● Original text

Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.

● Background introduction

Tao Yuanming (365 ~ 427) was born in Chaisang, Xunyang. Shi Tao played down Qingyuan's pen and wrote about rural life and street scenery, which opened up a new realm for poetry.

There are twenty-two poems in Drinking, and this is the third poem. There was a small preface before, indicating that all the works were drunk, not written at the moment, and there was no internal connection. They are prosperous and independent. This song mainly shows the interest of seclusion. After work, drunk as a fiddler, under the background of sunset glow, under the cover of Shan Lan, under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums, overlooking Nanshan, how profound it is at this time! One of the characteristics of Tao poetry is simplicity, and emotion and meaning are integrated and inseparable. He often uses words such as "forgetting words" and "forgetting" to block the exploration and revelation of rational laws, which may be a manifestation of poetry returning to nature.

Comments by Professor Cheng Yuzhui, Chinese Department of Peking University.

The host Tao Yuanming lives in the countryside and is a hermit who doesn't care about the world. He can have a far-reaching influence on China literature, and even become the spiritual home of later literati. Can you talk about his position in the history of China literature?

Cheng Yuzhui Tao Yuanming has a very prominent position in the history of China literature. His 120 poem can be said to be very good. We can say that poems with many themes before the Tang Dynasty reached their peak in the Tang Dynasty. For example, frontier poems, landscape poems and farewell poems, but there is a very special phenomenon, that is, landscape pastoral poems were initiated by Tao Yuanming and pushed to the peak by Tao Yuanming. We said that there were many pastoral poets in the Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, and there were also some pastoral poets in the Song Dynasty, such as Fan Chengda and Yang Wanli. There are so many pastoral poets in Tang and Song Dynasties that their pastoral poems are all in the shadow of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, which can be said to be no more than Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems. Therefore, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are very valuable wealth in the history of China literature.

He was born in 365 AD and died in 427 AD. Life can be divided into three periods: before the age of 29, reading is the main thing; From the age of 29 to 4 1 year, going out to be an official for a period of time and then retiring is a period of repeated official retirement. When he was a county magistrate in Pengze, the superior came to inspect the work, and the junior scribes said, you should put on your clothes and hat quickly, and then go to see him. He sighed and said, "I can't bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice." So he hung up his hat and left. This spirit of not bending over for a bucket of rice is the pride of our intellectuals in China, which has influenced generations of intellectuals. Like Li Bai, he said, "How can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen?" This spirit is very valuable. Later, he retired to the countryside, where he spent his old age. He has a good relationship with the villagers. When he has wine, let the old man next door drink it together. When he doesn't have wine, he knocks on people's doors and says that if you have wine at home, so this is very straightforward. Moreover, he also personally participated in manual labor. He wrote a poem, "Shannan grows beans and the grass is full of bean sprouts." Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The road is narrow and the vegetation is long, and the evening dew is stained with clothes; The clothes are not covered, but the wish is not violated. " This "wish" is generally understood as a wish to return to nature, but I think there is another explanation besides this, that is, this wish is a harvest wish. I think it doesn't matter if the clothes are wet as long as there is a bumper harvest. This understanding may be closer to ordinary people, which will not affect the greatness of Tao Yuanming's image. Tao Yuanming's personality is very straightforward. He himself said, "Little is not suitable for common luck, and naturally loves Qiushan." He likes natural frankness very much, and there is a typical example. He can't play the piano, but there is always a piano with strings at home, the kind without strings. When he is happy, he plays the piano with it. Without strings, there must be no sound. If there is no sound, don't make such a sound. "But if you have fun on the piano, why bother to play the strings?" In other words, as long as you are interested in playing the piano, you don't need the sound of strings, which is very interesting. One of his favorite things in life is wine and the other is chrysanthemum, both of which are outstanding, and these two points are vividly reflected in the fifth part of Drinking.

Please ask the host to give us an evaluation of Tao Yuanming's Drinking.

Cheng Yuzhui's poems are very good. He said at the beginning that "building a house is on earth, but there is no noise of horses and chariots." He built his house on earth, but he couldn't hear the sound of horses and chariots, so there must be the sound of horses and chariots on earth. Why is there no noise of horses and chariots? He asked himself, "I asked you why not", that is, I asked you what brought you to this point. Then he replied, "Under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums, you can see Nanshan leisurely." This is Tao Yuanming's very famous chrysanthemum poem. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence" is a prone position, and "leisurely seeing Nanshan" is a prone position. Under the "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence", he inadvertently looked up to see Nanshan, the beautiful Nanshan is Lushan Mountain, and Lushan Mountain in his hometown suddenly jumped into his eyes. So the word "see" is well used. Su Dongpo once said: If you change this "looking" Nanshan to "looking" Nanshan, it will be boring. Then he said, "The weather in the mountains is getting better every day, and birds are singing and flowers are fragrant", which means that the natural landscape in the mountains is good in the morning and evening. At night, the birds call their friends and return together. It is in this natural atmosphere that nature returns to the nest. So from such a very natural and frank artistic conception, Tao Yuanming felt a certain situation in life. But such a delicate situation is difficult to express in words, so it can only be expressed in words, so "I want to argue and forget to say it."

What does this poem by the host mean to us today?

Cheng Yuzhui's poem is a very good poem, and its beauty lies in the truth of feelings and the naturalness of everything, especially "when you ask your husband what he can do, you are far from self-centered" and "far from self-centered", which is enlightening to us today, that is, we live in such a very modern and noisy society today, and we can't live in seclusion in the mountains and forests like Tao Yuanming's time. In this very lively reality, as long as each of us stays away from some fame and fortune, some material pursuits and some secular officialdom, then the place where we live will become remote and our mood will become quiet. We will also overcome some impetuous emotions and make ourselves very quiet, which is very beneficial to our self-cultivation of life and social peace.

Building a house is under human conditions,

There is no noise of horses and chariots.

Ask what you can do,

The heart is far from being self-centered.

Under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums,

See Nanshan leisurely.

The mountains are getting better every day,

Birds live in harmony.

There is a real meaning in this,

I forgot what I wanted to say.

Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, said goodbye to Peng after his seclusion. By describing the beautiful scenery of the countryside, the poet showed his leisurely life and detached state of mind.

The language of this poem is plain and simple, but it does not lose its charm. It is natural and thought-provoking to write a refreshing realm in everyday language without exaggeration. The phrase "a natural language is always new, and it is extravagant to see the truth" fully expresses the language characteristics of this poem.

Take scenery as the source of poetry, emotion as the edge of poetry, and reason as the end of poetry. The "mind" and "land" in the first four sentences are the relationship between subjective spirit and objective environment. As long as you are "ambitious", you will not be disturbed by secular noise anywhere. You, while picking chrysanthemums, enjoy the mountains, and people and scenery are integrated. The mountain air in the evening and the returning birds make up a beautiful scenery. It contains the true meaning of life, which cannot be expressed in words. The unity of things and me means infinity.

The whole poem is fresh and natural, without any affectation, and writes the poet's feelings of contentment and contentment. If it weren't for his extraordinary personality and clear understanding of life, how could he have such a vast poem? People who have desires have desires. People should do whatever it takes to be different; Man's desire is infinite, but his desire is limited. At what age you live, you have what kind of desires. Without desire, there is no hope. But people want to create it because of life. Different people have different desires, and different desires make different people. Desire must be right, and desire must have fruit. How about life, it is important to have desire. Whether it is a blessing or a curse, we should grasp it separately. There are too many arrogant desires. It's hard to fill the valley, don't fall in!