[1] The management mode of ploughing and weeding is better. Because mulching reduces the influence of spring drought on plants, it has a good effect on fruit growth. After harvesting cherries, remove or turn over the mulch. According to estimates, the average adult garden should cover 2000 ~ 2500 kilograms of straw per mu. Cherry trees should be fertilized 3-4 times a year. Namely: 1. Fertilization after fruit picking is mainly to restore tree vigor, promote flower bud differentiation and increase the next annual output. Manure, livestock manure and urine should be applied immediately after fruit picking, and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer should be added. According to the results, 30 ~ 60 kg of livestock manure should be applied to each crop. 2. Fertilize before budding and flowering, and topdressing with available nitrogen fertilizer. Apply/kloc-0.5 ~ 20kg of livestock manure or 0.5kg of urea per plant. 3. The rapid and long-term fertilization of fruit will enter the fruit development after the flowers wither. Quick-acting chemical fertilizer should be applied to fruit trees at one time, and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied. 4. Apply base fertilizer before defoliation in September ~ 65438+1October (southern warm area10 ~165438+1October) to rejuvenate the trees and increase the content of stored nutrients in the plants. Because it only takes more than 40 days from flowering to fruit ripening, the amount of stored nutrients greatly affects the size and quality of fruit. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer is very important, accounting for 50 ~ 70% of the annual fertilization. Organic fertilizer should be the main fertilizer, such as compost, manure, rotten bean cake, etc. And adding calcium superphosphate or calcium phosphate fertilizer appropriately. In addition to the above-mentioned soil fertilization, spraying 0.5% urea, 600 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 0.3% borax solution/kloc-0 every day from early flowering to full flowering is helpful to improve the fruit setting rate. Third, shaping pruning 1, shaping A. Natural clumping is a common tree shape of China cherry. Generally, there are 5-6 main branches, which spread around and grow, and each main branch has 3-4 side branches. The fruiting branches are attached to the main branches and side branches. After the main branches are aged, they are regenerated by sprouting. This tree has a wide angle, fast forming and early fruiting. However, the inside of the crown is easy to close. B. Natural and happy shapes are mostly used for sweet cherries. The stem is 30 ~ 40 cm high, and the whole tree has three main branches with a branching angle of 30 degrees. Initially, the central stem was retained, and after 4-5 years of planting, the central stem was removed to form a happy shape. This tree has the advantages of easy shaping, small pruning, open crown, good ventilation and light transmission, early fruiting, high yield and good fruit quality. C. The trunk is 40 ~ 60 cm high and has a central trunk. The number of main branches is 6-7, which are scattered on the central trunk in 3-4 layers. There are three main branches on the first floor, with an opening angle of 50 ~ 60 degrees; There are two main branches on the second floor, the opening angle is about 45 degrees, and each of the third and fourth floors has 1 main branch. The spacing between the first and second floors is 60 ~ 80 cm, the spacing between the second and third floors is 40 ~ 50 cm, and the spacing between the upper floors can be appropriately smaller. There are 2 ~ 4 lateral branches on each main branch. At the same time, the fruiting branches are cultivated on the backbone branches at all levels. D. "Y-shaped tree. This tree runs from north to south, and each plant has two main branches that grow symmetrically on both sides. During plastic surgery, it is necessary to set up a support frame for binding. This kind of tree has good ventilation and light transmission, easy flowering and fruiting, suitable for close planting, convenient management and good fruit quality. 2. Pruning A. Precautions for Pruning Cherry Branches Cherry branches are divided into developmental branches and fruiting branches. There are many developing branches on the young tree. The leaf buds in front are elongated and grow, expanding the crown, and the axillary buds below produce fruiting branches. After entering the fruiting stage, most annual branches are called fruiting branches, with terminal buds outside leaf buds and axillary buds mostly flower buds. Results Branches were divided into long fruit branches (15 ~ 20cm), middle fruit branches (5 ~ 15cm), short fruit branches (about 5cm) and flower cluster fruit branches (1 ~ 2cm) according to length. Judging from the fruit-setting ability, the fruit-setting ability of long fruit branches is poor, generally around 40%; The fruiting ability of intermediate fruit branches varies with varieties; Short fruit branches have high fruit setting rate and good fruit quality; The fruit branches of flower clusters are the main fruit branches of flourishing trees in full fruit period, and the fruit setting rate can reach about 80%. The fruit has the best quality and long life, and can bear fruit continuously 10 ~ 20 years. Fruiting branches and flower cluster fruit branches are the basis of yield formation. In China cherry and sour cherry, the proportion of long fruit branches and middle fruit branches is large in the early fruiting stage, while in the full fruiting stage, the short fruit branches and flower cluster fruit branches are dominant. B. Pruning of young trees In order to promote the early fruiting of young trees, on the basis of shaping, the pruning degree of all kinds of branches should be light, mainly in the growth period. In order to control the growth of branches, increase branches and expand the crown. In winter, the pruning time should be postponed until before germination, so as to avoid dehydration and drying of the cut. In addition to cutting short the main branches and extension branches, and properly thinning out some over-dense and cross branches, the remaining middle branches should be kept as much as possible. C. Pruning of fruit trees is often carried out in summer after fruit picking. Through thinning, the perennial branches that are too dense and strong and disturb the crown are removed, and the crown structure is adjusted to promote the formation of flower buds. When removing large branches, pay attention to small and flat wounds, so eating cherries is beneficial to patients with psoriasis.
Make peace as soon as possible. When thinning annual branches, they can be cut above the axillary buds at the base, and then thinned after the results are bare. When pruning in winter, attention should be paid to properly retracting the 2 ~ 3-year-old branches at the top of the backbone branches and short fruit branches to stimulate the vegetative growth and the continuous formation of new fruit branches, and to prevent the fruit from moving out and the crown from being bald. D. The main task of pruning old trees is to renew and rejuvenate in time, form a COVID-19, and the branches grow vigorously. If the main branch is weak first and then has no bearing capacity, it should be retracted in time. The life span of China cherry cryptobud is about 5 ~ 10 years. In order to retract and regenerate branches, it is best to have small branches that grow normally at the retraction position, which is less harmful to the tree. After pruning, take back the overgrown branches, select branches with proper direction, position and growth, and cultivate new main branches and lateral branches. Too much should be thinned out, and the rest should be cut short to promote branching, and then slowly released to form fruiting branches. When the big branches are updated, they should also be carried out after the fruits are picked, so as not to cause the wound to flow glue.
Apple: Biological Characteristics
3.3. 1. Growth habits Apple is a deciduous tree with strong polarity. It usually grows vigorously and has a high crown. The height of the tree can reach 15 meters, and it is generally about 3 ~ 5 meters under cultivation conditions. The trunk is grayish brown, the old bark has irregular longitudinal cracks or flaking, and the branchlets are smooth. Simple leaves alternate, oval to ovoid, with serrated leaves. Corymb, white petals, pink buds, 20 stamens, 5 styles. Fruit is a kind of kernel, and its color and size vary with varieties. Like light, like slightly acidic to neutral soil. It is most suitable for sandy soil with deep soil layer, rich organic matter and good ventilation and drainage. Reproduction by grafting. There are two kinds of rootstocks: arbor rootstocks and dwarf rootstocks. Commonly used tree rootstocks are Juglans mandshurica, Haitang Xifu and Vitex negundo, and dwarf rootstocks are mainly imported from Britain. Wide rows and close planting are adopted, and the behavior is north-south. The soil in southern China is planted before freezing in autumn and winter, and in northern China it is planted during thawing in spring. Apple is weak in self-fruiting, so pollination trees must be arranged when planting. Apple trees begin to bear fruit 2~3 years after planting. Under general management conditions, the economic life is 15~50 years, and the poor soil and extensive management are only 20~30 years. Due to the combined effect of apical dominance and bud heterogeneity, apples usually have strong dryness and obvious stratification. Due to the differences in germination and branching ability among varieties, the obvious stratification degree is also different. apple
3.3.2. Characteristics of Branches and Buds Apple buds can be divided into leaf buds and flower buds according to their properties. Leaf buds are triangular, long and curved, and grow into branches after spreading leaves, which are called new shoots or vegetative branches. Branches can be divided into long branches, common branches, slender branches and leafy branches according to their growth. The flower buds of apples are mixed buds. Fruit branches germinated with mixed buds are generally divided into: short fruit branches: the length is less than 5 cm, and the terminal buds are flower buds. Medium fruit branches: 5~ 15 cm long, short internodes, stout branches, and the terminal buds are flower buds. Long fruit branch: the fruit branch whose length exceeds 15 cm, and the terminal bud is a flower bud. Long fruit branches and developing branches are not easy to distinguish, and can be judged according to the fullness of terminal buds. Axillary flower buds are buds formed in the axils of leaves of branches of the same year, and those that can blossom and bear fruit in the next year are called axillary flower buds. The flower bud differentiation of most apple varieties began in early June and ended before winter. The whole process is divided into three stages: physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sexual cell maturation. The flower buds are mixed buds and the inflorescences are corymbose cymes. Each inflorescence has 5-8 flowers, mostly 5. The central flower blooms first, and the marginal flower blooms later. The central flower has the best quality, stable fruit and large fruit. When thinning flowers and fruits, the central flowers and fruits should be kept, and the marginal flowers and fruits should be thinned more. The bud leaves first, then blooms, and shoots from the fruit table. The number and length of branches on the fruit table vary with varieties and nutritional conditions of fruiting mother branches. 3.3.3. Due to the different climates in different places, the flowering period of flowering and fruit-setting apples varies greatly. Generally in April-May, there are 3-7 flowers in each bud, and the central flower blooms first. Apple is a cross-pollinated plant, and most varieties cannot bear fruit by themselves. The proportion of various fruiting branches varies with the age and species of trees. Usually, young trees have more long fruit branches and middle fruit branches. With the increase of tree age, the proportion of short fruit branches increased rapidly, reaching more than 70% in the full fruit period, and almost all of them were short fruit branches in the aging period. From the variety point of view, Jin Shuai and other varieties have more long fruit branches and medium fruit branches, and varieties such as Starkrimson and Red Fuji have a large proportion of short fruit branches, and varieties such as Liaofu are easy to form axillary buds. The normal fruit of apple has five ventricles, and there are two seeds in each ventricle. In the process of fruit development, seeds secrete hormones to stimulate the growth of pulp, so those with good pollination and fertilization, full seeds, correct fruit shape and full pulp; On the other hand, on the side with poor seed development or no seed, the pulp becomes thin and deformed, so pollination trees must be arranged to improve the pollination effect. 3.3.4. Formation of Fruit Development and Quality Apple's fruit is a false fruit developed from ovary and receptacle, in which ovary develops into heart, receptacle develops into meat and embryo develops into seed. The volume expansion of fruit depends on the increase of the number of rapidly dividing cells in the early stage and the volume expansion of cells in the later stage. The volume expansion of fruit is faster in the middle period to before ripening, slower in the early and late period, and the fruit weight increases fastest in the month before ripening. The length of fruit development period is generally 65-87 days for early-maturing varieties, 90- 133 days for middle-maturing varieties and 137- 168 days for late-maturing varieties. Fruit color is an important indicator of commodities. The quality of apple coloring is closely related to the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions, and the types and contents of hormones. Controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing application of potassium fertilizer, reducing chlorophyll in peel, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, improving sunshine, good drainage, reducing air humidity, spraying NAA and 2.4-D hormone can all promote apple coloring. From the appearance of buds to the harvest of fruits, apples usually have four flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the pedicel falls off with withering, which is usually called falling flower. The second time, about a week after flower dropping, the ovary is slightly enlarged and lasts for 5-20 days, which is called early fruit dropping. 7- 14 days after the third fruit drop, the fruit has reached the size of thumb nail, which has a great influence on the yield, so it is called physiological fruit drop. Yunnan usually occurs in May, and the phenology in the north is later than that in Yunnan, and it occurs in June, so it is called "June fruit drop". The fourth time, before the fruit is harvested, the mature or nearly mature fruit is dropped, so it is called pre-harvest fruit drop. The first and second falling flowers and fruits are mainly caused by insufficient nutrition and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop is caused by the fierce competition for nutrients among fruits and the lack of auxin in embryos. Because the osmotic pressure of leaves is greater than that of young fruits, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than that of young fruits. Therefore, in addition to pinching and pruning branches to inhibit the growth of new shoots, it is necessary to apply huafei to supplement nutrients in time. Fruit color development Apple peel color can be divided into background color and surface color. When the fruit is immature, the background color of the peel is generally dark green, and there will be three situations when the fruit is mature: ① the green fades or even disappears completely, and the background color is yellow; (2) The green color is not completely faded, resulting in yellow-green or yellow-green background color; ③ Green does not fade at all, and it is still dark green. When the fruit is ripe, the surface color of the peel is generally red, green and Huang San. The main pigments that determine the color of fruits are chlorophyll, carotene, anthocyanins and flavonoids. Anthocyanin is an extremely unstable water-soluble pigment, which mainly exists in cell fluid or cytoplasm. It is red at low pH, lavender at neutral and blue at alkaline. When it is combined with different metal ions, it will also show various colors, so fruits can show various complex colors. In addition to variety inheritance, the sugar content in fruit is the main factor affecting the formation of apple anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are proanthocyanidins formed when pentose breathes violently. In addition, anthocyanins often combine with sugar to form anthocyanins in fruits. Therefore, the development of anthocyanins is closely related to the sugar content. Any factors that affect the synthesis and accumulation of sugar will affect the development of anthocyanins. Higher tree nutrition level, reasonable load, suitable ratio of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen fertilizer and proper water control are all beneficial to the red development of fruit. The effect of temperature on coloring is also related to the accumulation of sugar. When the temperature of mid-late mature apple varieties is above 20℃ at night, it is not conducive to coloring. The firmness of pulp is also one of the important indexes of fruit quality. The hardness of pulp not only affects the taste of fresh food, but also relates to the storage and processing characteristics of fruit. The hardness of apple pulp is closely related to the cellulose content in the cell wall, the kind and quantity of pectin in the glue layer in the cell wall and the swelling pressure of pulp cells. 3.3.5. Requirements for external climatic conditions (1) Temperature Apple trees are temperate fruit trees that like low temperature and dryness, requiring no severe cold in winter and no intense heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is the annual average temperature of 9- 14℃, the extreme low temperature in winter is not lower than-12℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20℃, the annual accumulated temperature is about 5000℃ ≥ 10℃, and the average temperature in the growing season (April-10)/ It is generally believed that apples can be planted in areas where the annual average temperature is 7.5~ 14℃. The natural dormancy period of apples is very long. If the temperature in winter is too high, it can't reach the low temperature needed for winter dormancy, and the germination in spring is uneven. Judging from the areas with the most apples in the world, the average temperature in Leng Yue in winter (65438+ 10 in the northern hemisphere and July in the southern hemisphere) is between-10~ 10℃, which can meet the requirements of low temperature for apples. The average temperature of the main apple producing areas in China 1 month is within this range. The average temperature 12~ 18℃ in the growing period (4 ~ 65438+ 10 month) and 18~24℃ in the summer (June ~ August) are the most suitable for apple growth. The summer temperature is too high, the average temperature is above 26℃, and the apple flower bud differentiation is poor. Insufficient heat, poor flower bud differentiation, small and sour fruit, poor color and poor storage resistance. In autumn, the temperature is high during the day and low at night, and the fruit has high sugar content, good coloring, thick peel, more fruit powder and storage resistance. (2) During the precipitation growth period, the precipitation per mu of apples is about 180mm. Generally, natural precipitation can actually be absorbed by fruit trees, which is about 1/3, so it is enough to have a precipitation of 540 mm during the growing period. Areas with rainfall below 450 mm from April to September need irrigation. The distribution of precipitation in northern China is uneven, with 70-80% concentrated in July and August, and the amount of water is insufficient in spring. There is little precipitation and water shortage in inland areas, so irrigation conditions and soil and water conservation measures must be considered when building gardens and selecting land, and drainage measures should also be paid attention to in rainy season. (3) Rizhao apple is a light-loving tree species, and it can grow normally only when there is enough light. According to the measurement of Shandong Agricultural University, the light compensation point of Jinguan and emerging in Tai 'an area is 600~800 m candle, and the saturation point is 3500~4500 m candle. In this range, the light intensity increases and photosynthesis is also strengthened. Insufficient sunshine will cause a series of reactions such as excessive growth of branches and leaves, weakness, poor resistance to pests and diseases, less differentiation of flower buds, less nutrient storage, low flowering and fruit setting rate, affected root growth, low sugar content of fruits, and chromatic aberration. (4) Soil has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of apples. The main factors are soil layer, soil ventilation and soil quality. In short, apples need deep soil, good drainage, rich organic matter, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. (5) Wind and strong wind often bring many adverse effects on the growth and development of apples, such as causing crown deflection, affecting flowering, pollination, destroying leaf organs, and fruit dropping. Therefore, it is necessary to build shelterbelts to establish apple orchards in windy areas.
Strawberry: At present, most countries in the world grow strawberries. The planting area of strawberries in the United States is 23,000 hectares, and the output is 567,000 tons, accounting for about 28% of the world's total output, with an average output of 24.6 tons/hectare. The planting area in Japan is 1. 1.000 hm2, and the output is 2 1.8 million tons, accounting for 1% of the world's total output, with an average output of 19.3 tons/hectare. Europe is the main producing area of strawberries, accounting for about 50% of the world's output. Poland, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Russia, Romania, and the United Kingdom have large planting areas, and the output is generally 9.5- 18.3 tons/hectare. China is the country with the richest wild strawberry resources in the world. The utilization of wild strawberries has a long history and has been passed down to this day. The cultivation of strawberry with large fruit in China began at 19 15, but it was neglected in the past and developed slowly. Since 1980s, strawberry production has developed rapidly. At present, China's strawberry production area is about 70,000 hm2, ranking first in the world. The main producing areas are distributed in the eastern coastal areas such as Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang, and Sichuan, Anhui, Xinjiang and Beijing have also developed rapidly in recent years. The key strawberry producing areas are Dandong in Liaoning, Baoding in Hebei, Yantai in Shandong, the suburbs of Shanghai, Shuangliu in Sichuan and Lianyungang in Jiangsu. Growth: Strawberries are suitable for planting in sunny and hydrophobic soil. The soil depth is about 8- 10 inch. For large strawberries, the row spacing should be 12 inch and the plant spacing should be about 18 inch. It is necessary to remove the vines of the plants in time to facilitate strawberry fruit. Strawberry production is cyclical, so it is best to cultivate some new plants a few years before planting. If you don't like strawberry management, you can plant a strawberry every 18-24 inches to make strawberries bloom everywhere. Of course it will be a little messy, and the strawberries are not big. If you want to avoid this situation, you can remove some vines appropriately. In autumn, plants should be covered with a layer of soil to prevent frost. After the soil freezes, you can sprinkle 3-4 inches of hay on the plants. The next spring, when new leaves grow, they are moved to hay. When the weather is warm and stable, remove the mulch from the plant surface. But leave some hay between rows to prevent weeds from growing and keep soil moisture. Main diseases: powdery mildew, gray mold and anthracnose are the most common diseases in strawberry seedling cultivation and transplanting period. If the prevention and control are not timely, sometimes all strawberry seedlings will be destroyed. 1. Strawberry powdery mildew belongs to the genus Monospora. With the help of airflow or rainwater diffusion, the optimum temperature of the disease is 25-30 degrees Celsius, and the bacteria will infect many crops. Triadimefon pesticides are generally resistant to it. It is easy to get sick at fruit setting stage and late harvest stage. The key control period of open field cultivation is the flowering period before flowering. Preventive drugs: Baitai 1500 times or 25% spray100g 1000- 1500 times, Tianlong 500-600 times, form a protective film with new high-fat film to prevent germs from being spread by rain for 7- 10 days. The prevention period of small bow shed cultivation is about 65438+February, and may of the following year. The drugs for prevention and treatment at the initial stage of the disease are: Wuyi mycin 65,438+0,000 times, Cuibei 3000 times, 50% Baigong 65,438+0,000-65,438+0,500 times, Kaiser 2000 times and standard 500 times, and Longke. Pay attention to the rotation of chemicals, and do not use the same variety of chemicals more than twice in a row. Second, strawberry gray mold is most likely to occur when it is wet and about 25 degrees. Fruit setting and harvest are the most serious diseases. The best medication time is when more than 20% of strawberry inflorescence 1 blooms and the second inflorescence just blooms. Selection of drugs: Kaiser 1200 times or nongliling 1000 times or 50% to Baigong 1000- 1500 times, and Dragon's Blood 500-600 times, and the drugs are used alternately for two consecutive times. When the condition is serious, we can choose Kaiser 1200 times more than Baitai 1500 times or Kaiser 1200 times, and 50% will make Baigong 1000- 1500 times. Now the mixed use effect is better.