First, variety selection \x0d\ Nectarine fruit is smooth and hairless, and the peel toughness is poor. Most varieties are prone to fruit cracking and sunburn in the high temperature and high humidity climate in the south. In South China, varieties with short low temperature, early maturity and extra early maturity are generally selected, and it is best to choose varieties that do not crack or crack lightly in production practice in South China for cultivation. In addition, due to the high temperature and humidity in the southern region from June to August, pests and diseases are particularly serious, especially mites, so it is best to choose early-maturing and extra-early-maturing varieties that mature before July. Popularize (breed) extra-early-maturing varieties Hong Yan 1 1, Zaozaohong, Chaohongzhu, Lichun, Chunguang and Hong Yan 12. Early-maturing varieties such as Shuanghong, Ruiguang No.22, Zhong You No.5, You Zhu, Zhong You No.5 and Zhong You No.4 are suitable for large-scale development in the south. \x0d\ II。 Change the civil garden \x0d\ 1. \x0d\ Choose peach roots with high oxygen demand and no waterlogging tolerance. Choose sandy loam or gravel soil with good drainage when building the garden, and the PH value is 5 ~ 6, and the PH value is lower than 4 and higher than 8 kinds of peaches. \x0d\ 2。 \x0d\ Generally, land with medium fertility or above is selected for planting nectarines in civil gardens. If the garden is built under the condition of poor soil and poor soil structure, soil improvement must be carried out. The improvement method is usually to dig planting ditches or holes. The planting ditch is generally 80 ~ 100 cm wide and 60 ~ 80 cm deep, and the north-south direction is suitable, and the base fertilizer should be applied deeply. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by phosphate fertilizer. Generally, the amount of organic fertilizer per mu is 5000 kg, and the amount of calcium superphosphate is about 100 kg. Apply a layer of organic fertilizer, a layer of phosphate fertilizer, and a layer of soil, and then backfill the mature soil. The backfill elevation is about 10 cm higher than the topsoil elevation. If there is a lack of organic fertilizer, you can also fill the ditch (nest) with orange stalks, weeds and leaves, and press the phosphate fertilizer soil in layers, and the thickness should be 20 cm away from the soil surface after compaction. Finally, backfill the soil to a height higher than the surface soil surface 15 ~ 20 cm. Backfill soil should use topsoil as far as possible, and the time should be more than one month earlier than the planting time, which is conducive to the decomposition of base fertilizer. The planting point is generally 80 cm long and 60 cm deep, and other methods are the same as planting ditch. \x0d\ 3。 Seedling planting \x0d\ 3. 1 \x0d\ The planting density is generally 222-333 plants per mu, and there are also 444 plants per mu in the south. We advocate planting 222 plants (plant spacing of 3× 1m), 145 plants (plant spacing of 3× 1.5m) and 333 plants (plant spacing of 2× 1m) per mu. These three densities have the advantages of fast production, high early yield and early high-yield period, and their economic benefits are more than twice as high as those of sparse planting. \x0d\ 3.2 The planting time can be from defoliation in autumn to germination in the following spring, but planting after defoliation in autumn is the best, which is beneficial to survival and root growth. \x0d\ 3.3 \x0d\ Planting method Take planting 222 plants per mu as an example, dig a big hole according to the plant spacing of each plant 1 m, cut off the injured roots and twigs of the seedlings, put them in the hole, flatten the roots evenly around, then fill the gaps around the roots with fine soil, and firmly apply the fine soil to make the roots and soil closely combine, so as to make the seedlings. Immediately after planting, water the root water of Dictyophora sessilifolia, each plant 15 ~ 25 kg. If the soil is dry, water it more and let the soil sink naturally with the water. After seepage, a small amount of soil can be covered, and the soil will be made into a pot cover with a height of 20 cm to prevent the trunk from shaking. In arid and low-temperature areas, the tree tray must be covered with 1 m2 plastic film to keep moisture, raise ground temperature and improve the survival rate of seedlings. \x0d\ III。 Soil, fertilizer and water management \x0d\ Close planting nectarines generally begin to bear fruit in the second year after planting and have a certain yield. Therefore, the main task in the first year after planting is to promote the former and control the latter. In the early stage (February-June), the crown should be enlarged as much as possible to achieve the ideal number of fruiting branches, and the vegetative growth should be controlled in the later stage to promote flowering. Generally, nitrogen fertilizer and available phosphorus fertilizer are mainly used in the early stage (February-June), so it is better to apply them thinly, and it is better to apply them every 10 ~ 15 days/time. Fertilization amount is per mu of human and animal manure 1500 kg, and urea 10 kg (2.5 kg per plant for the first and second time). Fertilization is stopped in July, and furrow drainage is carried out, and base fertilizer is applied once in September. After the second year, fertilization should focus on increasing yield, controlling crown and prolonging the life of dense planting garden. Re-apply base fertilizer. The application time of base fertilizer is generally from September to before defoliation, preferably in early September. \x0d\ This fertilization amount should account for 60% of the annual fertilization amount. The main types of fertilizers are organic fertilizers, with appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. 2500 kg of human and animal manure and 70 kg of calcium superphosphate can be deeply applied per mu. Top dressing can be applied twice a year, the first time before germination in mid-February. Apply organic fertilizer (pig manure water) 1500 kg, 20 kg urea and 20 kg potassium sulfate per mu. The second application before hard core (in the middle and late April), 2000 kg of organic fertilizer and 25 kg of urea were applied per mu. Peach roots like oxygen and drought, and are afraid of waterlogging. Generally, irrigation is not needed. In case of drought in mountainous areas, irrigation can be done 1-2 times during the fruit expansion period according to the actual situation. Pay attention to cleaning the drainage ditch in rainy season, loosen the soil after heavy rain, and enhance soil permeability to meet the requirement of high oxygen demand for root growth. Weeds in orchards can be controlled with herbicides from March to August. \x0d\ IV。 Shaping and trimming \x0d\ 1. Shaping \ x0d \1"v" shape is suitable for 3× 1 m (222 plants per mu). See Chapter 4 ("Southern Mid-late Ripe Hard Peach" \x0d\ 1.2 Natural Happiness) for the specific method of this tree. This tree is suitable for 3× 2m (per mu 1 1 plant), and its shaping method is detailed in Chapter 4. \x0d\ 2。 \x0d\ Pruning nectarine is a light-loving fruit tree, which blooms easily. Young trees mainly bear medium-long fruit branches, and adult trees can bear long, medium and short fruit branches. The main purpose of pruning is to improve light and renew fruit branches. Pruning is divided into growing season pruning and dormant pruning. \x0d\ 2. 1 \x0d\ Pruning in the growing season is carried out from germination to August, mainly to erase excessive buds and sparse and dense branches. Early-maturing varieties can be interplanted after harvest to improve light and promote flowering. Pruning should not be too heavy during the growth period, otherwise it will easily stimulate the emergence of a large number of new shoots, lead to excessive growth, and thus affect flower bud differentiation, so the pruning amount should be controlled within 10%. \x0d\ 2.2 \x0d\ pruning in dormant period should be carried out after defoliation in June 5438+February and before germination in February, and the pruning amount is about 20% ~ 30%, mainly thinning out over-dense big branches, retracting over-long main branches and cross branches extending between plants and rows, thinning out over-dense branches and pests and diseases branches, and thinning or shortening weak branches according to the situation to promote growth. Short cutting of 25 ~ 30 cm for medium-long fruit branches will disturb the thinning of upright branches from the base of the tree, and finally make the fruit branches evenly distributed on the main branches. \x0d\ V. Crown control and flower promotion \x0d\ Peach orchard is densely planted, because of high planting density, new shoots grow vigorously. Besides pruning and controlling shoot tips, chemicals should also be used to control shoot tips and promote flowering. Paclobutrazol is commonly used, and the application time and method are as follows: young trees promote flowering in mid-June, white meat varieties use 200 times, yellow meat varieties use 250 times 15% paclobutrazol evenly on peach leaves, and it is appropriate to spray wet water, and then spray it again 20 days later to control the growth of new shoots. Adult trees (three years later) were sprayed with 250 times 15% paclobutrazol twice (10 day 1 time) on the new shoots after flowering in April. \x0d\ In order to control the crown, paclobutrazol can also be applied by soil, and the application time is generally from autumn defoliation to the next spring before new buds germinate. Generally, the application method is to evenly mix paclobutrazol with a small amount of fine soil, then scatter it under the tree or open a shallow ditch with a depth of 10 ~ 15cm around the crown. After dilution, paclobutrazol can be evenly applied into the ditch to cover the soil, and the application amount is generally 0.65433 per square meter of crown. Because the soil application technology of paclobutrazol is not easy to master, it is suggested that foliar spraying is better. \x0d\ In addition, fertilizer and water control began in mid-June, which is beneficial to flower formation and crown control. \x0d\ VI。 Flower and fruit management \x0d\ 1. \x0d\ flower protection and fruit protection oil has a large amount of peach blossoms, strong self-flowering, high fruit setting rate, and generally no need to protect fruit. However, due to the warm winter and insufficient cooling capacity in southern China, many varieties have poor flower bud differentiation and imperfect flower development. In order to improve the fruit setting rate and yield, corresponding measures must be taken to protect the fruit. The commonly used methods are: (1) cross-pollination by multi-variety mixed planting. (2) Artificial pollination, the effect is quite good. According to our experiment, pollination with nectarine varieties not only has high fruit setting rate, but also has large fruit and high quality. ⑶ Spraying 100 times PBO when peach buds are red and 150 times PBO when young corn grains are big can not only improve the fruit setting rate, but also increase the fruit. ⑷ After flowering, the extra buds should be erased in time, and the new shoots should be sprayed with 200 ~ 300 times of paclobutrazol15% for 2 ~ 3 times to control the new shoots. 5. Other measures: spraying 0. 1% borax +0. 1% green fenwei 1 at flowering stage, and spraying 800 times of 5% fresh human urine +50% carbendazim at flowering stage. \x0d\ 2。 \x0d\ The thinning of flowers and fruits can be combined with pruning, and the over-dense flower branches and weak flower branches can be properly removed. According to the growth and fruiting direction of fruit branches, the medium and long fruit branches can be cut short, and the remaining flowers can be appropriately reduced. In southern China, due to the harm of cold wave in early spring and late frost in some years, fruit thinning is generally adopted. For the first time, when you can distinguish between large and small fruits after flowering, you can first thin achenes, deformed fruits, diseased fruits and twin fruits, and then thin too many normal fruits. The second fruit thinning is carried out in the early stage of hard core, and the amount of fruit left depends on the variety, tree strength and yield target. The general principle is: leave more strong branches, less big fruit varieties and more small and medium fruit varieties. \x0d\ 3。 \x0d\ Fruit bagging Fruit bagging can not only prevent and control peach fruit borer, peach fruit borer, anthracnose and brown rot, but also improve fruit coloring, increase skin smoothness and reduce fruit fiber and purple pigment. In addition, bagging varieties that are easy to crack can also reduce fruit cracking. Bagging is carried out after fruit thinning, usually before the main local fruit borers enter the fruit. Mainly in late April. Before bagging, spray 1 times of broad-spectrum insecticidal bactericide mixture. First set the varieties with reliable fruit setting, and then set the varieties with high fruit dropping rate. Nowadays, old newspapers are often used instead of paper bags to make triangular or square bags, one end of which is open, which are placed on fruits, the bottom of which is tied tightly and fixed on branches with thin wires. Tear the paper bag from the bottom during the fruit coloring period. \x0d\ VII。 Pest control \x0d\ 1. Main diseases \x0d\ 1. 1 anthracnose \x0d\ symptoms1.1./x0d \ mainly damage fruits and tree tops, and leaves can also be damaged. At first, the fruit surface showed green-brown spots soaked in water, then turned dark brown and gradually shrank. When the climate is wet, pink particles appear on the diseased spots, forming concentric patterns, and diseased fruits often hang on branches to become stiff fruits. The fruit is infected in the expanding period, and it is also waterlogged in the early stage, which gradually expands into reddish-brown circular spots, and little red dot and meristem grow, and the fruit falls off or hangs on the branches. At first, the damaged branches showed waterlogging and light brown lesions, then turned brown, oblong, slightly red and concave at the edge, with pink particles on the surface, and in severe cases, the branches died. The leaves on the tip of the disease are the most common, and often roll into a tube with the main vein as the axis. \x0d\ 1. 1.2 prevention and control methods: clear the fields, remove dead fruits and diseased branches, remove fallen leaves in winter, and eliminate the source of disease. Pay attention to the drainage in Taoyuan. \x0d\ Chemical control: Spray Bomei 5-degree stone sulfur mixture once before early spring bud germination (65438+1October) to eliminate the source of overwintering. After flowering, 70% thiophanate, 25% carbendazim, 50% carbendazim or zineb can be selected and sprayed for 3 ~ * every 10 day. Symptoms \x0d\ 1.2 peach scab \x0d\ 1.2. 1 \x0d\ mainly harms fruits and leaves and branches. Most of the diseased spots of fruit occur near the fruit stalk. The fruit is dark green with round spots when it is immature and turns black when it is close to maturity. The harm of the pathogen is only in the pericarp, the epidermis of the diseased part is necrotic, the pulp continues to grow, and in severe cases, the diseased fruit is cracked, resulting in fruit drop. The onset of leaf diseases begins at the back of leaves, which is irregular gray-green lesions at first, and then gradually dies, and the lesions fall off to form perforations, which can cause defoliation in severe cases. The branches are diseased, and the diseased spots are dark green, uplifted and gummy, which only damages the surface layer and does not go deep into the interior. \x0d\ 1.2.2 Prevention and control methods Clear the garden in autumn, burn diseased branches and leaves, and eliminate the source of overwintering diseases. Strengthen pruning in summer to ensure ventilation and permeability of trees. \x0d\ Chemical control: Spray Bomei 3 ~ 5 degree sulfur mixture before germination, and spray zineb 500 times solution or 70% thiophanate-methyl 600 ~ 700 times solution and DuPont Fuxing 8000 times solution every 15 days after flowering for 3 ~ 4 times. \x0d\ 1.3 Peach leaf shrinkage \x0d\ 1.3. 1 symptom \x0d\ mainly damages leaves. In severe cases, it also infringes on buds, young fruits and flowers. Infected young Ye Gang has rippled symptoms when spreading out, partially or completely atrophied and twisted, which is aggravated with the growth of leaf age. The diseased leaves or leaves turn back along the leaf edge and roll up vertically. The surface of the leaves is uneven, the color is purple or bright red, and the mesophyll is thick and crisp. In late spring and early summer, the local leaves of the diseased leaves are gray and gradually grow into white powder. Cover the whole leaf surface, and finally the leaves turn brown and dry. The new leaves that reappear after falling leaves will no longer get sick because of the rising temperature. \x0d\ 1.3.2 control method \ x0d \ (1) During the peach bud expansion period, spray Bomei 3-5 degree sulfur mixture cautiously and thoughtfully to kill overwintering germs. ⑵ Strengthen management, strengthen tree vigor and have high disease resistance. (3) Spraying 50,000 units of 500 times of Jinggangmycin aqueous solution or 600-800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder during the period from peach bud germination to dew red. \x0d\ 1.4 Peach gummosis \x0d\ 1.4. 1 \x0d\ Symptomatic physiological diseases mainly occur on the wounds of trunk, main branches and big lateral branches, and also on serious branchlets. After infection, the branches secrete transparent and soft colloid, which turns into brown colloid when exposed to air. Causes the tree to be weak and die early. \x0d\ 1.4.2 prevention and treatment methods The disease is mainly caused by the immersion of wounds, lateral buds and lenticels. \x0d\ Control methods: \x0d\ Strengthen management, apply more organic fertilizer, improve soil physical and chemical properties, enhance tree vigor, improve tree resistance, and pay attention to drainage in Taoyuan; Pest control, timely control of various pests and diseases, reduce wounds and reduce the invasion of germs; Paint it white in time to avoid frostbite and sunburn; Chemical control: do a good job in clearing the garden in winter, spray Bomei 5-degree stone sulfur mixture before bud germination, spray 50% carbendazim 800 ~ 1000 times in April, once every two months, four times in a row, and spray Bomei 0.5-degree stone sulfur mixture once every two months for three times in a row, spraying it on leaves and green branches as little as possible, and killing it with pesticides. \x0d\ 2。 The main pest \x0d\ 2. 1 peach fruit borer \x0d\ 2. 1. 1 \x0d\ mainly damages fruits with larvae. One fruit has 1 ~ 2 larvae, most of them have 8 ~ 9 larvae, and they have the habit of turning over the fruit to feed. The damaged fruit secretes brown transparent glue juice from the wormhole, and excretes feces to stick around the wormhole, which leads to fruit dropping and yield reduction, and in severe cases, it is "ten peaches and nine moths". \x0d\ 2. 1.2 prevention and control methods: timely remove the fallen leaves of branches damaged by diseases and insect pests in Taoyuan, remove the straws of crops such as sunflower, corn and sorghum, and eliminate overwintering adults. Before the emergence of the first generation of adults in the middle and late May, bagging should be done in time to protect the fruits. Chemical control: 2000-fold solution of 50% parathion, 90% crystal trichlorfon 1000-fold solution, 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1500-fold solution or 3000-fold solution of 20% pyrethroid emulsion shall be sprayed in time from May to June. \x0d\ 2.2 \x0d\ 2.2. 1 \x0d\ Harmful symptoms Larvae crawls on the surface of the fruit for dozens of minutes after hatching, and then eats the fruit from the trunk or shoulder of the young fruit. Pectin flows out of the moth hole and is white waxy after drying. The surface of the damaged fruit is deformed, and the pulp is rotten, thus losing its edible value. \x0d\\x0d\ 2.2.2 \x0d\ Control method: Cover the tree tray with plastic film, and cover the ground under the canopy with plastic film before adult emergence to prevent the adult from flying out after emergence; Drug control: spray 40% isocarbophos EC 1000 ~ 1500 times or 20% pesticide 3000 times at the peak of egg incubation (late June and late July). \x0d\ 2.3 Harmful symptoms of Myzus persicae \x0d\ 2.3. 1 \x0d\ can be divided into winged viviparous female aphids and wingless viviparous female aphids, which occur for more than 10 generations a year and overwinter in branches and bud axils of stone fruits such as peaches and plums. From the end of April to the beginning of May of the following year, the damaged leaves began to cluster, and the damaged leaves rolled longitudinally from the leaf edge to the leaf back, with thick, uneven and tumor-like leaves. First it was light green, then it was scarlet. In severe cases, it can lead to dry leaves and death, and the peak period is from the end of May to the beginning of June. \x0d\ 2.3.2 Prevention methods ① Observe frequently, prevent early and spray in time. (2) It is effective to use cypermethrin and methamidophos. \x0d\ 2.4 Peach weevil (also known as Peach Tiger) \x0d\ 2.4. 1 \x0d\ Harmful symptoms Adults bite flowers and young fruits, as well as buds and young leaves of peach trees, and the surface of the damaged fruits is covered with rot marks and gum, causing the fruits to rot, and the larvae eat the fruits, making the fruits dry and rotten. \x0d\ 2.4.2 Prevention and control methods \ x0d \ a. Adult killing: By using the suspended animation of adults, plastic sheets are laid under the trees at night and branches are shaken in the morning, so that the adults are frightened and fall down for centralized elimination. \x0d\ B, exterminating insect fruits: In combination with fruit thinning, we often remove insect fruits from trees, pick up fruits that fall to the ground, and destroy them collectively to eliminate pests. \x0d\ C, chemical control: Before the adults are unearthed (when peaches germinate), spray 500 times of 75% phoxim emulsion on the ground under the tree to poison the overwintering adults and larvae in the soil. Spraying 90% crystal trichlorfon and 50% phoxim 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1500 times in adult stage. \x0d\ 2.5 Apriona germari \x0d\ 2.5. 1 \x0d\ The main symptoms of damage are that the larvae drill a curved tunnel in the xylem of the trunk, hollowing out the trunk, and the newly hatched larvae feed under the skin, gradually penetrate into the xylem, drill into criss-crossing wormways, reach the center of the trunk, feed up and down, and discharge feces. The damaged branches are gummed and weak, which leads to the branches breaking and even the whole tree dying. \x0d\ 2.5.2 \x0d\ Control method to kill adults. In the emergence period of adults in summer, the habit of resting branches at noon is used for artificial capture, and there are many adults in sunny days after rain. The trunk is painted white, and the trunk and base are evenly coated with a layer of white coating agent, which is made of quicklime 10, salt 0.2 and water 40. Can prevent adults from laying eggs. Poison larvae. When fresh dung is found, insert aluminum phosphide poison stick into the wormhole or inject 1 ml of 40% dichlorvos into each hole with a needle. You can also use cotton dipped in dichlorvos stock solution to plug the wormhole less, and then seal it with sticky mud to poison the larvae.