Maintenance method of plum blossom
Open area
According to the ecological habits of plum blossom, the high dry land with loose soil, good drainage and sunny ventilation is also selected for open planting. After survival, it is generally unnecessary to water when the weather is not dry. Apply fertilizer three times a year and base fertilizer in winter to improve the ability of wintering and cold protection, and prepare enough nutrients for next year's growth. Apply quick-acting flower-accelerating fertilizer before flowering, and apply quick-acting flower bud fertilizer after new shoots stop growing to promote flower bud differentiation. Every fertilization should be combined with watering. Appropriate measures should be taken to prevent cold in winter in the north. When planting on the ground, special attention should be paid to pruning and shaping. Reasonable pruning is beneficial to control plant type, improve the light condition in crown and promote the early flowering of young trees. Pruning is mainly based on thinning, and it is best to make it beautiful and natural. When pruning, it is advisable to cut off the branches a little. Overweight can easily lead to excessive growth, which will affect the next year's flowering. Prune more dead branches, diseased branches and long branches than in early winter, and trim and shape the whole plant properly after flowering. In addition, management should be strengthened at ordinary times, and attention should be paid to intertillage, irrigation, weeding and insect prevention.
pot culture
Because of the cold winter in northern China, it is difficult to plant on the ground, and potted plants are often used, which are suitable for wintering in cold greenhouses. After one to several years of open cultivation, the surviving plum seedlings can be put into pots years ago. The soil in the basin should be loose, fertile and well drained, and the bottom of the basin should be fertilized with sole fertilizer. Hu Mei is sensitive to water and has strict requirements. The pot soil is too wet, the root system is underdeveloped, the leaves will turn yellow, the root system will be damaged and the trees will be destroyed. If it is too dry, there will be few short branches, slow elongation of new shoots, easy defoliation and poor flower bud development. Therefore, the watering basin plum should be stopped dry and wet, and watered thoroughly if it is not dry. Water accumulation in basin soil should be avoided in rainy days. During the growth period of new shoots, excessive watering should be avoided to make the branches too long. Before flower bud differentiation in early summer, water should be properly controlled to facilitate the formation of flower buds and buds. Water properly in summer, when leaves are easy to fall off, which will affect the formation of flower buds. After falling leaves in autumn, we should reduce the number of watering and keep the soil dry and wet to enrich the branches. Proper watering in late winter and early spring can achieve the effect of full flowering.
Pot Maine is coated with foot fat and doesn't like big fat. When the new shoots grow to about 5 cm, you can apply pancakes once to make the branches grow strong. When spreading leaves after flowering, the fertilizer and water should be sufficient, and dilute liquid fertilizer should be applied every 4-5 weeks. Control fertilization when the branches grow to 20 cm. In order to promote flower bud differentiation, topdressing should be applied in late summer and early autumn. Water every time after fertilization.
Potted plum blossoms should be kept in a ventilated and sunny place, too dense or blocked by the environment, making the plants tall and thin. In winter, there are many sunshine, full and thick buds, bright colors and beautiful posture. If we control the tree shape and promote the early flowering of young trees, we need to trim and shape them in time. The buds of plum blossoms are formed on the new branches every year. Generally, when the seedlings grow to 25-30 cm, the top is cut off, and after germination, the top 3-5 branches are left as the main branches. When the branches grow to about 20 cm, pick the heart to help the buds to be full. In the second year, after flowering, leave 2-3 buds at the base and cut them again. Pay attention to the direction of cutting buds when cutting, and choose outward buds and inward buds. After germination, cut off cross branches, over-dense branches and overlapping branches. Because straight plum leaves have no posture, regular plum leaves have no scenery, and dense plum leaves have no posture, they should be trimmed according to the principle of "sparse, dense and curved" without affectation.
Potted plum blossoms should be pruned in early spring every 1-2 years, and the pots and soil should be changed. If potted plum blossoms bloom in the Spring Festival, they will be naturally dormant outdoors after defoliation in winter, and then moved to the sunny place in a warm room after New Year's Day, and the room temperature will be maintained at 8- 12℃. Sprinkle water on the branches every day, keep the pot soil moist, color the buds, and then raise the temperature to 1 5-20℃, so that flowers can bloom in the Spring Festival. If "Mayday" blooms, it needs to be placed in a cold room slightly higher than 0℃ all winter, without direct sunlight, and the basin soil remains relatively dry until the beginning of April and then gradually moves outdoors.
Vase-inserted flower
For the purpose of producing cut flowers, most of them are planted in the open field and in pieces. The spacing between plants should be small ***3×3 m * * *, the trunk should be kept about * * * 30cm * *, and it should be cut again and fertilized more, so as to promote the growth of a large number of branches and make the trees shrub-like. Every year, the branches of that year should be cut short for decoration such as inserting bottles. After defoliation, sufficient fertilizer should be applied to restore the tree's vigor, and phosphate fertilizer should be given priority to after flowering and withering in the coming year. The varieties suitable for cut flower cultivation are mainly palace pollen type, followed by jade plate type and green calyx type.
Zhuang Jing
It can be cultivated in the open field or potted, and its growth is fragile. Water management should be appropriate, not too wet, so as to avoid waterlogging and rotten roots, leading to pile head withering and death. Leaves and branches are often watered, which has the function of nourishing leaves and protecting roots for the aging pile landscape. Pruning is needed for plum blossom cultivation in pile view to form a dwarf tree. Fine branches can be tied with brown silk, while thick branches need to be carved with a knife, cut with an axe and bent with fire. When old plum is used as rootstock for grafting, a few more branches can be properly grafted and then shaped. After several years of artistic processing and careful cultivation, the pile scene can be successful.
Propagation mode of plum blossom
transplant
Propagation grafting is a common method to propagate plum blossoms in China. Grafted seedlings grow fast and bloom early, and can maintain the excellent characteristics of the original varieties. The seedlings of peaches, apricots, apricots and plums can all be used as grafting rootstocks, among which the seeds of peaches and apricots are the easiest to obtain, the grafting is easy to survive and the grafting grows fast, which is widely used in production. However, after grafting, diseases and pests are prone to occur, which shortens the life span, and is not as good as apricot, Prunus armeniaca and Mume. Therefore, it is suggested to use the seeds of these three rootstocks to cultivate seedlings of 1-2 years.
Grafting methods vary according to different regions and cultivation purposes. For example, in Beijing, when the weather is dry and windy, block budding is often carried out in summer and during the Millennium. In the south of the Yangtze River, such as Shanghai, abdominal grafting and cutting are often carried out before germination in early spring from March to April, or before and after the autumnal equinox. In Suzhou, Yangzhou and other places, from February to April or from June to August, the old roots of plum are often used as rootstocks, and young plum trees are used as plum piles.
Bud grafting is also a common propagation method of plum blossom, which is usually carried out in July and August, and it is mostly carried out in late August to early September in North China. Bud grafting saves scions, the method is simple, suitable for small rootstocks and scions, and the survival rate is high. T-bud grafting can be used. Select 1-2 robust branch with intact axillary bud as scion, cut a knife about 0.5 cm above the axillary bud and reach the xylem, and cut a knife vertically at the left and right of the axillary bud about 0.5 cm, so that the grafted axillary bud becomes a shield shape with wide upper part and narrow lower part, and the section should be smooth. Remove the xylem inside and cut off the leaves to keep the petiole. Select a smooth leather surface 5-6 cm above the ground at the base of rootstock seedlings and cut it into a T-shaped incision, the size of which is similar to that of the scion. Then insert the bud into the interface to close the incision, and finally tie it with plastic strips to expose the petiole and bud.
After grafting, water properly in drought, ditch and drain in rainy season to prevent grafting buds from withering or grafting parts from being blown off by wind in windy weather, and cut off budding buds and rootstocks at any time.
Cutting propagation method
The survival rate of cutting propagation is very low. If you want to get a higher survival rate, you must choose varieties that are easy to take root. Cuttings are selected from robust branches of mother trees since childhood, with a length of 10- 15 cm, and are cut after flowering in early spring or defoliation in autumn. The substrate is sandy loam. The cutting depth is 1/3- 1/2 of the cutting, and the plant spacing is 10 cm× 20 cm. Water the cuttings once after planting, so there is no need to water them too much in the future. Too wet bed soil is easy to cause cuttings to rot, and proper spray humidification is beneficial to cuttings to take root and survive. In spring, growers must build shade sheds in summer, and the general survival rate is 30%-80%. Palace pollen, green calyx, gulihong and other easily rooted varieties are often used for cutting propagation.
floor
The layering method can be used when the reproductive ability of plum is not great. In early spring, choose l-3-year-old branches that grow vigorously in February-March, dig a ditch next to the mother tree, cut or girdle the branches below the bend of the branches, press them into the ditch with a width of 0.5-1 cm, then cover the soil, and gradually cut them off from the mother tree after rooting. Large seedlings can also be propagated by high pressure method. In the rainy season, select suitable branches from the mother tree, carve or girdle them, then wrap the mixed soil with plastic bags, tie the two ends tightly, keep the humidity, and check whether it takes root after one month. After rooting, it can be cut from the incision and transplanted for culture.
sow seeds
It is best to sow in autumn. If you must sow in spring, you should layer the seeds with sand in autumn and take them out in early spring. When the fruit changes color in June and July, it is harvested, spread indoors, fully ripened, washed and dried for later use. Mei Shi seedlings are used to cultivate rootstocks or new varieties because of their slow growth rate, late flowering period and great variety variation.
Morphological characteristics of plum blossom
Plum is a small tree and sparse shrub with a height of 4- 10 m; Bark light gray or greenish, smooth; Branchlets are green, smooth and hairless. Leaf blade is ovoid or ovoid, 4-8 cm long and 2.5-5 cm wide, with tip and tail tip, wide wedge-shaped to round base, leaf margin with small sharp serrations, grayish green, pubescent on both sides when young, gradually falling off when growing, or pubescent only between inferior veins; Petiole length 1-2 cm, hairy when young, shedding when old, often with glands.
Flowers solitary or sometimes two peanuts in 1 bud, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, with strong fragrance, opening first and then leaves; Pedicel is short, about 65438 0-3 mm long, often glabrous; Calyx is usually reddish brown, but some varieties of calyx are green or green purple; Calyx tube broadly campanulate, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; Sepals ovate or suborbicular, apex obtuse; Petals obovate, white to pink; Stamens short or slightly longer than petals; Ovary densely pilose, style short or slightly longer than stamens.
The fruit is nearly spherical, 2-3 cm in diameter, yellow or greenish white, pilose and sour; Glue the pulp to the core; The nucleus is oval, with a round top and a small protruding tip, the base gradually narrows into a wedge shape, the two sides are slightly flat, the abdominal edge is slightly blunt, there are obvious longitudinal grooves on the ventral and dorsal sides, and there are honeycomb holes on the surface. The flowering period is winter and spring, and the fruiting period is extended from May to June to July and August in North China. 2n =16,24. Propagation mode of Prunus mume.