Names of ancient medical institutions in Taiyuan. It is a medical and health care institution specially serving the upper feudal ruling class. Tai Hospital was established in the Jin Dynasty and was affiliated to Xuanhui Hospital. The highest official of Imperial Hospital is the CEO of Imperial Hospital (top five products), as well as ambassadors, deputy ambassadors and judges. , "in charge of all medicine, the general court affairs." In addition, the Thai hospital also has a pipe hook responsible for medical education, as well as doctors and medical officers of various names. Imperial hospital of yuan dynasty. The grade is positive. At first, the director was a propaganda officer, and later he was changed to a medical supervisor and a hospital supervisor. Its administration belongs to Xuanhui College. Under the Chief Executive, there are special envoys, deputy special envoys and judges of the court. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tai Hospital was in charge of all medical affairs, and the rank of officials was generally higher than that of any dynasty. There was also an imperial court in the Ming Dynasty, whose chief executive was originally called an imperial court order and later renamed an imperial envoy. In the Ming Dynasty, there were two imperial hospitals in Beijing and Nanjing respectively, but the imperial hospital in Beijing was the highest medical administrative organ, with the highest medical minister, court ambassador and court judge. However, Nanjing Tai Hospital has only court judges and no court ambassadors to obey the leadership of Beijing Tai Hospital. In the Qing dynasty, there was only one royal hospital, which was responsible for drug management and medical treatment. In the early Qing Dynasty, imperial pharmacy was also placed under the management of imperial hospital, and national medical officers were sent, assessed and promoted by imperial hospital, which strengthened unified leadership. However, this system failed to persist. The Ministry of Rites managed the crude drug storehouse and the general manager supervised the imperial pharmacy, which weakened the function of the imperial hospital. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, medical administration was in chaos. In short, from the Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, Thai Hospital, as the central institution of national medical management and medical treatment, lasted for more than 700 years.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Dongjiaomin Lane (formerly known as Dongjiang Mi Lane) in Zhengyangmen (commonly known as Qianmen) was once the seat of many yamen. In this daunting place, there is a very special institution, that is, the Imperial Hospital for the treatment of the royal family.

(1) Changing the location of Thai hospitals

When Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, made Beijing his capital, she used the old official residence as the office space of various yamen, most of which were scattered in the urban area. Ming Yingzong orthodox seven years in April (1May 442), began in Daming Gate (called Qing Gate in Qing Dynasty, in Zhengyangmen). It was demolished after liberation) and many government offices were built. Hospital departments are also built here. In the Qing dynasty, because of the old Ming department, Thai hospital continued to be located there. Its exact location is in front of the square, south of the Qin Dynasty, east of the Ritual Department, that is, near the north of the west exit of Dongjiaomin Lane. The hospital has three gates, all facing west. Opposite is Zhaobi, with a red forehead and the words "Thai Hospital" written in black paint. The house in front of the gate is the doorman. On the left is the "underground palace" (facing north) and on the right is the "page room" (facing south). There are five halls in the department, which are the main places for activities. Among them, Huang Yunshi, who was sentenced by the Kangxi court, hanged himself: "How can we be sacred? We can adjust our recent situation. With sincerity and prudence, the benevolent is lifelong. " On the left side of the hall, there are three south halls. This is the doctor's office. On the right side of the hall is the North Hall. Behind it is the Records Hall, whose gate is called the Star Gate, and whose inner gate is called Ji Xian, whose name is Jinghui, facing south. The temple is dedicated to the statues of Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi, as well as the plaque of Kangxi's imperial book "Yongji Sheng Qun". Yaowang Temple is the first Yaowang Temple, which faces north outside. There is a bronze statue in the temple. Connecting the lobby is Hall 2, followed by Hall 3 and Room 5.

In the 27th year of Guangxu (190 1), imperialism forced the Qing government to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty", which designated Dongjiaominxiang as the embassy district, and all China offices in the embassy district had to be relocated. Too hospital can't find a new place at the moment, so we have to temporarily borrow Bai Wenshou's mansion on Dong 'anmen Street. Soon, Thai Hospital temporarily moved to Beichizi Great Pessimistic Conservatory of Music. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), a new department was set up in the east of Huangchenggen and Bingzhan Bureau outside Di 'anmen, which took three years to complete (it was changed to a private Ji Liang girls' middle school after the Revolution of 1911). There are three main doors, with rooms along the door, a waiter drinking tea in the west, and a science room as the landlord. There is a land temple in the east; There is a bronze temple in the west. In Yimen, Dongwutang and Xiwutang, it is the place where medical officers below the imperial doctor work. Due north is the hall. The backyard is the second hall, which is still called "Chengshentang" after its original name. In the hospital, three rooms in the east wing are leadership halls, three rooms in the west wing are clinics, two rooms in the east wing are general affairs rooms, two rooms in the west wing are teaching rooms, and there are students' study rooms in the north. The old site of the new hospital still exists. That is, today,No. 170,No.11,Ertang Street, Tai Hospital, Beijing No.32 Middle School, andNo. 1 13, Dong 'anmen East Street, Beijing. The lobby has been demolished, but the cornerstone of that year can still be seen. The second hall and the east and west hall both kept the original buildings, but they all became houses. However, from these buildings, we can imagine the rigorous, luxurious and mysterious scene of Thai Hospital in the past.

In the hall of Mingtai Hospital, there is a full-text stone carving of Acupuncture Tongren Jing written by Yuan (1295- 1296) by Wang in Song Dynasty. The inscription on the stone tablet is Song Renzong's imperial book. Stone carvings were moved from Hui Zong to the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1335- 1340) from the capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng). Wang, also known as Wang, was a famous acupuncturist in Song Dynasty. He used to be a medical officer of Hanlin and took medicine to the imperial palace. In the early years of Tiansheng, he was ordered to compile acupuncture books. He made a detailed textual research on the records and acupuncture patterns in ancient medical books, and systematically summarized the acupuncture practice of doctors in past dynasties. Tiansheng four years (1026), edited three volumes of Tongren Qixue Jing. Natural Qifeng (1029) was promulgated by governments all over the country as the standard for learning acupuncture and clinical acupoint selection. He also designed and presided over the casting of two acupuncture bronze figures in Tang Ming. The bronze man's body and internal organs can be divided or combined. The body surface is marked with the names of acupoints in gold, and the holes are painted with yellow wax, which is empty and can be filled with water. If the needle is inserted correctly according to the acupuncture height, the water inside can flow out of the hole, otherwise it can't penetrate. At that time, he was used as a doctor for acupuncture teaching and examination. One of the two bronze statues was lost in the war, and the other was hidden in the Wang Yao Temple of Mingtai Hospital, but this bronze statue was rebuilt in the first year of Yuan Shizu Zhizheng (1264- 1294). Due to their age, these relics of the former dynasty were difficult to identify in stone carvings and bronze statues during the orthodox period of Ming Yingzong (1436- 1449). When Ming Yingzong ordered the construction of the new Imperial Hospital, he carved the stone into bronze, rebuilt the stone carvings in the Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, cast bronze figures in imitation, and put them in the hospital department for the use of the law. During Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, acupuncturist Gao Wu once cast three bronze statues, one for men, one for women and one for boys. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Yang Jizhou, a medical officer, also cast a bronze statue in Tai Hospital. So since the Northern Song Dynasty, seven bronze statues of acupuncture and moxibustion have appeared. I don't know which bronze statue was placed in the "bronze hall" of the new department of Di 'anmen Waitai Hospital in the late Qing Dynasty.

(2) The evolution and system of Thai hospitals.

China has had doctors or medical institutions dedicated to the imperial palace since ancient times, but there are similarities and differences in the establishment and system of officials in different dynasties. Zhou Guan has medical staff sergeant and corporal, who are in charge of medical orders. Qin ordered the imperial doctor to treat him. In the Western Han Dynasty, both Taichang and Shaofu had orders from doctors. Too ordinary people treat officials, and people belonging to less government treat the court. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei was placed along the border. The Sui and Tang Dynasties set up a physician's office, and its competent official was the order of the physician's office. In the Song Dynasty, there was a medical officer's court, which was renamed Taiyuan in the Jin Dynasty, and the chief executive was the prefect. Yuan Dynasty was also called Tai Hospital. The Ming and Qing Dynasties lived next to each other.

In the Qing Dynasty, the royal hospital system was as follows:

(1) Organization and Clothing: In the early Qing Dynasty, there were differences between Manchu and Chinese official systems. In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), because the political power had been consolidated, in order to eliminate the hatred of the Han people, the so-called "integration of Manchu and Han people" was advertised, and the official system was changed to unification, so all the officials of Taiji Hospital had the same positions. However, in the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), there was still a management office with full staff, which was the top manager of Thai hospitals until the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong (1793). Since then, all the officials of Taiyuan Institute have been filled by Han people, and sometimes a few Manchu people have been appointed. The staff in the hospital are as follows: the hospital has one person as the administrative and medical officer in charge of the hospital, one judge in the left hospital, one judge in the right hospital as the deputy director of the hospital, and there are doctors 10- 15, clerks 10-30, doctors 20-40, and grain doctors (or grain doctors) Although the above posts increased or decreased in the Qing Dynasty, on the whole, the system remained unchanged. The medical officers in this hospital are generally called imperial doctors or imperial doctors.

In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), it was stipulated that there were five court envoys, six judges in the left and right courts, eight doctors and nine officials. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), it was stipulated that all doctors should have seven products and six products with Pin Guan. The clothing of medical officials in past dynasties has also changed.

(2) Setting up departments for direct diagnosis: At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Thai Hospital set up eleven types according to the old system of Ming Dynasty, namely: big room pulse, small room pulse, typhoid fever, gynecology, ulcer, acupuncture, ophthalmology, stomatology, orthopedics, larynx and acne. In the second year of Jiaqing (1797), the mouth and teeth of the throat, acne rash and small veins were combined into one family, and then nine families were formed. In the sixth year of Jiaqing (180 1 year), orthopedics was placed in the upper yuan. In the second year of Daoguang (1822), acupuncture was abolished because it was considered that acupuncture and fire moxibustion were not suitable for you. After five years of tongzhi (1866), the original two departments of typhoid fever and gynecology were included in the big room pulse, and together with the small room pulse, surgery, ophthalmology and stomatology, * * * became five departments. Guangxu dynasty remains the same and has not changed.

Imperial envoys, court judges, doctors, officials and healers entered the palace according to their own specialties and took turns to wait on them. The things in the palace are called "public"; In the outer court, it is called "six straights". The pharmacy in the palace and all classes outside the palace; Six straight outside straight inside straight serve. When the Qing emperor was stationed in Yuanmingyuan, Gong Zhi worked in Yuanmingyuan pharmacy. Herry Liu is waiting in a straight room outside Yuanmingyuan. In the 13th year of Guangxu (1887), it was agreed that two officials from Taiyuan would stay in Xiyuan (now Zhongnanhai and Beihai) Shou Pharmacy and the library's handbooks, pens and stickers every day. In case of any trouble, you should summon him; Clean the official royal pharmacy, and every day, Tai Yuan, Da Mai and Xiao Mai each keep a straight number, which is the royal office.

For the convenience of straightening, there are no offices or "tatami" in the imperial palace and the imperial court in the garden (Wen Qing Shu Hui interpreted it as "going out to stay", that is, resting place). There is an office in an acre of farmland in the southeast of Yuanmingyuan, with more than 80 original rooms, and there is also an office under the east wall of the Forbidden City, north of the upper courtyard and east of the south. The body is long gone.

(3) Education and assessment: The training of medical officers in Qing Dynasty was divided into two types: internal education and foreign education. Internal teaching practice is to teach medical students in internal prisons, while external teaching practice is to teach medical students among ordinary civilians and children of medical officials. The practice of internal teaching is that Thai hospital appoints a knowledgeable medical officer to undertake the teaching work, and the teaching is located in the East Pharmacy. Professor of internal medicine, kitchen service, meals provided by Guanglu Temple. The selection and training of foreign teachers are extremely strict. According to the regulations: "First-time doctors, take official seals from fellow villagers and report them to the hospital (Taiyuan). After being audited by our head office, take doctors, medical officers, hall officials (hospital ambassadors, hospital judges, etc.) from our hospital. ) will face-to-face exam. Those who can receive medical training are allowed to wait for the exam in the hospital and make up for it every time [1] ". Only those who have passed numerous examinations and are truly "proficient in medical skills and have never committed a crime" can enter a foreign church to study. He teaches doctors, and he also selects doctors. Those who are excellent in character and knowledge in the eyes of officials are appointed. The courses studied are mainly medical classics and related professional books. In the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), Janice and others compiled the Golden Mirror of Medical Records, which was published in the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749) and was used as a medical textbook until the end of Qing Dynasty. Drop-outs who go abroad to teach will take the exam once every three years in addition to one quarter every year, and those who pass the exam are called doctors. Those who are not accepted by the school are still allowed to drop out of school as usual and wait for the next exam. The Imperial Hospital also stipulates that those who have dropped out of school for more than one year and ranked first in the three quarterly examinations can make up for the lack of food doctors after reporting to the Ministry of Rites. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), ten food doctors were added and renamed as Enliangsheng. From then on, you don't have to take the exam, you can get the supplement as long as you report to the department of rites from the hospital.

After the Opium War, the capital of Tai Hospital was insufficient, and the teaching and examination system was increasingly relaxed, so was the teaching hall. During the Tongzhi period, Hu Qingyuan, the imperial censor, called for the rectification of medical officers to take appropriate medicine. So he changed the church into a medical hall for six years (1867), and the imperial college sent three teachers to take charge of the medical hall, and the students who took the exam in the spring and autumn, were kind and dropped out, and then made up for it by name. Every six years, Thai Hospital, together with the officials in charge of the Department of Ritual, conducts a comprehensive assessment of the medical officers serving in Thai Hospital. This kind of examination, except the court ambassador, the court judge and the imperial doctor waiting in the court, was told that the emperor could not take it, and other officials, doctors and students had to take it. ,

In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), yiguang was newly established. Basically, according to the rules of schools in various provinces, two medical officers were appointed as teaching staff, and another inspector, inspector, general manager and secretary were appointed to take charge of related affairs. Except for the management, everyone else must work in the hospital. Twenty students are selected from the old school, and the study period is set at four years. Although the personnel training and selection system of Taiyuan Hospital was increasingly relaxed in the late Qing Dynasty, it was still very serious in the education and assessment of medical officers because of its important tasks.

(4) Personnel system: Under normal circumstances, the personnel system of Thai hospitals is promoted and mobilized step by step in strict accordance with the grade. If there is a vacancy in the hospital, the hospital on the left will be promoted; The left court lacks judges and the right court supplements them; If there is a vacancy in the right court, it will be promoted by the doctor; If there is a shortage of doctors, they will be promoted by officials; If there is a shortage of officials, use doctors to supplement them; If there is a shortage of medical staff, the doctor will make up for it. Generally speaking, the titles of medical officers are: except the imperial envoys and court judges, when there are vacancies below the imperial doctor, the Tang officials of the hospital first select and nominate them in the medical palace of the internal minister and hand them over to the Li Department for appointment. If the internal medical officer is completed, he can be selected from the external medical palace and submitted by salary. Some people must pass the exam before reporting. This is the general promotion situation. There are also two special situations: first, there is a lack of officials in the hospital. If there is a special purpose, it will be supplemented by Chongqing; First, when there are too many people in the hospital to use, people who are proficient in medical science and willing to do it are selected from the people's doctors in Zhili and those with the title of Gongsheng Inspector, and re-recorded according to certain procedures. But this special situation is always rare.

(5) Other duties: The main duty of Thai Hospital is to serve the imperial court (as mentioned above). In addition, it also undertakes some temporary tasks appointed by order and relatively fixed tasks undertaken by members directly under the hospital. There are three kinds of temporary tasks ordered: first, all kings, government officials and civil and military ministers seek medical treatment; Second, foreign vassals, princesses, ministers and Taiji all require medical treatment. Third, the military camp needs medical treatment, and the official sends people to treat it. Members of our college (or jointly with relevant departments) are engaged in relatively fixed work, which mainly includes two tasks: one is the civil and military examination (the Ministry of Ritual and the Ministry of Military Affairs), and the provincial examination in Shuntian (Shuntianfu) each brings two doctors to provide services. By the end of the term, "our hospital will select one person familiar with medicine from the vein department of great atrium and the ulcer department, and submit them to the Committee for use" [2]. The second is the prison of punishments. "The hospital sends two doctors to serve, and the drug price is given to Yinmi every month. After serving for six years, he returned to the hospital and was promoted to an official "[3]. In addition, there is also a task of "sending outside the customs". In the thirty-fourth year of Kangxi (1695), he decided to send two good doctors to Morgan, Heilongjiang. It is rotated once a year. It ended in the 45th year of Kangxi (1706). This kind of dispatch is not long.

(6) Royal Pharmacy: The Royal Pharmacy is an important institution for the imperial court to purchase, store and prepare medicines, and serve different classes of imperial doctors. Imperial pharmacy is divided into east and west parts. Western pharmacy belongs to the ambassadors, judges, doctors and officials of Tai Hospital. The East Pharmacy belongs to physicians, officials and doctors. The relationship between imperial pharmacy and imperial hospital has a process of development and change. In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Royal Pharmacy Bureau was attached to Tai Hospital. The entry and exit accounts of drugs must be reported to the Ministry of Ritual. In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659), it was decided that all the affairs of the Royal Pharmacy Bureau were under the management of the Imperial Court and did not need to be reported to the Ministry of Rites. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), it was decided to hand over the drug storehouse to the Ministry of Ritual, and the drugs that needed to be placed in the hospital should be sent to the Ministry of Ritual with the drug list in advance. In the tenth year of Kangxi (167 1), it was decided that the Royal Pharmacy Bureau was no longer subordinate to the Imperial Hospital, but directly subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which was a great change. After the Imperial Pharmacy is directly under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the drugs it needs are sent to the Imperial Hospital twice a month according to the types and quantities of applications. It needs to be revised, broken and typed every three months. As for the food, branches and utensils used by the royal pharmacy to prepare drugs, they are handed over to the relevant departments. Such as jujube, rubber jujube, litchi, longan and so on. In charge of etiquette (in charge of the ceremony and music of the imperial palace, and assessing the level of eunuchs); Rabbits and finches, etc. Are responsible for the affairs of Yamazawa within the government, and so on.

When the imperial palace summoned the medical officer working in the imperial palace hospital to see a doctor in ouchi, he must be led by the eunuch in the imperial palace pharmacy. To diagnose and treat the emperor's diseases, the internal medicine should be combined with eunuchs, and their names must be stamped on the prescriptions. Subsequently, the medicinal properties and treatment methods of this prescription were listed, and the medical officer and eunuch signed their names on a certain day of the month and presented them to the emperor for reading. Once the book is played, it will be registered and the eunuch will take it back for the exam. Imperial medicine was boiled, and officials of the imperial court and eunuchs supervised it together. Take two medicines and one dose. Pour two cups after frying. A cup is tasted by the attending medical officer first, and then by the court judge and eunuch in turn; The other cup was taken away by the emperor. If you don't prepare the medicine according to the original prescription, don't know the taste and weight of the medicine name, or take it open, it will be considered as "disrespect" After five years of Qianlong (1740), all medicines were cooked by the minister of the interior, and the medical officer no longer cooperated with the pharmacy. Puyi said in "My First Half Life": "According to the rules, when the emperor is ill, he should copy the prescription prescribed by the doctor too much to the ministers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs every day. If he is seriously ill, he should copy it to the ministers of military aircraft." In the existing archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Military Department, we can also see this copied prescription for treating Taixu. It seems that the above statement is true. Because of its important nature, the Imperial Pharmacy Hall has always been a forbidden place in the Imperial Palace, and its prevention is extremely strict. According to the History of the Forbidden City in the Ming Dynasty, "since the ancestors, no one dared not enjoy a private pharmacy, and it was extremely confidential." Although the situation of imperial pharmacy is not clearly written, its strictness can be imagined. However, in the late Qing dynasty, for convenience and other reasons, there were pharmacies in various palaces, and even the emperor no longer decocted in the royal pharmacy. Puyi said in "My First Half Life": "Every time I get sick, I am fried by the pharmacy in Yonghe Palace. Yonghe Palace is the place where Dafei Duankang (Princess Guangxu) lives. Her pharmacy is better than other pharmacies in Taifei Palace, and she has inherited the mantle of Queen Jade Dragon. "

The names of the empress dowager, toffee, queen, imperial concubine, princess, concubines, nobles, regular attendants, diseases promised to be treated, prescription drugs, relatives in the palace and medical officers to be treated should be registered in the register for future reference according to regulations. Such as eunuchs, maids and so on.

In addition to the above main tasks, the royal pharmacy has some other errands. First of all, every summer, together with Imperial Hospital, we are responsible for installing "Elsholtzia soup" for heatstroke prevention in Ganqingmen and Yuanmingyuan Palace. On New Year's Eve every year, we burn Atractylodes lancea in various palaces and manage the production of Dabaling in the chanting hall. Secondly, the application of drugs. In the eleventh year of Shunzhi (1654), three pharmacies were built outside the gate of Bauhinia Shandong, which were given by medical officials for the benefit of Manchu and Han soldiers and civilians. In the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1), there were fifteen pharmaceutical factories in Wucheng, each with a medical officer and a doctor, who treated the people of Beijing free of charge. In the twenty-first year of Kangxi (1682), four factories were set up in the east, west, north and south, and it became routine to send money and medical officers to apply medicine until the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749).

Since Daoguang (182 1 to 1850) has changed, that is, except for the tribute, all the medicinal materials produced in various provinces are negotiated and purchased from drug dealers at any time by the Ministry of Internal Affairs or Royal Pharmacy. Since then, there has been little change in the pharmacy of Imperial Hospital.

(3) Cure too many emotions.

People say "cure too much", not only refers to the medical officer who works in the hospital, but also includes the famous doctors who are recommended by those places to go to Beijing to sacrifice to heaven. They waited on the king and treated the "Supreme". Once serious problems occur, they attract the attention of the government and the public, and their responsibilities are extremely important. But the empresses of the emperor have always been pampered, and every meal will be rich and varied. Living like this is naturally harmful to health. Your weakness lies in your health. If you are sick, it will be difficult to cure. Instead, you blame the doctor for his incompetence. Cure too much work in the palace, and sometimes pay bribes to officials and eunuchs in the inner government. Otherwise, they will get in the way and set obstacles everywhere. Therefore, even those doctors who are good at distinguishing yellow are difficult to show their skills because of many constraints. Some people are lucky by accident and see success in the cure. Although they get more and more rewards, their glory is abnormal. It seems that they can rise to the top, but they may not. Even gifts are not enough to pay bribes. In addition, the palace is intrigued and intrigued, and the political situation is unpredictable. Sometimes, it is difficult to escape because it is the first to cure too much. If you take a drug by mistake, life and death depend on it. If an accident happens, it will be fatal. Therefore, some famous doctors regard calling into the palace as a dangerous way, and even run away when they hear the news, hoping to escape. There are only a handful of people who are really prosperous. There is a saying in the world that "it is difficult to cure too much", which is not empty talk, and the suffering is not known to everyone.

Let's look at the following example. You can also know a thing or two about the difficulty of doctors treating diseases.

(1) Some emperors are proud of their medical knowledge. They often criticize prescription drugs, but they have to cure too much and follow the doctor's advice. For example, Emperor Guangxu was weak from childhood, but he was sick in adulthood, with long-term spleen-stomach imbalance and serious nocturnal emission. Sometimes, as soon as you hear the sound of gongs and drums, you will discharge immediately, and then there will be a series of symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, cough, palpitations, insomnia, dizziness, tinnitus and forgetfulness. Appear one after another. Because of his life's political frustration and unsatisfactory life, this career blow and mental pain made him depressed and his illness aggravated. Therefore, he is more swayed by considerations of gain and loss, timid and suspicious, withdrawn and stubborn. Emperor Guangxu was a little familiar with medical ethics. When he was seriously ill and sought medical treatment, he often moved with emotion, sternly reprimanded, self-righteous and ordered treatment. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), he was seriously ill, tossing and turning and moaning. On August 22 (September 29) of that year, "The Record of Hospitalization" recorded: "Every time the prescription is light, the pain (waist and buttocks) is also light, and it works well. That is to say, for example, in the last month, after taking Li Jun's medicine, the prescriptions were all five or six flavors, and the pain of taking it was slightly relieved. The prescription is a little heavier these two days, and the condition is getting worse. Because of taking medicine for a long time, the viscera can't beat the medicine. In the future, cubes should be considered in detail, always less, and there should be no abuse. " Cure too much had to obey orders. Since then, Guangxu's prescriptions have been light and light. Regardless of the actual situation, this holy prescription is not effective and should be expected. Not only that, Guangxu also named drugs in the special edict, saying: "If hot agents are used frequently and blindly, I am afraid that the disease will reappear today. It is advisable to consider cubes, such as Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Scrophulariae, Radix Ophiopogonis, Chrysanthemum, Mulberry Leaves, Bamboo shavings, etc., and add two or three flavors every day to prevent floating heat from overflowing. " Therefore, every time I see the drugs prescribed by Guangxu in the pulse file since then, regardless of whether these drugs for clearing heat and nourishing yin are completely symptomatic at that time, doctors should use them according to their purposes.

(2) Treating internal diseases is the first priority, and doctors must be cautious, but it is difficult to work. As a result, doctors who overtreated were reprimanded and severely punished. For example, in the 45th year of Kangxi (1706), Sun, the ambassador of Tai Hospital, and others undertook to treat the recurrence and leakage of hemorrhoids of Pu 'erpeng, the minister in the banner. Kangxi was very dissatisfied with their treatment. He once flew into a rage in Zhu Pi and wrote: "Quack doctors mislead people, which often happens." The feudal emperor had supreme authority. How could such a group of doctors cure too much? For example, one or two years before the death of Emperor Guangxu, it was very difficult for the doctor to cure because of his complicated condition. Guangxu himself blamed others. In his book Pathogen, he repeatedly added too many harsh words to the doctor to vent his dissatisfaction. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), on May 26th, he said, "Recently, the blockage of the helix is getting worse after repeated prescriptions. Waist and hip ache, not a little lighter. +6540 total medicine is not symptomatic! " "To treat this disease, we must first find out the cause and carefully follow the symptoms, so that we can treat it indiscriminately and not be too hasty!" July 17 (August 13) said: "Taking medicine is not only useless, but also increasing. It is a mistake because the medicine does not match the disease! " By August, the original symptoms had not improved, but the symptoms such as waist and hip pain, ear blockage and abdominal pain were further aggravated. Guangxu was furious and severely reprimanded the doctor too much: "The drugs used are not only ineffective, but also aggravate the symptoms. It seems that drugs are always inconsistent with diseases. Every time I look at my pulse, suddenly, I can't study my condition carefully, just perfunctory. As a famous doctor, why are you so hasty? " "The tricks of famous doctors only stop here, you can sigh!" At that time, Guangxu failed because of the Reform Movement of 1898. Although imprisoned by Empress Dowager Cixi, he is still an emperor in name. Doctors dare not be careless about too many treatments, and the drugs are ineffective. This is beyond the capacity of human resources. How can he blame the doctor too much? However, Guangxu's partial belief was caused by improper treatment, so doctors had to bow their heads and admit their mistakes and listen to the emperor's insults. The emperor fell ill, no matter what the reason, and died because of ineffective treatment, that is, the so-called "Jade Dragon is a guest", and he must be punished for over-treating the doctor. After the death of Emperor Guangxu, Chong-Un Cheong, Shun Shun, and Zhong Xun, all of whom were accused of "failing to protect themselves", were given routine punishments such as "immediately dismissed from their posts and treated as police for crimes". In a society with absolute monarchy, there is no reason.

(3) As for those doctors who are blessed by God by some chance, their situation is not completely satisfactory. Xue, who treated Empress Dowager Cixi, is an example. Xue is from Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. His medical skills are brilliant and he is famous in the north and south. Cixi was ill and was called to Beijing. After careful treatment, the effect is quite good. After Cixi recovered from her illness, she wrote a four-word plaque on "Cultivating Self-cultivation" and gave it to Xue. After the success of medical treatment, he should have been honored to return to his hometown, but "Lafayette" did not allow him to leave Beijing immediately, because after "Xi Sheng (Cixi) recovered from his new illness" [4], he had to "twitch the old illness one by one to report peace", which was called "please feel his pulse", so he had to stay in Beijing. Unexpectedly, during the treatment of Cixi, Xue's hometown disease was prevalent, and all his family members fell ill, followed by his daughter's death. In a letter to Shen, Xue's brother lamented, "Xue saved his brother's life and his family got sick. The so-called carpenter is not a person who can't take care of himself because of lack of bed. " It is conceivable that Xue's grief and pain at that time must be unspeakable. After accepting Cixi's kindness, Xue did not feel blessed, but was worried and fidgety. His younger brother was afraid of him, and said in the letter, "I learned about Fu Xiong's recent situation. After seeing a doctor a little smoothly and having poor skills, I gradually bowed to my knees." He also said, "This matter is a huge burden. I don't know when it will be ready! " Xue himself felt in a dilemma. In a letter to a friend, he said: Medical incidents are full of twists and turns. "What I did this time pardoned the great sin, but I actually offended the doctor too much and offended all the famous doctors in the world" [5]. These words truly exposed Xue's jittery and extremely contradictory mood at that time.

There is a saying that "accompanying a king like a tiger", the doctors around the queen mother and the emperor are not like this. This experience of Xue is proof. As for the darkness in the imperial court of the feudal dynasty, such as mutual jealousy, mutual exclusion, collusion and nepotism, it is even more difficult to describe. Of course, most of the imperial doctors in the Qing Dynasty were skilled, experienced and unique doctors, who once added luster to the treasure house of Chinese medicine. They have made some contributions in eliminating Stan, treating both the symptoms and the root causes, using classical prescriptions flexibly and making good use of drugs. These achievements are undeniable.

Today, we are standing in front of the former Beijing Imperial Hospital, exploring the traces of history. Can't we feel heartfelt joy and pride for the growing prosperity of the socialist motherland and the vigorous development of medical and health undertakings since the founding of New China, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party?