Planting and management of Sakyamuni
Annona squarrosa (scientific name: Annona squarrosa), also known as Fotou fruit, Sakyamuni fruit, Yadaguo (also known as Ling Lin (commonly known as Chaoshan area in Guangdong), Buluotuo (Guangxi), Bobolo, Pseudopolo (Pingxiang, Guangxi, because its morphological structure is similar to that of Guangxi's special paramita) and Pangui litchi (Guangdong and Hong Kong) are called Wulizi in Taiwan Province Province. ), a small semi-deciduous perennial arbor plant of Annonaceae. Mostly planted as cash crops, the meat is white and sweet.
Annona is a tropical fruit with sweet fruit and milky white flesh. It is listed as one of the famous tropical fruits because of its unique flavor. Mature fruit is light green and yellow, and its appearance is raised by soft wart of polygonal little finger (there are many mature ovaries and receptacle), which is like Buddha's head, so it is called Buddha's head fruit and Sakyamuni fruit.
Biological characteristics of Sakyamuni
The stem height of annona squamosa is 3~ 10m, and the branches and leaves are fine and drooping. Simple leaves, alternate without stipules, dark green on the front and grayish green on the back. Flowers are solitary, inserted in leaf axils or branches, open from April to September, with 3 oval petals, light green flowers drooping and emitting rich fruit fragrance. The fruit is aggregate fruit, with a round, heart-shaped, oval or conical surface. The surface of immature fruit is dark green, and the mature fruit is light green or yellow-green, which looks like litchi, so it was originally named annona, and its skin bulges like annona, so it is nicknamed "Sakya". Annona seeds are dark brown oval, smooth and hard; The pulp is white and dense, sweet and slightly sour.
Other subspecies are up to 5 meters high, with thin and gray bark and spherical or oblate crown. Simple leaves alternate, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, 6 ~17 cm long, sharp or obtuse at the top, rounded or broadly wedge-shaped at the base; Flowers are yellow-green, 1~4 clustered branches or opposite leaves, flowering from May to June; Aggregate fruit pulp is nearly spherical, with a diameter of about 5~ 10cm. It is yellow-green when it matures in August ~10, and tastes sweet and fragrant. The fruit is aggregate fruit, which consists of dozens of small petals, and each petal contains a small black crystal nucleus. Oval, immature fruit is green, mature fruit is light green and yellow. Taste slightly sweet, creamy or milky white, creamy cake-like, fragrant, sweet to eat, good flavor. The edible rate of fruit is 67%. The weight of a single fruit is generally around 350g g.
Cultivation techniques of Sakyamuni
Seedling propagation
The propagation methods of annona include seed propagation and grafting propagation. Common annona seedlings have the characteristics of early fruiting and high yield, but their characters are not easy to maintain and are prone to premature aging. At present, AP annona is widely used as seedling stock, but it is prone to root rot in production. Several rootstocks resistant to root rot have been found in Zhanjiang South Asia Hot Cropping Research Institute, but intermediate rootstocks are needed. After the rootstock is selected, the first task is to cultivate strong seedlings and make them reach the grafting standard quickly. Using common annona as rootstock, the seeds should come from high-yield and high-quality mother plants of excellent varieties. The fruits with large fruits and correct shapes should be washed after being taken out, and the seeds without solid grains and small grains should be immediately removed, dried and sown. The seeds sown in the next spring should be fully dried and sealed. When the rootstock thickness reaches about 1cm, grafting is carried out. The grafting method depends on the season, and the phloem is not easy to fall off in spring, so branch grafting is generally used, and bud grafting is generally used in summer and autumn. When annona is grafted by bud grafting, it usually takes 20~30 days to unbind, while when grafting by branch grafting, it is generally necessary to select buds before unbinding. For the plants survived by bud grafting, the rootstock can be cut off about 5cm above the bud grafting position after unbinding 15 days. After cutting rootstocks, a large number of new buds will be pulled out at the base, which should be pulled out in time to avoid competing with scions for nutrition and affecting bud germination. At the same time, the nursery should be kept clean and free of weeds, and sufficient fertilizer and water supply should be ensured. When the grafted seedlings grow to 50cm high and the stem diameter is about 65438±0.0cm, they can be planted in the nursery.
High-yield cultivation techniques of Sakyamuni
Choose the soil with good drainage and irrigation and loose soil to build the garden, and plant it in spring, with a row spacing of 2? 3m Company. About 0.3kg of lime, 30kg of garbage fertilizer, 0.5kg of phosphate fertilizer,10 ~15kg of soaked livestock manure,1.0kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 0.2kg of compound fertilizer are suitable for laying hens. After planting, young trees should be fertilized frequently and thinly. Generally, new shoots are fertilized twice for every 65,438+0 times of culture, and 65,438+0 times for bud stage and when the new shoots grow to 40cm. The fertilizer is mainly available nitrogen, and each plant can be applied with 2.5 ~ 5 kilograms of bran water and 0.3% urea, or 50 grams of urea and 25 grams of potassium chloride. Combined with soil improvement in winter, organic fertilizer 1 time and chicken manure 15kg were applied to each plant. Apply 0.5 kg of lime to each plant in winter and spring. Results Fertilization of trees is carried out around promoting the health of spring shoots and summer shoots, promoting the differentiation of flower buds of one or two fruits, setting strong fruits, improving soil and promoting root development. Attention should be paid to the application of organic fertilizer and lime, the ratio and adjustment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in each phenological period, and the coordination of late-acting fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer, and fertilization should be carried out six times a year.
AP annona is not afraid of drought and water accumulation, so attention should be paid to eliminating water accumulation in time in rainy season, which is prone to root rot; In case of drought and wrinkled leaves, water should be sprayed immediately, and soil moisture balance should be maintained during fruit setting to avoid cracking and falling off of fruits due to long-term drought and showers. AP annona should be cultivated in a planned way, and the pruning of young trees should focus on shaping, which will lay the foundation for early fruiting and high yield. The method of picking the heart and leaves should be adopted to promote branching and cultivate short, multi-branched and evenly distributed round crowns as soon as possible. Cut off the top of the trunk at the height of 40~50cm, and remove 3~4 leaves in the middle and upper part of the trunk to promote the retention of 3~4 main branches. In the same way, promote the retention of 2~3 auxiliary branches on the main branches, and promote the retention of tertiary branches on the auxiliary main branches, so that too many weak branches can be relieved in time. Results Fruits were pruned 1 time every year after harvest, and the time was around mid-March. At this time, most of the bud eyes of deciduous branches began to sprout.
The method is as follows: the big branches on the periphery of the crown are retracted and trimmed to the third or fourth branches, and after retraction, pile heads with a length of 20-30 cm are left, and the pile heads are required to be evenly distributed in the crown in an umbrella shape; Branches with a diameter greater than 0.5cm in the crown cavity are generally reserved for retraction and pruning; The remaining weak branches and over-dense branches are sparse from the base. After heavy pruning in spring, pay attention to thinning in time when the shoots grow to 5~ 10cm, and leave 2~3 evenly distributed new branches in each branch pile; When the fruiting branches or vegetative branches of new shoots are 30~40cm long, they should be picked in time and pruned in summer according to the adjustment of production period. The method of removing the top and leaves can promote the growth and flowering of new shoots, thus adjusting the flowering period and fruit period. In Zhanjiang area, AP litchi needs artificial pollination in April to strive for early fruit. At about 5 pm, take other blooming flowers and apply pollen to the stigma of slightly or partially opened flowers with a soft brush, which can significantly increase the bearing capacity of fruits, increase the number of fruit shapes and improve the quality of fruits. In June, leaves should be cut and flowers should be promoted in various periods. According to the need, arranging flower promotion and pollination in different months can achieve the purpose of adjusting the fruiting period and extending the fruiting period from September to March of the following year.