Scientific name: bergamot. Toe disease.

Bergamot, citron, five fingers, golden bergamot, Jinhua bergamot, Sichuan bergamot

Rutaceae, citrus

morphological character

All kinds of citrons. Leaves alternate, oblong and slightly serrate; Flowers in early summer, panicles, white upper part, purple base; The fruit is ripe in winter, orange in color, round at the base, split like a palm at the upper part, finger-shaped, with basically degraded pulp and rich aroma. There are finger bergamot and fist bergamot. Plant geology is very ornamental. Fruit can be preserved. Roots, leaves, flowers and fruits can all be used as medicine to regulate qi and relieve pain, which is mainly used to treat chest pain.

Jinhua bergamot is a small evergreen tree or shrub. The height of potted fruit trees is about 60- 100cm and the crown width is 40-80cm. The height of open cultivation can reach 65438±05cm, and the crown diameter can reach more than 2000cm. The old branches are grayish brown and have hard spines. The leaves are long and oval, the leaf base is wide and wedge-shaped, the edge is serrated and the petiole is short. Flowers are divided into unisexual flowers and bisexual flowers, panicles or axillary bouquets. Single calyx cup-shaped, top five petals, white inside and outside or lavender outside, fragrant. The ripe skin is golden and the flesh is white as jade. Like a hand, it stretches its fingers and clenches its fist. The average fruit weight is 400-500 grams, and the maximum is 2300 grams.

Biological characteristics of bergamot

Bergamot likes cold and warm, likes tide and avoids wet, likes yang and fears yin; The cold tolerance is weak, it is easy to be frozen below 0℃ and easy to die below -8℃. Drought tolerance is not as good as other citrus varieties. Generally, it bears fruit in the third year after planting, and blooms and bears fruit three times a year, with acceptable yield and good disease resistance. The bergamot fruit stays in the tree for a long time and is particularly resistant to storage.

Cultivation and management of bergamot

(1) The potted technique of bergamot is to select excellent varieties with cold tolerance, drought tolerance and suitability for potted plants. Domestic sales can focus on the development of "Nanjing species" and export can choose "small species". 2. Serve at the right time. (1) basin selection: the taupe earth basin is the best one. The most common basin diameter should not be less than 24cm, the basin height should not be less than 18 cm, and the basin bottom hole diameter should be about 4cm. In the future, flowerpots should be replaced in time with the expansion of trees. The size of the flowerpot is 2/5 of the diameter of the bergamot crown, and there should be 3 drainage holes at the bottom of the flowerpot. (2) Pot soil preparation: loose and fertile sandy loam should be selected as pot soil. It is best to mix 80% red sand with 20% burnt mud ash, or 70% clear water sand, 25% fertile garden soil and 5% decomposed and air-dried chicken manure. (3) Planting of bergamot: It is more suitable to plant bergamot before bud germination in the middle and late March. Don't be exposed to the sun all day after planting, first put it in a semi-cloudy and semi-sunny place, and then let it gradually see the sun after 2-3 weeks. 3. Reasonable shaping and pruning. The bergamot tree is mainly shaped by natural joy. Results There are two kinds of tree pruning: spring pruning and summer pruning. Spring shearing is generally carried out before spring germination. Summer pruning generally refers to pruning in the growing season, mainly to cut off dead branches, horizontal branches, clustered branches and diseases and insect pests, and should do a good job of pinching and budding in time. According to the different cultivation conditions, the pruning of ancient trees adopts measures such as short cutting, thinning and branch pulling to achieve the purpose of renewal. 4. Strengthen fertilizer and water management. (1) Scientific fertilization: N fertilizer is the main fertilizer in young age or vegetative growth period, and P and K fertilizer are the main fertilizers in flowering and fruiting period. Generally divided into base fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer, fruit swelling fertilizer and so on. No matter what kind of fertilizer, thick fertilizer, immature fertilizer and heavy fertilizer should be avoided, but the principle of "thin fertilizer and diligent application" should be observed. Mainly apply organic fertilizer, and add appropriate amount of trace fertilizer. (2) Rational use of water: The water should be watered thoroughly without watering, so as to be dry and wet. Water in the morning and evening in summer and autumn, after 9 am in winter and spring. In rainy season, the basin should be tilted and there should be no water in it. 5. Do a good job of thinning flowers and fruits. To sparse flowers, large flowers and leafy flowers should be left at the top of the fruiting mother branch, and unisexual flowers and flowers should be sparse. The degree of flower thinning depends on the strength of the tree and the number of flowers. For medium-flowered trees and multi-flowered trees, 50%-60% of the total flowers should be thinned. Fruit thinning should be carried out in stages, and l fruits should be left on the leaves of about 40 fruits. Adult trees should keep more fruits in the upper part of the crown and less fruits in the lower part of the crown. 6. Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases. At present, the diseases found include bergamot anthracnose, ulcer and scab. Generally, 50% carbendazim 800 times solution or 70% thiophanate-methyl 800- 1000 times solution can be used for control. It can also be controlled by Bordeaux mixture, with equal amount of 0.8% lime before germination and 0.3%-0.5% lime during growth. The main pests are liriomyza sativae and red spider, which can be controlled by omethoate, methamidophos and amitriptyline. In addition, there are butterflies, scale insects, scarabs and other pests, and pesticides such as 40% isocarbophos 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos 1000 times can be sprayed. 7. Pay attention to winter safety. Whether it can survive the winter safely will directly affect the growth and development of young trees and the flowering and fruiting of mature trees. At present, plastic greenhouses are widely used in Jinhua and other places for wintering, so it is best to move the bergamot basin into the greenhouse before the middle and late period of 1 1.

(2) Ground planting technology of bergamot: Generally, ground planting of bergamot can bear fruit l years earlier than pot planting, and the yield is obviously improved. The ground planting density is generally 2× 2-2.5 m, and other cultivation management is basically similar to that of potted plants. Doing a good job in overwintering management is the key measure for planting bergamot on the ground. Specific measures are:

1. Select flag shell with strong cold resistance and drought resistance, which is suitable for ground planting, as rootstock to graft into high-quality seedlings.

2. Choose the low hills and gentle slopes in the south or southwest direction and plant them at an altitude of 20-100 m. ..

3. Create shelterbelts and improve the environment of bergamot garden. Shelterbelt should be a ventilated forest with 70%-80% density of mixed planting of trees and shrubs, and the effect is the best. Tree species should be evergreen, fast-growing, windproof and harmless to bergamot, such as france holly and poplar.

4. Advocate the construction of bamboo plastic greenhouse to improve the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse.

5. Before freezing, water should be poured in the bergamot garden for about 10d, and trees should be used for overwintering.

6. Spraying steam insulation agent on the canopy in winter has obvious anti-freezing effect.

7. After winter, use dry scarification 3cm at the root of bergamot tree, and rake the soil in time when the temperature rises in spring.

8. Wrap the trunk and branches with straw or waste film.

There are also bergamot called "bergamot citron" (Shu Min), "tangerine" (Qianshu), "tangerine" (Guzhou Miscellanies), "Fushou Orange" (commonly used Chinese herbal medicine compilation) and "Finger Orange" (Guangyao Zhi), and most people call you.

Bergamot is a kind of citrus belonging to the aromatic family, which is native to Southeast Asia. Compendium of Materia Medica includes the fruits of Fructus Alpiniae. "Wood is like Zhu Luan, with long leaves and thorns between branches. Planting near water, its fruit is like a human hand, with fingers, which is called bergamot. "

Jinhua is one of the main producing areas of bergamot in China. Jinhua bergamot, nicknamed Golden Bergamot, is also called Orchid Bergamot because it is mainly distributed in Lanxi in history. 1April, 998, Jinhua was named "the hometown of bergamot in China" by the state.

There is a vivid and interesting story about the origin of the Golden Buddha. According to legend, in ancient times, at the southern foot of Jinhua Mountain (now Beishan Mountain) in Zhejiang Province, there lived a single-family farm, and mother and son lived together. My mother is over 60 years old and weak. She covers her chest with her hands all day, and her chest and abdomen are painful, panting, frowning and miserable. She has a son named Luo Xiaoshun. The son sought medical treatment for his mother, but there was no good medicine. One night, Luo Xiaoshun dreamed of a beautiful fairy and gave a fruit like a girl's hand. He ran home and smelled it for his mother, and he was three points better. In order to cure his mother's illness, Luo Xiaoshun made up his mind to look for the fruit like a fairy jade hand, and set off at dawn the next day. After a whole day of climbing mountains, Luo Xiaoshun felt exhausted and sat down on a big stone in the mountain. Suddenly, a little frog jumped in front of him and sang, "There are fairy fruits on the top of Jinhua Mountain, which can save your mother;" Open the mountain gate at midnight tomorrow to find good medicine. " Luo Xiaoshun was very happy to hear that. Late the next night, Luo Xiaoshun successfully entered the mountain gate through the stars in the sky, only to see flowers everywhere in the mountain gate, fairy fruits covered with branches and dazzling golden light. At this time, a beautiful fairy floated in, which was the fairy I saw in my dream. Luo Xiaoshun knelt down happily and prayed for fruit. The fairy thought her filial piety was sincere and gave him a fairy fruit to treat his mother. Luo Xiaoshun thought that there are countless sick people in the world. Why not take some fairy fruit seedlings to plant on the earth and bear fairy fruit to entertain everyone? Seeing that he was kind-hearted, the fairy gave him an orange seedling and asked him to bring it back to the earth for planting. After Luo Xiaoshun came home, he gave his mother an orange decoction, and the effect was magical. On the first day, he didn't feel pain in his chest and abdomen. The next day, he can eat porridge and rice. On the third day, he can work in the fields. After mother recovered from illness, mother and son planted orange seedlings in the garden and cultivated them hard. After three or four years, the orange seedlings grew up and produced fruitful results. They also planted the propagated seedlings for people in nearby villages and treated the fruits for people. Everyone thinks that the fairy is the goddess of salvation and the "orange" fruit is the "hand" of Guanyin in the sky. Therefore, people call this fruit "bergamot".

The bergamot is a precious Chinese herbal medicine. According to Compendium of Materia Medica and Ben Feng Jing Yuan, bergamot and its fruit have the effects of regulating qi and resolving phlegm, regulating stomach, relieving swelling and vomiting, soothing the liver and strengthening the spleen. It tastes bitter, sweet and nontoxic. Into the liver, spleen and stomach. Can be decocted, soaked in wine, made into tea and blended with honey. Soak flowers, fruits and leaves in wine to make tea, which is fragrant, relaxing muscles and tendons, promoting blood circulation, expelling wind and resolving hard mass. Long-term use has health care effect on middle-aged and elderly people. It is effective to treat splenomegaly and duodenal diseases with root leaves. Therefore, by refining, honey blending, soaking, preparation and other methods, bergamot can be processed into a variety of health care drugs, foods and raw materials, and new products can be introduced, which can obtain certain economic benefits.