Planting method of bergamot
1. Select excellent varieties that are cold-resistant and drought-resistant and suitable for potted plants. Domestic sales can focus on the development of "Nanjing species" and export can choose "small species".
2. Serve at the right time.
(1) basin selection: the taupe earth basin is the best one. The most common basin diameter should not be less than 24cm, the basin height should not be less than 18 cm, and the diameter of the basin bottom hole should be about 4cm. In the future, with the expansion of trees, pots should be replaced in time. The size of the basin is 2/5 of the diameter of the bergamot crown, and there should be 3 drainage holes at the bottom of the basin.
(2) Pot soil preparation: loose and fertile sandy loam should be selected as pot soil. It is best to mix 80% red sand with 20% burnt mud ash, or 70% clear water sand, 25% fertile garden soil and 5% decomposed and air-dried chicken manure.
(3) Planting of bergamot: It is more suitable to plant bergamot before bud germination in the middle and late March. Don't be exposed to the sun all day after planting, first put it in a semi-cloudy and semi-sunny place, and then let it gradually see the sun after 2-3 weeks.
3. Reasonable shaping and pruning. The bergamot tree is mainly shaped by natural joy. Results There are two kinds of tree pruning: spring pruning and summer pruning. Spring shearing is generally carried out before spring germination. Summer pruning generally refers to pruning in the growing season, mainly to cut off dead branches, horizontal branches, clustered branches and diseases and insect pests, and should do a good job of pinching and budding in time. According to the different cultivation conditions, the pruning of ancient trees adopts measures such as short cutting, thinning and branch pulling to achieve the purpose of renewal.
4. Strengthen fertilizer and water management.
(1) Scientific fertilization: N fertilizer is the main fertilizer in young age or vegetative growth period, and P and K fertilizer are the main fertilizers in flowering and fruiting period. Generally divided into base fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer, fruit swelling fertilizer and so on. No matter what kind of fertilizer, thick fertilizer, immature fertilizer and heavy fertilizer should be avoided, but the principle of "thin fertilizer and diligent application" should be observed. Mainly apply organic fertilizer, and add appropriate amount of trace fertilizer.
(2) Rational use of water: The water should be watered thoroughly without watering, so as to be dry and wet. Water in the morning and evening in summer and autumn, after 9 am in winter and spring. In rainy season, the basin should be tilted and there should be no water in it.
5. Do a good job of thinning flowers and fruits. To sparse flowers, large flowers and leafy flowers should be left at the top of the fruiting mother branch, and unisexual flowers and flowers should be sparse. The degree of flower thinning depends on the strength of the tree and the number of flowers. For medium-flowered trees and multi-flowered trees, 50%-60% of the total flowers should be thinned. Fruit thinning should be carried out in stages, and l fruits should be left on the leaves of about 40 fruits. Adult trees should keep more fruits in the upper part of the crown and less fruits in the lower part of the crown.
Planting technique of bergamot
First, the feeding method
Transplanting and grafting are often used in production.
1. Planting season: it should be carried out in the warm and rainy season from February to March or from August to September.
2. Selection and interception of cuttings: the cuttings should be 7-8 year-old robust mother plants, and the vigorous 1-2 year-old branches, leaves and shoots, and cuttings with the length of 17-20 cm should be cut off.
3. Planting method: Open a horizontal ditch on the prepared border with a distance of 22-26 cm, and insert the cuttings into the ditch with a distance of 4-7 cm, being careful not to insert them backwards. Each mu 12000 ~ 15000. After insertion, cover the soil and compact, leaving 1 buds exposed on the soil surface.
Second, planting
1. Planting time: it can be fixed in spring and autumn, but it is better to transplant in February and March when the temperature rises and new buds are about to sprout.
2. Land selection and soil preparation: It is best to plant in horseshoe shape surrounded by mountains on three sides, with convenient soil drainage, good air permeability and slight acidity. When preparing soil, the ridge pressure is 25 cm, the width 1 m, the plant spacing 1.5 ~ 1.8 m, the hole depth is 30 cm, the width is 50 cm, and the plants are planted per mu 150 ~ 170.
3. Planting method: it is better to choose seedlings with a height of more than 50 cm and no pests and diseases. Cut off the branches, leaving only one trunk, and the root length should not exceed 20 cm. Plant 1 plant in each hole, so that the fibrous roots spread around. Finally, the soil is slightly higher than the ground, and the root water is fixed around after planting.
Third, on-site management
(1) Intercropping: within 1 ~ 2 years after planting, cash crops such as peanuts, beans, melons and ginger can be intercropped to promote plant growth, but deep-rooted crops cannot be planted to prevent damage to the surface fibrous roots of bergamot.
(2) Topdressing: Topdressing should be combined with intertillage weeding, and the trees before fruiting should be thinned, mainly nitrogen fertilizer. Apply 4 ~ 5 times a year, and apply strong plant fertilizer before and after severe cold; Topdressing in February, and then every 20 days 1 time. Apply 1 time per month in shallow Xia Hou, add 0. 1 ~ 0. 15 kg of urea per load of manure, and apply 1 time before the autumnal equinox to promote plant recovery.
(3) topping, bending branches, pruning and picking side buds.
1, topping: after planting 1 ~ 2 years, when the plant is about 80 cm high, remove the terminal buds to promote the healthy growth of the plant.
2. Pruning of bent branches: Except for planting branches, all branches need to be bent, which will be carried out in the sunny afternoon from the first frost to beginning of winter. Bending the branches is to bend the upward branches down slowly until they are about 18 cm off the ground, and tie the top of the branches to the bamboo poles inserted into the soil. In the future, after the fruit is harvested, the branches should be bent and cut once a year to cut off, burn and remove the old, weak, sick, overgrown and fruitful branches.
3. Picking lateral buds: From beginning of spring to long summer every year, in the flowering and fruiting stage, new shoots should be controlled and all new buds should be picked. When the fruit bends downward, stop picking the lateral buds and let them grow, which is the fruiting branch in the second year.
(4) Choose flowers to protect fruits.
Flowers begin to bloom before and after stabbing, and 2 ~ 3 robust female flowers are selected as an inflorescence, and the rest are picked. Fruit protection: it is better to leave 1 ~ 2 fruits in one branch, and remove any more.
(5) Weeding, ridging and stamping.
When entering the fruiting stage, pull out the weeds around the plants by hand, and don't use hoes to avoid damaging the roots. After five years of planting, fingered citron should be cultivated/kloc-0 times a year. After pruning and clearing the garden, the cultivated tree tray should be covered with a thin layer of grass.
Fourth, pest control.
Disease control method
1, Anthracnose: Main damage to branches and leaves, control methods
(1) Combined with winter pruning, the litter is removed and burned centrally.
② drug control: 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder can be used 800 ~ 1000 times at the initial stage of onset; 50% amobam aqueous solution 800 times solution; 500 times solution of 60% zineb wettable powder.
2, canker disease: harmfulness, branch tip. Prevention and control methods:
① Centralized burning of diseased leaves.
(2) Spraying 500-800 times of 50% wettable powder or 0.5% bordeaux mixture for bacteriostasis.
3. Powdery mildew: When the humidity is too high, the leaves are covered with a layer of gray-white toner, and black spots may appear in severe cases. Control method: spray 0.2 Baume sulfur mixture (plus 1% washing powder).
(2) Pest control methods
1, liriomyza sativae:
① Spraying 40% dimethoate 1000 times each time new buds are picked.
(2) Spraying 90% trichlorfon1000ft solution during the occurrence period.
2, scale insects:
① Protect the natural enemy ladybug from overwintering.
(2) Cut off the insect branches and burn them in the forest, and kill the adults manually when they appear.
③ Use Wanling 1000 times solution for prevention and treatment.
3. Aphids: mancozeb plus omethoate (no omethoate): water 1: 500 times, mancozeb: water 1: 500 times, sprayed every 7 days 1 times, three times in a row.
4. Starscream:
(1) combine pruning in winter and spring to cut off damaged leaves. Moderate pruning will make the garden ventilated. This tree is very strong and has improved its resistance to mites.
② In orchards with frequent occurrence, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, organophosphorus pesticides and Bordeaux mixture should be stopped to control pests and diseases, so as not to induce the occurrence of red spiders.
③ After occurrence, the following chemicals can be used for control: 95% Scale Insect EC 150 times solution; 50% sulfur suspending agent 200-400 times; 73% propargite EC 2000 ~ 3000 times solution, colloidal sulfur 400 times solution, etc. , spray 1 ~ 2 times.
In the early 1990s, the output of bergamot exceeded the sales volume, and the price was as low as 35 ~ 4 yuan per kilogram. After that, farmers destroyed trees in a large area and planted other crops, which led to a sharp drop in output and a shortage of markets. Now the price per kilogram 100 yuan, the benefit is very considerable. However, due to its long production cycle, it takes more than 3 years to harvest. It is imperative to seize the opportunity to plant bergamot. According to experts' analysis, the bergamot market cannot be saturated in the next 10 year.