Protohoof kingdom, Chordata, Vertebrates, Mammals, Chiroptera, Equidae, Equus.
The ancestors of horses were the first horses (Hyracotherium Owen = Eohippus Marsh) who lived in Cenozoic, Tertiary and Eocene more than 50 million years ago. Their bodies are only as big as foxes. Small skull, simple tooth structure and low crown. Four toes on the front foot and three toes on the back foot. The back is bent and the spine is flexible. Living in the forests of North America, feeding on young leaves. It took about100000 years, and it was not until Oligocene that the Middle Ma Marsh appeared. As big as a sheep. There are 3 toes in both front and rear feet, and the middle toe is obviously enlarged. The buccal teeth are still low crowns, and the tips of molar teeth have become ridges. Still living in the forest, feeding on young leaves. After 1000000 years, Merychippus Leidy appeared in the Miocene. There are three toes in both front and rear feet, but only the middle toe walks on the ground, and the side toe degenerates. The body is as big as the modern ancestor mother. Longer limbs and higher head. The back changes from arc to rigidity, from being good at jumping to being good at running. Molar teeth have complex ridges and chalk fillings, indicating that food has changed from young leaves to hay. The grassland ancient horse changed from forest life to grassland life. The high-toothed crown molars are suitable for grinding hay, and the limbs that are good at running can avoid the attack of wild animals. The Pliocene reappeared in the early Pliocene, with larger body, higher crown, more developed middle toes of front and rear feet, and the second and fourth toes completely degenerated. In the Pleistocene, horses appeared, reaching the size of modern horses, with fully developed middle toes, hard toes and more complicated teeth than crowns, reflecting their high adaptability to galloping and chewing hay on the grassland. Before Miocene, equine animals were mainly distributed in the forests of North America, and migrated to Eurasia in Miocene. In Pliocene and Pleistocene, equines from North America also spread to South America, but the species in South America soon became extinct. In the Holocene, the equine animals in North America also tended to be extinct. Only the descendants of Eurasia have prospered. The Samen wild horse unearthed in the north of China and the Platts wild horse existing in Gansu, Xinjiang, Mongolia and other places are all representatives of equines. Modern horses are bred by wild horses through artificial domestication. In Miocene and Pliocene, several branches of horses appeared: for example, An-Chithelia v. Meyer); Distributed in Miocene North America and Eurasia; Three-toed horse Christol); Distributed in Pliocene North America and Eurasia; South American horses (seahorses) distributed in Pleistocene South America show that the evolution of horses is not linear. In the history of horses, some paleontologists believe that creatures always evolve in a given direction according to the evolution trend of horses (from small to large size, from multi-toe to few-toe, from short crown to high crown).
Mongolian horse
Mongolian horse is one of the oldest horse breeds in China and even in the world. Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia grassland, it is a typical grassland horse breed. Mongolian horses are not big, with an average height of 120 ~ 135 cm and a weight of 267 ~ 370 kg. Strong body, strong limbs, strong constitution, big head, wide chest, short legs, developed joints and tendons. The coat is thick and complex in color. It bears hardships and stands hard work, is not afraid of cold, can adapt to extremely extensive feeding management, has strong vitality and can survive in harsh conditions. You can walk about 60 kilometers in 8 hours. The tamed Mongolian horse is fearless and brave on the battlefield. Has always been a good army horse.
Kazakh horse
Kazakh horses produced in Xinjiang are also prototype horses. Its morphological characteristics are: medium-sized head, delicate and pretty, short ears. The neck is slender, slightly raised, the nail is high, the brooch is narrow, and the hind limbs are often knife-shaped.
Today, the area around Kazak Prefecture in Yili is the Wusun Kingdom in the Western Regions of the Han Dynasty. Two thousand years ago, during the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi sent three envoys, including Zhang Qian, to the Western Regions in search of a good horse. The horse he got may be the predecessor of Kazakh horse. By the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the number of horses sold to the Tang Dynasty in Uighur reached 100,000 every year. Many of them are Kazakh horses. Therefore, some horse breeds in northwest China are mostly related to Kazakh horses.
Hequma
Hequ Horse is also an ancient and excellent local horse breed in China, which is often used as a tribute in history. Originated in the grassland at the junction of Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan provinces in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, it is named Hequma because it is located in the Yellow River. It is the largest excellent horse among the local breeds in China. Average height 132 ~ 139 cm, weight 350 ~ 450 kg. Hequ Horse has a slightly larger head, a slightly rabbit-headed nose, a wide neck, a straight trunk, a deep and wide chest and a strong figure, which has an absolute advantage in Lama. Carry100 ~150kg, and you can travel 50km a day. Hequ horse is docile, stable, strong in endurance and quick in fatigue recovery. So it is mostly used for service, and a single cart can pull 500 kilograms of heavy objects. This is a good farm horse.
Southwest horse
Southwest horses are distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. It is characterized by its small size and easy access to mountain roads. Southwest horsehead is big, neck is high, mane, tail and mane are long. Good body structure, developed tendons and firm hooves. Good at climbing mountains and mountains, able to bear more than 100 kilograms, and travel 30 ~ 40 kilometers a day. It is a force that needs transportation very much in the southwest mountainous area. Among them, the famous ones are Jianchang Horse in Sichuan, Lijiang Horse in Yunnan and Guizhou Horse.
Sanhema
Three hippos are extremely complicated horses. At the beginning of the 20th century, some Russian aristocrats came to the northeast of China, bringing with them fine breeds such as orlov Horse and Pitching Kama. During the Japanese occupation, thoroughbred horses and British-Arabian horses were introduced. These horses gradually formed today's three hippos by crossing with local horses.
Three hippos are taller than Mongolian horses. They are solid and compact in shape, handsome in appearance, long in chest, muscular, strong in physique, straight in back, strong in limbs and obvious in joints. There are three main colors of coat: beard hair, millet hair and black hair. Average height 140 ~ 147 cm, weight 330 ~ 380 kg. These three hippos are fierce, but gentle. They can resist rough feeding and adapt to a wide range of grazing life. It belongs to the economic type of riding and pulling. It only takes 1 minute 1 0 second to run on horseback. A single horse can lift a rubber-tyred vehicle with a load of more than 500 kilograms and can walk 10 km in half an hour.
Ilima
Ili horse is based on Kazak horse in Xinjiang, which is a cross between orlov horse and Dun hippo in the former Soviet Union. Local herders call it "two horses". After 1960s, Ili horse was mainly bred by Dun Hippo, and its blood volume reached more than 50%.
The average height of Ili Ma is 144 ~ 148 cm, and its weight is 400 ~ 450 kg. It is tall and symmetrical, with a small and smart head, big eyes, high head and neck and strong limbs. When its neck is held high, it is fierce, its coat color is shiny and beautiful, and its appearance is more beautiful. Hair color is mainly mane, millet hair and black hair, and there are often white patches on limbs and forehead, which are called "white stripes". Ilima is gentle, sensitive and good at jumping. Suitable for mountain riding and plain service. 126 km long-distance running, with a load of 80 kg, can be reached in 7 hours 12 minutes. This is an excellent Qingqi.
Shandanma
Dual-purpose horse breed with mainly carrying. Produced in Shandan Racecourse, Gansu, China, it is a cross between a local horse and Dun hippo, and contains only 65,438+0/4 Dun hippo blood. 1984 was identified and named. Strong, powerful and adaptable to high mountains. The head is of medium size and the neck is slightly inclined. Armor is long, chest is wide and deep, back and waist are straight, waist is short, and hip breadth is slightly inclined. The limbs are strong, the joints are strong, the tendons are obvious, the hind limbs are slightly outward, and the hooves are firm. The coat color is mainly Zhu, followed by black. Average body size of mare (cm): height 138.5, body length 142.3, bust 169.3, tube circumference 17.6. In Qilian Mountain area with an altitude of 2800 ~ 4000m, the average load is100kg, and the journey lasts for 5 days, including running, wading and climbing. The riding test record of 1600 meters is 2 minutes 1 1 sec, and that of 5000 meters is 8 minutes 13 sec. For the contralateral step 1000m 2 1 1 s, the maximum pulling force reaches 455kg, which is equivalent to 9 1% of the body weight. A single horse drives a two-wheeled rubber truck, weighing 500 kilograms, and the speed is 15 kilometers per hour. Genetic stability.
Dutch blood (KWPN)
If there is one kind of horse that has become popular as a star, it is dutch warmblood. This is a new variety. The Netherlands began to have a pedigree register in 1958, and now it has become the most successful, popular and popular equestrian horse in the world. Dutch warm-blooded Kyle is said to be a new product in the 20th century, which is different from the warm-blooded horse that existed before the 20th century. It is a warm-blooded horse specially bred for equestrian events. Although this is a variety created by the Dutch, it should actually be regarded as a European variety, because in addition to the Netherlands, there are British, Spanish, French and German ancestry.
The origin of Dutch warm blood comes from two native Dutch varieties, Gelderlander and Groningen. In fact, this is closely related to the local soil. Heldland is in the middle of the Netherlands, where the soil is sandy and the horses bred are relatively light. Groningen, on the other hand, is full of hard clay, and the horses grow heavier. However, the genes of the two varieties are compatible, so breeders often add the pedigree of Groningen horse to the pedigree of Herdrama to increase the weight of Herdrama, and vice versa.
Herdeland horse and Groningen horse have existed in the Netherlands and its adjacent areas since the Middle Ages. Britain has Andalusian horse, Neapolitan horse, Norman horse, Norfolk sports car, oldenburg horse, Holstein horse, Anglo-Norman horse and Hackney horse. Groningen horse is a cross between Danish frys horse and German oldenburg horse.
Since ancient times, Dutch farmers have made a living from horses, and they have established strict methods of raising horses very early to eliminate the shortcomings of health and personality and the lack of intelligence. This strict screening practice has created today's Dutch warm blood. The mechanization after the industrial revolution changed the use of horses to leisure riding and sports, and the Dutch once again successfully demonstrated their farming techniques. The two breeds, Heldeland Horse and Groningen Horse, have some exciting characteristics: gorgeous movements, good infrastructure, elegant quality, stable growth ability and gentle cooperation temperament. The Dutch introduced the British thoroughbred horse to increase its courage and improve its sometimes defects, such as too long back, too short neck and too short forelimbs. Quite light movements are also brought by thoroughbred horses. In order to get rid of the unruly characteristics of thoroughbred horses, in addition to introducing other Dutch lineages, we should also introduce the lineages of French Cesar Lefranc Sias, German Hanover and Holstein to improve the final breed. In addition, Hackney was introduced from England to cultivate beautiful horses, and some people continued to cultivate the traditional Herdeland horses, which eventually evolved into three types of dutch warmblood.
Babu is still a Berber, Boma.
Bobuma's hometown is in Babari area of ancient North Africa, which is now Morocco, Al Ghiglia, Libya and Tunisia. Today, there are large breeding grounds in Constantine, Al Giria and the Moroccan royal family. The local nomadic people (Tuareg people) in remote mountainous areas and deserts also have a lot of beech horses.
Bobhorse is another ancient oriental horse breed, which has had a great influence on various horse breeds for centuries and helped to cultivate many successful breeds in the world today. Like Arabian horse, it occupies an undeniable important position in horse breeding, but it is relatively unknown and not as famous as Arabian horse. When Baibuma was first brought to Europe, it was often mistaken for an Arabian horse by Europeans, because the residents of North Africa are also Muslims and speak Arabic.
A famous example is "Godofen Arabia", one of the ancestors of thoroughbred horses in Britain. Actually, it's a Burberry horse. This is a gift from the Sultan of Morocco to the king of France, but the French didn't find its value. It was used as a cart-pulling horse in Paris before the famous breeding expert Load Godolphin found it and brought it to England. In a relatively new literature, its name was changed to "Godolphin Barb". This story has been written by Margaret Henry as the novel "The King of the Wind", and won the gold medal of the Newbery Children's Literature Award of 1949, and Hollywood also made a film of the same name.
speciality
Bobma is famous for her strength, endurance, speed and quick response. Especially when it is used to cultivate and improve other varieties, these characteristics are more important. It is not as lively and beautiful as the Arabian horse, and its movements are not light and smooth enough. Some zoologists believe that the bobcat originated from prehistoric European ancestry, not Asian ancestry, and people are still debating whether it is an oriental horse. People always compare it with Arabian horse, and think that he is not like Arabian horse, and his personality is not as gentle and kind as Arabian horse. It is also strong and hard-working, and it is easy to take care of.
External physical characteristics
Beech is a light desert horse. The neck is of medium length, round and strong. Legs are slim but strong and long. Like all desert horses, their hooves are very hard. The mane and tail hair are thicker than Arabian horses.
The head is long and narrow, the ears are of medium length, the bridge of the nose is a little convex, the eyes look heroic and the nostrils are low.
The true coat colors of bobcats are gray, black, chestnut, enamel, dark enamel and dark brown. Only those mixed with Arabian horse blood have other colors.
Height varies from 148 cm to 160 cm.
condition
In the past, Bobo was considered a first-class horse, but now it is a good horse, sometimes used for horse racing. It's a pity that I didn't get the reputation I deserved outside my hometown.
Due to the poor economic situation in the original producing area of Poma, the number of pure Poma is decreasing. In order to solve this problem, 65438-0987 established the Barber Horse World Organization (OMCB) in Algeria. Members are from several countries, including Algerian, Moroccan and Tunisia, and some European breeding associations. Unfortunately, due to the complicated political situation in Algeria, the organization has almost stopped operating since the 1990s.
A sweaty horse
The earliest record of "blood horse" in China was in the Western Han Dynasty 2000 years ago, when Emperor Gaozu led 300,000 troops to be trapped by tarquin in the Battle of Deng Bai. The brave tarquin left a deep impression on Emperor Gaozu, and at that time, bloody BMW was an important mount of tarquin.
In the autumn of the fourth year of Emperor jing yuan of the Han Dynasty (1 13 BC), a Dunhuang prisoner named "profiteer" seized a bloody BMW and presented it to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty got this horse, he was ecstatic and called it "Tianma". And sing it, the song says: "Too much tribute to heaven, stained with red sweat." Rong Rong and Xi Wan Li are friends now. "
Only a swift horse can't change the quality of a domestic horse. In order to capture a large number of "blood horses", the Western Han regime in China fought two bloody battles with Dawan State in the western regions at that time.
At first, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent a delegation of more than 100 people to Dawanguo with a horse made of pure gold, hoping to exchange a heavy gift for the stallion of Dawanma. After King Dawan came to Ershi City (now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan), the capital of Dawan Kingdom, he may be eager for horses, or he may consider it from the military aspect (because cavalry is the main force in the western regions, and good horses are an important part of cavalry fighting capacity), and refused to exchange Dawan horses for the Golden Horse of the Han Dynasty. On the way home, Ambassador China was robbed in Dawan and Ambassador China was killed. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was furious and declared that "anyone who dares to strengthen the Han Dynasty will be punished far away", so he made a decision to forcibly seize the bloody BMW.
BC 104, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to lead tens of thousands of cavalry to March more than 4,000 kilometers to Yucheng, the border town of Dawan. However, the first battle was unfavorable and failed to capture the kingdom of Dawan, so we had to return to Dunhuang. When he came back, only one-tenth of his troops were left. Three years later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once again ordered Li Guangli to lead an expedition, with 60,000 troops, 30,000 horses and 65,438+10,000 cows, and also took two horse experts to Dawanguo. At this time, there was a coup in Dawan country, allowing the Han army to choose their own horses, and agreed that Dawan would send two good horses to the Han Dynasty every year. The Han army selected dozens of good horses and 3000 below-average male and female horses. After a long journey, only 1000 horses were left when we arrived at Yumenguan.
Blood horse is good in shape, considerate, fast and durable, suitable for long-distance marching, and very suitable for use as a military horse. The introduction of the "blood horse" Han cavalry has really increased the fighting capacity. There is even a story: in the battle between the Han army and foreign troops, all the troops are in a bloody battle, and the number of enemies is impressive. The well-trained blood horse thinks this is a stage for performance and performs dance steps. The other side used a short Mongolian horse. Seeing blood, the horse is tall and thin, flourishing, thinking it is a strange beast, and retreating without fighting.
Blood horse entered China from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty and flourished for thousands of years. Why did it disappear later? According to historical records, there were a large number of imported sweat horses at that time, and the ratio of male to female was moderate, so breeding was feasible. However, due to the absolute superiority in the number of local horse breeds in China, any introduced horse breeds adopt the following model: introduction-hybridization-improvement-backcrossing-disappearance. In this process, it is also a very important reason that "blood horse" was abandoned by future generations because of its own shortcomings. Although the speed of the blood horse is relatively fast, it is slim and weak in bearing capacity. In the era of ancient cold weapons, soldiers fought on horseback, wearing armor and holding weapons, with a considerable total weight, preferring to choose stout horses. Moreover, because of the harness, the blood horse can't ride the shaft, while the thick Mongolian horse has no such disadvantage. In the end, almost all stallions imported from Central Asia and West Asia became extinct.
In July 2007, the dream horse "BMW of Blood and Sweat", which had disappeared from Chinese sight for thousands of years, came to China from Turkmenistan, the hometown of Central Asia, and flew across the ancient Silk Road. This horse was presented to our leader by the President of Turkmenistan, and it is a symbol of peace and friendship between China and Turkey.
Speaking of "Ahdash"' s pedigree, it is really unusual: his ancestors used to be the mounts of the famous Soviet marshal zhukov. Zhukov rode it to defeat the famous German commander Manstein in Ukraine, and rode it to attend the ceremony of liberating Berlin.
The genealogy of "Gem" shows that all its ancestors are listed in the archives of famous horses, and Grandpa Gem won the dressage championship in the equestrian competition in the 1960s. Its illustrious background doomed it to be extraordinary. 1996 When Gemstone was just two years old, the running record of 1000 meters on the flat ground reached 1 min12second 4. It is the extremely fast running speed and good endurance that make bloody BMW a world-class famous horse. Today, the fastest thoroughbred horse in the world has its genes. At present, in the international market, the price of bloody BMW is very expensive, usually hundreds of thousands of dollars per horse, and some even have a value as high as100000 dollars.
Kasimov, Turkmenistan's ambassador to China, pointed out in an interview that "Turkmen treat horses as relatives and only give them to their best friends". He said that the horse presented to China would be "a symbol of friendship between Turkey and China and the two peoples".
According to Hanshu, there is a high mountain near the twenty cities of Dawanguo. Wild horses are born in the mountains and can't be caught. Dawanguo people put five-color mares at the foot of the mountain on spring nights. A wild horse mated with a mare and was born a bloody BMW. When the shoulders are sweaty, they are red as blood, and they are like wings, and they travel thousands of miles every day. "Blood Horse", a legendary horse living in history books, miraculously appeared in front of the public in China after disappearing for 2000 years.
[Edit this paragraph] Origin and domestication
Equus originated from the Cenozoic Early Tertiary 60 million years ago, and its original ancestor was a protohoofed animal, with a body length of about 65,438 0.5 meters, a long head and tail, short and thick limbs and slow walking. It often moves in forests or tropical plains and feeds on plants. Short stature, five toes on all limbs, well-developed middle toe. Shi Xinma, or ancestor horse, who lived in the early Eocene of Tertiary 58 million years ago, was about 40 cm tall. The forelimb is low and has four toes; The hind legs are high and have three toes. Simple teeth, suitable for tropical forest life. After entering the Miocene, the dry grassland replaced the wet shrub, and the function and structure of the horse changed obviously: the physique increased, the limbs became longer and became single toe; Teeth become hard and complicated. After the gradual evolution of Singapore-Malaysia, China-Singapore-Malaysia and Shanghai-Singapore-Malaysia, it was not until the Quaternary Pleistocene that a single-hoofed, tall Malaysia appeared.
Domestic horses are domesticated by wild horses. China was one of the first countries to domesticate horses. From the relics of Dawenkou culture period and Yangshao culture period in Shandong and Jiangsu in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, it is proved that several wild horse breeds have been domesticated as domestic animals around 6000 years. Horses were domesticated later than dogs and cows. A horse's home is called a stable.