Planting method of rattan pepper
1. Biological characteristics of Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Rattan pepper is a shallow-rooted tree species with developed lateral roots and more fibrous roots. Rattan pepper has wide adaptability and can be planted in all kinds of soils, even limestone, mountain, purple soil, yellow soil and sandy soil. It has the characteristics of drought resistance and thin ridge. Rattan pepper has strong germination ability, strong pruning resistance and long life of hidden buds.
(1) special waiting period
Like Zanthoxylum bungeanum, rattan pepper germinates earlier, usually in late February and early March in our county. As for germination time, it is related to soil conditions and tree potential. Tengjiao matured and went on the market in Baqiu District of our county from the middle and late July to the early August, and the maturity period was about 130 days.
(B) the characteristics of the bud
1 and Zanthoxylum bungeanum have obvious heterogeneity. Usually, the terminal bud and 3-4 buds at the lower end of the branch are full and full, and it is easy to germinate into branches. Generally, the quality of buds decreases from top to bottom, which is manifested by the differences in the size of branches, the length and thickness, the number of compound leaves and leaflets, and the number of fruit grains.
2. Buds are precocious. Zanthoxylum bungeanum buds are early mature, and under forced conditions (early defoliation caused by man-made and plant diseases and insect pests), secondary branches can be drawn out in that year.
3. Germination ability and branching ability. The budding ability of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is generally strong, but the branching ability of the front buds of branches is obviously stronger than that of the middle and lower buds.
4. The incubation period of buds. There are a certain number of hidden buds in the middle and lower parts of the main branches of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, especially the old trees, which can lurk for one to several years and often sprout long branches when the trees are weak, so the old trees can make use of this feature to renew and rejuvenate.
5. Bud differentiation. Generally, the flower bud differentiation period of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is from the rapid fruit expansion period to the fruit maturity period. In production management, the mixed fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be applied again, which can not only increase fruits, improve quality and yield, but also promote flower bud differentiation and lay the foundation for high yield next year.
6. Type of bud. The buds of Zanthoxylum bungeanum can be divided into leaf buds, flower buds and mixed buds according to quality. Leaf buds with long leaves do not bear fruit, flower buds do not bear fruit, and mixed buds with long leaves do not bear fruit.
(3) Characteristics of branches
1, the composition of the branch. There are four branches of rattan pepper, namely, vegetative branches, fruiting branches, leafy branches and virtual branches.
2. Supreme sovereignty. The tip of Zanthoxylum bungeanum has a strong advantage, and its growth potential and quantity are obviously greater than those of its lower buds.
3. Vertical dominance and stratification of branches. The vertical advantage of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is strong, and the growth potential of vertical branches on the back is obviously higher than that of horizontal or drooping branches. The dryness of rattan pepper is weak, and it is cup-shaped or tufted under natural conditions, with obvious stratification.
4. The growth state of branches. When the average temperature reached 65438 00℃, the new shoots of Zanthoxylum bungeanum began to grow. There are two growth peaks in a year, the first is from germination to fruit stability, and the second is from fruit stop growing to fruit maturity.
Flowering and fruiting habits
1, difference of branching and fruiting, cross pollination. The flower buds of Zanthoxylum bungeanum are mostly mixed buds, which generally bear fruit after 3 years of planting and enter the full fruit stage after 5-6 years. Young trees are mainly medium and long branches, and adult trees are mainly medium and short branches. Self-pollination, not planting pollination trees.
2, falling flowers and falling fruits. The physiological fruit drop of rattan pepper has two peaks in a year. The first fruit drop accounts for more than 90% of all fruit drops within one month after flowering, and the second is fruit drop during fruit coloring.
3. Fruit growth and development. The rapid fruit expansion period (April-May) is about one month after flowering, and then gradually slows down. The fruit becomes hard and colored in the middle and late June, and ripens in the middle and late July.
(5) Root growth characteristics
1. Division of roots at different depths. Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a shallow-rooted tree species, with the main roots at seedling stage. After a period of time, the growth of taproot weakened and the lateral roots increased. The main branch of the root system is in the soil layer of 20-80 cm. Such as cohesive purple soil and shallow ridge soil; Loose and breathable sandy loam has deep roots.
2. Root growth dynamics. When the soil temperature reaches 3-5℃, the root system of Zanthoxylum bungeanum begins to grow, which is 20-25 days earlier than the germination period of the above-ground bud eye. Its root system has three growth peaks a year. Reduce water evaporation, promote gas exchange and promote the rapid growth of seedlings. Weeding in time can not only reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, but also avoid the competition between weeds and seedlings for fertilizer.
7, pest control:
We should do a good job in pest control from seeds to seedlings. In principle, prevention should be given priority to, treatment should be supplemented, and heavy treatment should be prevented. At seedling stage, the underground insects are hyenas and silkworms, and the leaf pests are aphids and butterflies. Diseases include Rhizoctonia solani and anthrax. The underground pests are irrigated with trichlorfon or Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga, the leaves are killed with 8 ml of dichlorvos, and 25 g of carbendazim or 20 g of thiophanate-methyl and 30 kg of water are sprayed.
8, container seedling:
Container seedlings can be used if conditions permit, such as paper nutrition bags, plastic film nutrition bags and nutrition bricks.
(2) asexual reproduction
1, grafting technology:
(1) Selection of rootstock. It is best to use young wild Zanthoxylum bungeanum as rootstock, which has the characteristics of strong affinity and strong ability to resist pests and diseases. You can also use * * * paste. Small seedlings can be grafted low, and old trees can be grafted high.
(2) Grafting method. Bud grafting, branch grafting, cutting grafting, abdominal grafting, splitting grafting and other methods can be used, and the specific methods depend on the age of the grafted tree.
Third, the construction and management of the park.
(A) the choice of gardens:
To establish rattan pepper garden, we should choose the sunny slope or semi-sunny slope in the middle and lower part of the slope, and try to choose the place with small slope and large slope, such as the slope is greater than 25 degrees, and change the slope into a ladder to plant seedlings now.
(2) Planting period and density:
1, period. It is better to plant rattan pepper in spring and summer. Spring seeds should be planted when the buds are in bud; Winter planting should be carried out around beginning of winter.
2. Density. The slope should be densely planted, which can be 3? Can you plant 3 meters with a small slope and a thick soil layer? 3 meters, planting 90-75 plants per mu. It can be planted in front of the house, behind the house and beside the roadside weir with a distance of 2.5 meters.
(3) Planting method:
Make a hole in the planned garden according to the plant spacing, and make a big hole in the plot with thin soil ridges, with specifications of 70? 70? 50 cm to 60 cm; Plots with deep soil layers can be hollowed out, with specifications of 40? 40? 40 centimeters. Conditionally apply organic fertilizer in the nest, such as livestock manure or soil miscellaneous fertilizer. When returning soil halfway, apply 250g-500g of phosphate fertilizer or superphosphate to each nest, then return soil and mix it with phosphate fertilizer. When the soil is basically at peace with the ground, it can be cultivated. Note: the root system of seedlings should not directly contact fertilizer, so as not to burn the root system and affect the survival. When transplanting rice seedlings, first pile the seedlings in the steamed bread in the middle of the nest, then put the seedlings on the steamed bread, let the roots spread around, cover the roots with wet fine soil, lift the seedlings with your left hand, step on the soil with your right foot, and then pile them up with soil. Then, after pouring enough root-fixing water at one time, it is covered with plastic film, which can not only keep the temperature and increase the temperature, but also promote the rapid survival and growth of seedlings, saving labor and water resources for multiple watering.
(4) Intercropping and interplanting:
Reasonable intercropping and interplanting can make full use of land, increase economic income, improve soil fertility and promote the growth and development of rattan pepper seedlings. Generally, short-stalk crops can be intercropped within 3-5 years, such as soybeans, sweet potatoes, beans, potatoes and vine-free vegetables.
(5) Fertilization:
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the most needed nutrients for the growth and development of rattan pepper trees and fruits. These three elements mainly come from organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. It is necessary to achieve both economic benefits and high quality and high yield. It is suggested that farmers who plant rattan pepper should take the following measures: using animal fertilizer+urea to attack the crown for young trees, and using organic compound fertilizer or biological compound fertilizer+animal fertilizer for fruit trees. For unfruitful trees, urea100g can be added to each load of livestock manure (50kg), and it will be gradually increased later. Fruit trees can be fertilized three times a year. Apply a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in early spring to accelerate germination and shoot, that is, manure mixed with urea, and the dosage depends on the age of the tree and the expected yield. In the period of rapid fruit expansion, 250-500 grams of compound fertilizer and livestock fertilizer 10 kg were applied in furrow. After harvesting, apply 250-500g of compound fertilizer and 0-20kg of livestock manure/kloc-0.
(6) Measures to protect flowers and fruits:
1, drought prevention 3, longicorn beetle. Adult 19-24 mm, black. It happens every 2-3 years. Larvae mainly feed in bark and enter xylem from May to June, which seriously harms the growth of trees.
Prevention and control methods.
(1) Scrape the bark of the damaged part with a knife in April, or kill the larvae that have eaten the wood with a steel hook in May.
(2) in mid-August, the mating adults are captured artificially,
(3) Drug control: 500 times of 80% dichlorvos emulsifiable concentrate was injected into the wormhole, and then the wormhole was sealed with soil, with good effect.
Cultivation techniques of rattan pepper
First, the seedling cultivation of rattan pepper
1. Seed collection: middle-aged trees with strong tree potential, many fruits and excellent quality should be selected for seed collection. When harvesting, the mature and full, purple peel, blue-black seed appearance, full, no pests and diseases are selected as seeds.
2. Seed treatment: firstly, remove the newly harvested seeds with clean water, then prepare 1% alkaline water or 1% washing powder solution with warm water, and soak for 2 days (the water consumption is appropriate to submerge the seeds). Rub oil on the seed coat repeatedly until the surface of the seed is gray. Finally, the seeds are fished out, the lye on the seed coat is washed with clear water, and the seeds can be planted after being mixed with plant ash.
3. Selection of seedbed: The seedbed should be a sandy land plot with flat terrain, sunny leeward, deep and fertile soil layer and good drainage. The previous crop should be legume crops, and continuous cropping is not allowed. Carefully prepare the soil before sowing and break the clods, so that the upper part is empty and the lower part is solid. Combined with deep tillage, 2,000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 8-1 0 kg of urea, 30-40 kg of calcium superphosphate, 50 kg of plant ash or 0/0-/0/5 kg of potassium sulfate are applied every 667 square meters (1mu). On the basis of fine soil preparation, the boundary is 1 ~ 1.2m wide and 6 ~ 10m long.
4. Seeding method: Trenching is carried out in the prepared seedbed, with the trench spacing of 20-25cm, the trench depth of 4-5cm and the trench width of 8-9cm, and the trench bottom is flat, seeds are evenly sown in the trench, and the trench is covered with soil after sowing. The sowing amount is 5 ~ 6 kg per 667 square meters. The sowing period is generally from September to 10.
5. Seedling management:
(1) thinning and fixing seedlings. When the seedlings grow to 3 ~ 4 cm high and have 3 ~ 4 true leaves, carry out thinning; When the seedling height reaches 10 cm, the seedlings are fixed with a spacing of about 5 cm, and 20,000 to 30,000 plants are reserved for every 667 square meters.
(2) timely irrigation and drainage.
(3) timely topdressing to promote the early development of seedlings.
④ Intertillage loosens soil, improves soil permeability and removes weeds in seedbed.
⑤ Control pests and diseases to ensure the robust growth of rattan pepper seedlings.
6. Seedling preparation: In order to improve the survival rate of seedlings, the following points should be strictly paid attention to during seedling transportation:
(1) The seedlings must be dug with a hoe, and the vertical root length shall not be less than 20cm; Ensure that the fibrous roots are complete, and it is forbidden to pull them out by hand.
(2) Grading, quantitative bundling and packaging immediately after emergence.
(3) After the seedlings are loaded, they must be covered with tarpaulin and film to avoid water loss during transportation.
(4) After the seedlings are transported to the planting site, check whether the seedlings are normal. If there is water loss, put them in water 1 ~ 1.5 hours.
Second, the cultivation of rattan pepper
1. Planting time: Garcinia cambogia can be planted in spring and autumn. After the soil is thawed, spring sowing is carried out before the seedlings germinate; Planting in autumn should be carried out after rain.
2. Planting density: In order to facilitate harvesting, the planting mode of 5 meters between plants can be adopted, and 25 ~ 30 plants can be planted every 667 square meters.
3. Selection of seedlings: select high-quality seedlings with a height of more than 60 cm, a diameter of more than 0.6 cm, more than 3 lateral roots, a length of 10 cm, and no pests and diseases.
4. Planting seedlings: When planting seedlings, dig a pit with a depth of more than 50 cm and a diameter of about 50 cm. Concentrate the dug cooked soil, then put the roots of the seedlings in into the pit, fill in the fine cooked soil around the roots of the seedlings, and stamp the soil around the seedlings with your feet until the seedlings are not loose. The planting depth should be 2 ~ 3 cm higher than the original soil elevation of seedlings. It is forbidden to knock with a hoe when planting seedlings, so as not to hurt the roots and make the seedlings difficult to survive. After planting, root water should be poured to make the fibrous roots closely fit the soil, which is beneficial to the survival and rapid growth of seedlings. Covering 80 ~ 100 cm square plastic film with planting seedlings as the center can achieve the purpose of moisturizing and warming, which is beneficial to seedling growth.
Third, the management of rattan pepper
1. stem fixing: after planting, stem fixing at 50 ~ 60 cm. When cutting in winter, remove the branches at the lower part of the trunk and keep 3 ~ 6 branches at the upper part as the main branches. 1 year can be completed in two years if it is not selected. Sparse the central upright branch, and cut the selected main branch short 1/3. Select the first lateral branch 50 cm away from the trunk, and then select the second and third lateral branches every 30 ~ 40 cm, and arrange them left and right.
2. Topdressing: Generally, the rattan pepper bears fruit 2-3 years after planting, and enters the full fruit stage after 4-5 years. Topdressing after fruit picking, applying farmyard manure 5 ~ 10 kg, urea 0. 15 ~ 0.5 kg and phosphate fertilizer 0. 1 ~ 0.2 kg to each young tree. For 6-7-year-old trees, farm manure 15-20kg, urea 0.5kg and phosphate fertilizer 1-2kg should be applied to each tree. Appropriate fertilization should be applied during flowering and fruit expansion to improve fruit setting rate and promote fruit growth. In addition, 0.5% urea solution 1 time should be sprayed in the germination stage, and 800 times of high-time solution 1 time, 0.5% urea solution and 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 1 time should be sprayed in the fruiting stage.
3. Weeding: The root system of rattan pepper is shallow, and the phenomenon that weeds compete with rattan pepper for fertilizer and water is quite serious, so there is an agricultural proverb. Rattan pepper grows old without mowing the grass? It is suggested that weeds should be removed in time, especially in the young tree period of 1 ~ 3 years, so as to promote the robust growth of trees.
4. Shaping and pruning: Rattan pepper likes light, with strong branching ability and strong fruiting ability. Only by pruning, concentrating nutrition and improving illumination can high and stable yield be obtained. Every year, the branches of the main branch and the lateral branch should be cut short and dense, and the branches in the crown should be thick, balanced, ventilated and transparent. Plastic surgery is based on natural happiness, generally leaving 5 ~ 7 main branches, and choosing 2 ~ 4 side branches from each main branch. Results The pruning of trees is mainly thinning, except for diseases and insect pests, cross branches, overlapping branches, dense branches and long branches are staggered, occupying space, so that the branches inside and outside the crown are evenly left, reaching fists everywhere, ventilated and transparent, with three-dimensional results and convenient harvesting.
Four, rattan pepper pest control
From beginning of spring, we should pay attention to the prediction of diseases and insect pests and prevent them in time. The common disease is rust. Spray 1∶ 1∶ 100 bordeaux solution before onset, and spray 600 times of 25% triadimefon solution when onset. Insect pests, including aphids, longicorn beetles and butterflies, can be controlled by spraying imidacloprid, triamcinolone acetonide and green crystal.
Five, the harvest of rattan pepper
Picking on a sunny morning. When harvesting, you can pick the whole ear and put it gently in the basket. It is not advisable to put too many peppers in the basket, so as to avoid the oil cells on the peel from cracking due to extrusion and collision, which will affect the quality of rattan peppers.
Key points of rattan pepper cultivation
seedling
1. Seed collection and treatment: the seeds selected for seedling raising should be picked on the mother tree which is about 10 years old, free from pests and diseases, with stable fruit and high yield year after year. After picking the fully mature (i.e. cracked) fruit at noon on sunny days, spread it in a ventilated and dry room to dry in the shade, and the fruit naturally cracks. When the seeds fall off, select the seeds and soak them in clear water for one day before changing the water. Add 1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl or 600 times of 50% carbendazim to disinfect seeds to prevent seedling diseases.
2. Miao Di's choice: (1) terrain. Choose a place that is not easy to accumulate water, but also can be watered, ventilated and transparent. (2) soil. Soil is the foundation of seedling growth. Soil structure, soil quality and fertility intensity all directly affect the growth and development of seedlings. To this end, we should choose a place with deep, loose, fertile, moist and well-drained soil. Rattan pepper has no strict requirements on soil pH, and grows well in neutral or acidic soil and calcareous soil in mountainous areas. (3) moisture. Rattan pepper also needs a lot of water in the process of seedling growth, so Miao Di needs water resources.
3. Miao Di arrangement: Miao Di must be deeply ploughed, leveled and refined, so that the deep soil can be matured, the soil permeability can be enhanced, and the ability of maintaining fertilizer and water can be improved. Only in this way can we cultivate good seedlings.
4. Sowing time and method:
⑴ Period: The sowing period is divided into spring sowing and autumn sowing, and autumn sowing is the main one. Autumn sowing can reduce the trouble of seed storage, and it is best to cover it with plastic film in winter, while spring sowing can reduce the trouble of covering it in winter.
⑵ Methods: Sowing is divided into field sowing and seedbed sowing. Sowing methods can be on-demand or drilling. In order to facilitate management, seedbeds are generally used for sowing. This paper mainly introduces the seedbed (box) sowing method. The seedling technology is 1 m wide, and there is a sidewalk of 30 cm between beds. Trim and level the bed (compartment) surface, make ridges around it (such as cultivating sea pepper seedlings), sprinkle phosphate fertilizer (calculated according to per mu 100 kg) when finishing the compartment surface, and bury the fertilizer in combination with the flat compartment surface. Level the surface of the compartment, then soak it with dung and light water, sprinkle seeds, cover the soil for about 2 cm, then mix 90% trichlorfon powder with 600 times of water, and spray the soil layer covered with seeds with a sprayer until it is wet, so as to keep the surface of the compartment moist and kill underground pests (such as ants and hyenas). ) so that the seeds will not be lost. Conditionally spreading sawn timber with a thickness of 1 cm on the surface of the carriage can not only keep warm, but also inhibit the growth of weeds.
5. Post-sowing management: The main management measures after sowing include plastic film mulching or grass mulching, irrigation, fertilization, loosening soil, weeding and pest control.
⑴ Covering: In order to keep the humidity and temperature of the soil on the surface of the carriage and prevent soil hardening and the harm of birds and animals, it is best to cover it with agricultural film and arch shed; It can also be covered with straw, but the effect is not as good as that of agricultural film. Covered seedbed emerged early and orderly, and the seedling height was 4? When it is 5 cm, the seedlings should be thinned and evenly distributed.
⑵ Irrigation: In order to ensure the water supply for the growth of seedlings, we can't wait for the seedlings to wither before watering. Generally, when the surface layer of soil is dry below 5 cm, it should be watered immediately.
⑶ Fertilization: At seedling stage, organic fertilizer should be combined with available nitrogen fertilizer (urea), and biological fertilizer is better. The method is to spread urea or other biological fertilizers evenly on the seedbed, and then apply manure water. Note: When applying fertilizer at seedling stage, eat less and eat more, apply less frequently, and do not apply fertilizer cruelly, so as not to cause fertilizer damage. At seedling stage, topdressing outside roots should be applied irregularly. It is to use trace elements containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, magnesium, manganese and copper.