction will be inexplicable. "Twelve volumes of military books, each with the name of the father" is intended to emphasize that Mulan's father must go to war this time. Wang Zhong of the Qing Dynasty wrote an article "Explanation of Sanjiu", which proposed the usage rules of imaginary numbers such as three and nine, and clarified the previous research and debate on numerical issues. (Kang Su, "Some Issues in "Mulan Poetry" from a Teaching Perspective," Journal of Shandong Normal University, Issue 6, 1978) 4. The "east, south, west, and north" in sentences such as "East Market to buy horses," "West Market to buy saddles," "South Market to buy bridles," "North Market to buy whips," "East Market to buy horses," etc., are all imaginary rather than actual references. This is just an exaggeration to describe the urgency of Mulan's preparations before departure. To be honest, it is unreasonable. The words "east" and "west" in "Open the door of my east pavilion and sit on my bed in the west pavilion" below are also fictitious, and it doesn't make sense in reality. The conjunctive use of these locative words is often to create a certain atmosphere rather than to refer to it. This "imaginary position" is the same as the "imaginary number" discussed above. It is a customary rule in ancient Chinese. (Kang Su, "Some Issues in "Mulan Poetry" from a Teaching Perspective," Journal of Shandong Normal University, Issue 6, 1978) 5. "Being a window" and "facing the mirror" are intertextual. "Liu Yunyan" and "Tie Huahuang" are both done from the window to the mirror. This usage is common in ancient poetry, especially in ancient metrical poetry. For example, the poem "Qin Shi Mingyue Han Shi Guan" in the poem of Tang Wang Changling is an example. (Kang Su, "Discussing Some Issues in "Mulan Poems" from a Teaching Perspective," Journal of Shandong Normal University, Issue 6, 1978) "Tiehuahuang" is a facial decoration for women in the Northern Wei Dynasty. There are two theories: one is that "in the Yuan and Wei Dynasties, folk women were not allowed to wear pink and white; since they were not palace servants, they all had yellow eyebrows and black makeup. Therefore, there is a sentence in "Mulan Poems" about 'painting yellow flowers on the mirror'" ("Gu Shan Bi Chen"). 》) Another saying is to cut golden paper into shapes such as stars, moons, flowers, birds, etc. and stick them on the forehead. (Dou Zhongwen, "Several Issues in the Teaching of "Mulan Poetry"", Shanxi Normal University's "Chinese Teaching Newsletter" Issues 4 and 5, 1978) 6. About the theme of this poem 1. In feudal society, women had no status. Mulan is a working woman who "works as a household weaver" and joins the army on behalf of her father. "Generals die in a hundred battles, and strong men return in ten years." Mulan can do what men can do; Mulan can do what men can't do. The heroic image of Mulan itself is a ruthless mockery of the traditional concepts that discriminate against women in feudal society. 2． In feudal society, the pursuit of fame and wealth was the dominant traditional thought, and it was the dream of many people. After ten years of intense fighting, Mulan returned triumphantly, but refused to give up her title or reward, and was willing to be demobilized and return to the fields to return to the farming and weaving life of the working people. This fully reflects the simple and humble quality of the working people. Mulan's behavior itself is a powerful satire on the feudal literati who are keen on fame and wealth. (Dou Zhongwen, "Several Issues in the Teaching of "Mulan Poetry"", Shanxi Normal University's "Chinese Teaching Newsletter" Issues 4 and 5, 1978) 3. The theme of "Mulan Poetry" is actually directly stated in the poem. That is: women are no less than men. Their talents, wisdom, courage and insight are definitely not inferior to men. This is the theme of this poem.

To sum it up in one sentence, it would be: praising the female heroes who came from working people. (Liu Binrong and Hua Xue, "What you need to know is that Mulan is a girl", "Journal of Henan Normal University", Issue 6, 1979) 4. The theme of "Mulan Poetry" is not to praise the martial spirit, but to reflect the people's yearning for a peaceful life. However, "Mulan Poetry" is not expressed in the form of melancholy or tragedy like the folk songs of the Northern Dynasties mentioned above, but in a unique way, it is expressed in the form of comedy in which a woman joins the army on her father's behalf. Of course, the storyline itself makes it possible for the poem to objectively praise the heroic spirit of women. However, the issue of praising heroes in the poem is secondary to the issues reflected by the theme. It can only be regarded as the content of the poem. An ideological content cannot be said to be the theme. (Qian Wenhui's "A Brief Discussion on the Theme of "Mulan Poetry"", "Journal of Kunming Normal University", Issue 6, 1980) 7. What exactly is the sound of "chirp, chirp, chirp"? There have always been different opinions on this. There are roughly three types: the sound of looms, sighs, and insects. ① The sound of loom. If it is understood as the sound of a loom, the following situation will occur. As soon as the poem begins, there is the incessant sound of looms, which can be heard before anyone appears. Then it was revealed that this was Mulan weaving at the opposite door, and the image of a hard-working girl appeared on the page. But as we were weaving, the rhythmic sound of the loom could no longer be heard. Instead, what could be heard were bursts of long sighs. Why is this? Mulan, Mulan, what is it that makes you so worried? So let’s move on to the next plot. This understanding is certainly reasonable. ② Sigh. Some scholars interpreted this as follows: "Weaving in front of a household shows that Mulan is a working woman, not a Miss Hou Men. We should have heard the sound of her weaving, but what we heard was 'chirp, chirp, chirp.' Sigh. A "chirp" already means sighing, but the author still feels that it is not enough, and finally "only hears a woman sighing". The author emphasizes this repeatedly to tell us. The author did not describe Mulan's sad face, nor did she describe Mulan's actions of stopping and sighing. The author only painted the story through her continuous sighs. The image of a Mulan woman full of sorrow and anguish." (Zhang Yanjin, "Complex yet meaningful, simple and concise - Reading "Mulan Ci"", "Collection of Poetry Appreciation of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties", People's Literature Publishing House, 1985 edition) ③ Insects. Voice. If we understand "chirp" as the sound of insects, we will have such a picture before our eyes - it is quiet at night, there is no sound everywhere, only the insects "chirp" in the night. Next, it is written that Miss Mulan is sitting at the loom opposite the door, weaving, but why is she holding the loom in her hand and not weaving, but sitting there sighing? The sounds of insects in the wilds and Mulan's sighs echo each other, exaggerating the mood and atmosphere of a girl before she makes a major decision. In short, the poem has no clear meaning, as long as it is reasonable and consistent with the literary meaning. 8． Who is the person who asked the question "Ask her what she is thinking about, and ask her what she is remembering"? One theory is that it is the parents who are asking, and those who think that it is only the father or only the mother who is asking are also included in this theory. Indeed, if parents hear their daughter sighing, they will definitely ask such concerned questions. One theory is that the narrator is asking, because "Poetry of Mulan" is a folk song composed orally, and folk songs can be sung with music, and the singer can ask questions as the narrator. These two statements are actually not contradictory. In folk singing literature, the singer often has the dual identity of narrator and story character. The narrator's language and the language of the story character are sometimes integrated. Therefore, in this poem, "asking my daughter what she is thinking about, asking her what she is remembering" and "my daughter has nothing to think about... From now on, I will fight for my father" can be regarded as questions and answers between parents and daughters, and can also be regarded as the narrator. of questions and answers. In addition, this poem is often narrated in the first person, which can be seen as Mulan's self-narration or the narrator's narration. 9． How should we understand the four sentences "The male rabbit's feet flutter"? First, it should be clear that this is a vivid metaphor. Second, we should further consider why the author ends the poem with such a metaphor. First of all, this metaphor vividly explains the surprise of the "partners" and also provides a reasonable answer to the questions that readers will inevitably have. Secondly, these four sentences can be regarded as Mulan's answer to "partners". From these four witty answers, we can see Mulan's witty, intelligent and proud expression. What could be more interesting and clever than these four sentences? What a beautiful Mulan girl! Thirdly, using male rabbits and female rabbits to describe men and women is exactly the characteristic of the language used in folk songs. This clever metaphor adds color to the whole poem and is the icing on the cake. In addition, these four lines of poetry are considered to be praises of Mulan by the singer, the narrator, which is not inconsistent with the view that they are Mulan's answer to "fire companion". 10． How to understand the traditional and simplified treatment in "Mulan Poems"? The following three points must be clarified: Where in "Mulan Poetry" is it complex and where is it simple? What effect does this complex and simplified treatment have? Why did the author do this? ① The use of traditional Chinese characters: Mulan's worries when she was weaving, Mulan's activities when preparing to pack, Mulan's mentality when she went to the battlefield, the joy of her family after Mulan returned home, Mulan's joy when she was dressing up as a "daughter", etc., They are all written in a complex and meticulous manner.

For example, Mulan's purchase of a pommel horse is plotted in parallel with east, west, north, and south, exaggerating the tension and busyness of preparations before the war. Readers can seem to see Mulan's rush and busyness, and can also imagine how heroic Mulan is in military uniform! Another example is that Mulan repeatedly mentioned "not hearing her mother-in-law's call to her daughter" when she was rushing to the battlefield. In fact, it was a true portrayal of Mulan's mentality at this time: when the sun set in the west and the dusk fell, Mulan was sleeping alone on the bank of the Yellow River. Listening to the rushing water of the Yellow River, the calls of parents are always echoing in my heart. As they get farther and farther away, the voices of parents calling for their daughter have long been lost, but this voice always echoes in the ears of my daughter! The journey is long, when will we again hear the kind call from the mother-in-law who warms her daughter’s heart? For another example, the last paragraph describes the different actions of Mulan’s parents, siblings, and others when she returns to her hometown. The same sentence is repeated three times to vividly express the joy and joyful atmosphere when relatives are finally reunited after ten years of separation. . The description of Mulan re-entering the boudoir and putting on "daughter makeup" vividly exaggerates Mulan's love for life and her beautiful and lovely daughter mood. ② The use of simple writing. As for simple writing, the main purpose is to keep the description of the battle process as simple as possible. Ten years of life can be explained in only a few sentences. Why is it arranged this way? What the author does not hesitate to describe is often what he wants to highlight. What this poem wants to highlight is the praise of Mulan's character of being filial to her parents and having the courage to take on important responsibilities. Therefore, the cruel war is briefly mentioned, but the content that can reflect the beautiful soul is spared no words. In addition, this complicated and simplified arrangement seems to imply the author's yearning and blessing for a better life, and his indifference and distance from war. A girl has been fighting on the battlefield for ten years and has achieved great military exploits - "Twelve rounds of military service, rewarded with hundreds of strong men", her bravery and strength can be seen. However, what the author and the majority of readers love is not a superwoman without female characteristics. Therefore, the author briefly mentions the fighting on the battlefield, and takes "Mulan is a girl" as the core of the concept. Therefore, he focuses on writing about Mulan as a girl. The concerns of her parents were written about her entering the boudoir, dressing up skillfully, and her radiant and graceful appearance. People have never cared about the dashing and martial-arts-like "Sister-in-law Gu", and there is no shortage of standard beauties in China like "Cui Yingying" who has the delicate voice of a warbler, but women who have both the beauty of a daughter and the virility of a man, in In the history of Chinese literature, there is only one unique one like Mulan! This arrangement of traditional and simplified works plays a role in highlighting character characteristics and expressing the author's tendency. Translation Chirp chirp, Mulan is weaving in front of the door. There was no sound of weaving, only the girl's sigh.

Ask Mulan what she is missing and thinking about? (Mulan replied) Mulan didn’t miss anything or think about anything. Last night I saw an announcement from the army and learned that the emperor was recruiting troops on a large scale. There were many rolls of recruitment rolls with my father’s name on them. The father has no eldest son, and Mulan has no brother. She is willing to buy a pommel horse for this purpose, so that she can take the place of her father in the army.

Go around the market and buy horses, saddles, bridles and whips. I bid farewell to my parents in the morning and set off on the road, and camped by the Yellow River at night. I couldn't hear the voices of my parents calling for their daughter, but could only hear the sound of the flowing water of the Yellow River. I bid farewell to the Yellow River in the morning and set out on the road, and arrived at the top of the Black Mountain in the evening. I could not hear the parents calling for their daughter, but could only hear the chirping of the war horses of the Yanshan barbarians.

Don’t be afraid of the thousands of miles journey, rush to the battlefield, jump over the barriers and climb the mountains like flying. The cold air from the north carried the sound of the watch, and the cold moonlight reflected the armored shirts of the soldiers. After many years of fighting, many soldiers died on the battlefield, and Mulan and other survivors returned victorious.

After returning from victory, he met the emperor, who was sitting in the palace (discussing merit and giving rewards). Mulan was credited with great merit and was rewarded with a lot of property. The emperor asked Mulan what she wanted. Mulan did not want to be an official. She just wanted to ride a thousand-mile horse and return to her hometown.

When the parents heard that their daughter was back, they supported each other and went to the outer city to greet Mulan; the elder sister heard that her sister was back and started dressing up in front of the door; the younger brother heard that his sister was back and was busy grinding. The knife is ready to kill pigs and sheep. (Mulan returned home) Open the east attic door, sit on the couch in the west inner room, take off the war robe I wore during the war, put on my old girl's clothes, face the window and arrange my hair as soft as clouds, Put the gold piece on your forehead (an old woman's decoration) in front of the mirror. When I went out to meet my companions who were going on the expedition together, they were all surprised and said: We have been traveling together for many years, but we didn’t even know Mulan was a girl.

When you pick up the rabbit's ears, the male rabbit's two front feet move from time to time, and the female rabbit's eyes often squint.

Two rabbits, a male and a female, are running side by side. How can you tell which is the male rabbit and which is the female? [2]