1. Farming 1 and soil preparation (1) Comprehensive soil preparation should be completed before the middle of June every year, 65438+February. The depth of soil preparation is more than 20 cm. In order to facilitate intercropping and reduce soil erosion, after comprehensive soil preparation, the slope surface is changed into a ladder shape, and the width of the ladder surface should be greater than 2 m. According to the topographic characteristics, deep longitudinal drainage ditches are gradually excavated, and small transverse drainage ditches are excavated in the ladder. (1) After deep excavation and comprehensive soil preparation, holes are dug on the cross ladder with a row spacing of 3×5m and an aperture of 80×80×80cm. When digging a hole, pay attention to the separation of core soil and surface soil, and pick out stones. 2. Complete planting with sufficient base fertilizer before the end of February (1). The base fertilizer is mainly farmyard manure, supplemented by long-acting chemical fertilizer. 40-50 kg of domestic miscellaneous fertilizer (pig manure, compost, pond mud, wall soil, kitchen soil, fire manure, etc.). ), apply 0.5 kg cake fertilizer and 0.5 kg phosphate fertilizer to each hole. Cake fertilizer and household miscellaneous fertilizer should be cooked before use, phosphate fertilizer should be fully subdivided, and urban and rural garbage fertilizer should not be used resolutely. (2) Return the soil in time at the end of 1 year. First, the bottom of the hole is padded with broken crop straws with a thickness of about 15-20cm, and then the surface soil with a thickness of 10-20cm is filled on it. Then, the frozen topsoil, core soil, decomposed organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are fully mixed and filled to a depth of about 20 cm from the hole. If the excavated core soil and topsoil are not placed separately, the loose topsoil on the slope should be selected as far as possible when returning the soil. For holes with high gravel and sticky disk content, foreign soil should be transplanted. 3. Select the fine varieties of this province, such as Chushuhong, Dahongpao, Judas Chestnut (Guangde producing area), Soft Spinning Zaozao, Erxinzao, Huanglipu (Ningguo producing area), Coconut Grass, Sticky Floor, Bee Ball (Shucheng producing area) and Zaolizi (Jinzhai producing area). According to the local natural and socio-economic conditions and market demand, 2-4 varieties can be selected as the main varieties. It is best to choose the fine varieties of Shucheng production area with close geographical location in Jianghuai hilly area. Castanea mollissima 1-2-year-old grafted seedlings can be used, but 1 year-old seedlings are better. 1 year-old grafted seedlings should have a ground diameter of 1cm, a height of 80cm, and a main lateral root length of more than 20cm, without plant diseases and insect pests and mechanical damage. If you use 2-year-old grafted seedlings, you need to expand the root tray to ensure that there are enough lateral roots and absorbing roots. 4. Planting is generally suitable from the end of February to the beginning of March. First, cut off the damaged root segments and excessively long root tips of the seedlings, put them into the mud of 100ppmABT3 rooting powder (1g rooting powder is dissolved in 0.5Kg alcohol, then poured into 10Kg water, and mixed with soil to make slurry), then dip the whole roots, and then put the seedlings into the center of the hole for righting, and spread the roots of the seedlings. When filling soil, bury them with topsoil first. Then step on it, fill the pit until it is full, then step on it, and finally cover the surface of the planting hole with a layer of loose soil about 5cm thick to prevent the soil surface from cracking and water loss (that is, the planting technology of "three burying, two stepping and one seedling raising"). Pay attention to watering the roots thoroughly when planting. Castanea mollissima should be planted on the solid soil layer slightly above the root neck of seedlings (subject to the root soil seal formed by seedlings during seedling raising), and it should not be too deep to prevent seedlings from sinking and root rot after the soil in the hole is implemented.

When planting, the incompletely decomposed base fertilizer cannot directly contact with the roots to prevent the base fertilizer from burning the roots when heated. If base fertilizer is applied when planting, a layer of soil must be covered between the base fertilizer and the seedlings.

Second, management.

1, 10 till February of next year, but autumn is better. The scarifying depth is 30-40 cm. When loosening the soil, the periphery of the trunk with shallow roots and many roots should be shallow, and the periphery of the crown with few roots can be deep. After loosening the soil, the stone is removed and the base fertilizer is applied. 2. Reaming should be carried out in the spring or autumn of the second to third year after planting. On the basis of the original tree hole, the hole is expanded to about 50 cm and the depth is 80 cm every year. When reaming, the surface soil is separated from the core soil, and stones are picked out. First, mix the surface soil with the base fertilizer, then fill it in the bottom of the hole, and then raise the core soil slightly above the ground. Pay attention to protect the root system when reaming. 3, intertillage weeding twice a year, respectively, in May-June and the middle and late August, weeding should be shallow buried around the trunk. 4. The purpose of reasonable intercropping is to cultivate instead of protect, to grow in short time and to raise forest in agriculture. Intercropping should choose crops with short stalks, short growth period, less fertilizer and water absorption, which can improve the fertility of forest land and soil structure, and have no pests and diseases with chestnut trees. Peanut, broad bean, pea, mung bean and soybean are the best leguminous crops in Jianghuai area. Within one or two years after chestnut planting, intercropping crops should be more than 1m from the trunk. With the increase of tree age and crown expansion, intercropping crops will gradually increase away from the trunk until the intercropping stops. Intercropping crops straw should be returned to the field. Forest land with poor fertility should be mowed before flowering in intercropping crops, turned over and buried. 5. Chestnut has strong adaptability to fertilization and irrigation, but it must have sufficient nutrition to achieve stable and high yield. For example, it is impossible to produce 1 kg chestnut without 6 kg pure fertilizer (the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 3.5: 1.5). Due to the poor soil fertility in Jianghuai area, water and fertilizer management was neglected in some places after chestnut afforestation, which not only failed to achieve benefits for many years, but also seriously dampened the enthusiasm of the people to produce chestnut. Therefore, attention should be paid to fertilization and irrigation in chestnut production. (1) Base fertilizer: Generally, slow-release organic fertilizer (such as home miscellaneous fertilizer and cake fertilizer) is the main fertilizer, compound fertilizer can also be applied, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be applied if necessary. Base fertilizer should cooperate with digging holes and expanding holes in autumn, and it is best to apply it before freezing. Five years before afforestation, 20-30 kg of domestic miscellaneous fertilizer, 0.5 kg of cake fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer or compound fertilizer 1 kg should be applied to each plant. It is best to apply fertilizer by ring fertilization method, that is, dig an annular ditch with a depth of about 30-50cm and a width of about 40cm along the edge of the crown, apply fertilizer evenly, and then cover the soil. Domestic miscellaneous fertilizer should be applied deeply, while cake fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and compound fertilizer can be applied shallowly. After entering the fruiting period, fertilization can be carried out according to the ratio of 6Kg organic fertilizer per 1Kg chestnut yield. (2) Topdressing: young trees are mainly made of available nitrogen fertilizers such as human excrement, urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, etc. After entering the fruiting period, topdressing is mainly made of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Young trees are usually topdressing once in May-June, and topdressing twice after entering the fruiting period. The first topdressing is to promote flower formation in April, and the second topdressing is to strengthen fruit fertilization before fruit expansion in July. The amount of topdressing should be determined according to tree age, tree potential, forest land fertility and fertilizer types. In ord to meet that demand of trees for fertilize. 3-0.5% urea, 0. 5-2.0% of calcium superphosphate and 0. Spraying 3-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves in the growth period, spraying 0.2% boron fertilizer in the flowering period and spraying 0.5% compound fertilizer in the fruit period. (3) Irrigation: Castanea mollissima is relatively drought-tolerant, and irrigation is rarely carried out in Jianghuai area except for "autumn drought". The time, frequency and quantity of irrigation should be determined according to the needs of trees, climate change and soil water content. Irrigation methods include drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, flood irrigation, furrow irrigation and root digging. Irrigation can be combined with fertilization. Do a good job of soil and water conservation after irrigation. Third, tree management.

1, shaping and pruning (1): before the grafted seedlings germinate in the spring of that year, they are cut off one by one according to the variety characteristics, bud state and management methods, and the stems are 60-90cm high. (2) Modeling: The modeling of chestnut varies from tree to tree, and it can usually be shaped into a sparse layer or a natural pleasing shape according to the dryness of varieties, site quality and seedling growth. (3) Pruning: Young chestnut trees should be lightly pruned and slowly released, with branch angles, indoor auxiliary branches should be fully utilized, and short pruning method should be carefully adopted. Pruning is generally carried out in winter and spring, and excessive dense branches, cross branches and pest branches are removed. For a few backbone branches that grow too vigorously, it is best to core them in summer to promote their early branching and early formation. If the core is not removed in summer, it can be chopped properly in winter. For some backbone branches with uneven distribution or uneven growth, technical measures such as drying and supporting branches can be taken to promote their orderly and balanced growth. 2. Pest control The main pests and diseases of chestnut in hilly areas are chestnut blight, branch blight, gypsum disease, powdery mildew, chestnut gall wasp, chestnut scale, chestnut aphid, marsupial moth, thorn moth, scarab, winged moth, red spider, Anoplophora versicolor, pruning weevil, chestnut elephant and peach moth. Prevention and control should be based on silviculture, adjust measures to local conditions, and adopt physical, chemical and biological methods for comprehensive prevention and control. When pests and diseases are found, other hosts at the forest edge should be removed in time, branches of pests and diseases should be pruned, fallen pests and diseases thorns should be picked out and burned, and measures such as painting trunks in winter should be implemented. Spraying mixed solution of dimethoate and dichlorvos (dimethoate: dichlorvos: water =1:1:kloc-0/:5500) once a year is effective in controlling leaf-eating pests, such as marsupials, scarabs and moths.