Alias oleoresin, Yan Jia, Murraya murraya and Golden Millet.

It belongs to Oleaceae and Oleaceae.

Osmanthus fragrans is native to the eastern Himalayas in southwest China, and also distributed in India, Nepal and Cambodia. Now Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei and other provinces have wild; From the Huaihe River basin to the lower reaches of the Yellow River, it is widely planted in the south, and many rows of potted plants are planted in the north. Relatively concentrated producing areas are Guangfu in Suzhou, Jiangsu, Bai Dun in Xianning, Hubei, Manjue in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Yangshuo in Guilin, Guangxi and Guishuo in Xinxiang, Sichuan. In addition, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing, Changsha and other cities have also been planted in large quantities recently. Osmanthus fragrans is cultivated in Japan and India. 18 was introduced to Britain from Guangzhou, China in 1970s. The British Royal Kew Garden began to be cultivated in 1789, and some European countries introduced it one after another. However, only some countries along the Mediterranean coast can successfully introduce them and cultivate them in the open field.

Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen broad-leaved tree with a height of15m and a crown of 400 square meters. Osmanthus fragrans seedlings have obvious taproots, developed and deep roots. Young roots are yellow-brown, and old roots are yellow-brown. The root system of grafted seedlings varies with rootstock; When cuttings are buried in the soil, adventitious roots grow everywhere, but there is no obvious main root. Hanging flowers have strong branching and low technical points, especially in the early stage, and often appear shrub-like for a long time. After close planting or pruning, it can become an obvious trunk. Bark is rough, grayish brown or grayish white, sometimes showing lenticels. The leaf surface is smooth, leathery, dark and bright green near the axis, and the far axis surface is more talked about; Oval, oblong, oval, obovate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.

Osmanthus fragrans is a light-loving tree species, but it needs some shade at seedling stage. Adults are required to have plenty of sunshine. Only under sunny conditions can branches and leaves flourish, trees be beautiful and flowers be dense. Suitable for living in warm subtropical areas, not too cold-resistant, but relatively cold-resistant compared with other evergreen broad-leaved trees. For example, in Xuzhou, Zhengzhou, Xi 'an and other places, the extreme minimum temperature in winter is close to -20℃, but as long as the microclimate is good, the ground-planted flowers can still survive and bloom. Further north, far from the north bank of the Yellow River, only potted osmanthus can be developed.

Osmanthus fragrans has low requirements on soil and water. The soil should not be too wet, especially to avoid water accumulation. In case of waterlogging, the roots rot and leaves fall off, resulting in the death of the whole plant. There are certain requirements for air humidity. The poem of China's ancient celebrities, "The mountain is beautiful before the fog is thick" and "The mountain clouds are lonely and osmanthus is wet", vividly shows that osmanthus flowers need a foggy and wet condition with sunny days, cool nights and moist rain and dew.

Osmanthus fragrans leaves are dense and need to consume a lot of nutrients. It is suitable for growing on sandy loam with deep soil layer and rich humus, and can also grow normally on cohesive soil. But it is not tolerant to dry and barren soil, otherwise the growth will be particularly slow, the leaves will be generally yellow, and even periodic top wilting will occur. It is suitable for growth in slightly acidic soil with pH 5.5 ~ 6.5, and alkaline soil will lead to physiological iron deficiency in osmanthus fragrans. Although the leathery leaves of osmanthus fragrans have a certain ability to resist smoke and dust pollution, after being polluted, there will often be a phenomenon that only leaves grow without flowering.

Growth and development law of osmanthus fragrans: In the Yangtze River basin, from late February to early March every year, osmanthus fragrans begins to shoot new shoots. Generally, new buds are 5~25 cm long, and some are as long as 40 cm or more. The investigation shows that all branches with flowering length less than 50 cm can form flower buds, which are easy to bloom, especially the branches with 5- 15 cm have the most flowers. Most of the hanging flowers of flower buds are located at the top node and its nearby nodes, and there are few flowers below the top bud to 6 nodes. The survival of flower buds is related to the age of branches. Generally, branches less than 8 years old can blossom, but the branches in the same year bloom the most. There are few branches and flowers for more than 3 years, and the production value is not great. Usually flowers bloom twice before and after the National Day, with an interval of about 2 weeks. The flowering period is often affected by air temperature and humidity: when autumn is humid and the temperature is low, the flowering period is earlier; On the contrary, in case of high temperature and dry weather, the flowering period will be delayed accordingly. According to the experience accumulated in Guangfu producing area of Suzhou for hundreds of years, the phenology of osmanthus fragrans can be divided into 10 stages: germination stage, pearl stage, top shell stage, boll stalk stage, fragrant eye stage, initial flowering stage, initial flowering stage, full flowering stage, late flowering stage and full flowering stage. The whole flowering process lasts about half a month from the pearl stage when the buds are obviously enlarged to the withering flowering stage. The best viewing period with ornamental value is about 5-6 days, while the best harvesting period of flowers is only 2-4 days.

Osmanthus fragrans has a long economic life. Take the main variety "Russian Yinjia" in Suzhou Guangfu production area as an example: it begins to blossom after 5 years of planting, and it will be put into production after 10 years, with 0.5 kg of flowers per plant; Can receive 4-5 kilograms of flowers at the age of 20; 50-year-old flowers can receive 15-20 Jin; An 80-year-old man can collect 20-25 kilograms of flowers. As long as it is properly managed, it can still maintain a certain output until 200-300 years. This further shows that osmanthus fragrans is a garden tree species with high ecological, social and economic benefits.

Osmanthus fragrans fruits generally mature in April-May, and can be harvested when the peel gradually changes from green to purple-blue. After harvesting, water is sprayed for composting, pulp is removed, seeds are dried in the shade, and mixed with sand for storage. Hanging flower seeds have the function of post-ripening, and should be stored in sand for at least half a year until June 65438+1October of that year for autumn sowing or spring sowing the following year. According to the experience of Guilin, Guangxi, it is required that the sand layer is not wet at the initial stage of sand storage, and the water holding capacity of sand is 10%. In the middle and late stage of sand storage, the water holding capacity of sand can be gradually increased to 50% to ensure that most seeds in sand storage can germinate smoothly. During sand storage, attention should also be paid to prevent lightning strike and rodent damage to seeds. Sowing is usually carried out by drilling holes.

When sowing, the umbilical cord should be placed sideways to avoid the radicle and young stem from bending, which will affect the future seedling growth. After sowing, cover straw thinly and build a shade shed. Generally, the sowing amount per mu is 20 kg, which can produce 25-30 thousand seedlings. The height of the seedlings in that year was about 15-20cm. Stay in bed for 2 years and transplant in the spring of the third year. Hanging flowers in Guilin, Guangxi bear fruit every year, and this method is often used to cultivate large seedlings for landscaping. Seeding seedlings begin to bloom later, generally after 10 years old; And it is not easy to keep that original characteristic of the variety. But it has strong adaptability and can be used as an excellent variety of grafted flowers.

Spread of layering: generally divided into two types: ground layering and air layering. Osmanthus fragrans is a small shrubby tree, so it is necessary to choose low-tech or clustered mother plants for layering operation; In the Guangfu area of Suzhou, in order not to affect the production of flower picking, flower farmers adopted the local layering method. The specific method is to select a relatively strong low-stem mother tree from March to June, press the lower branches of l-2 years old into a ditch 3-5 cm deep, cut soil to cover the ditch, and fix the pressed branches with wooden stakes or bamboo chips, leaving only the tips and leaves outside the soil. Usually, each parent tree can reproduce about 10 seedlings. In Hangzhou Huayuangang Nursery, flower farmers use full layering method. That is to say, in the large seedling area in the nursery, the female parent osmanthus fragrans (lO- 15) is selected, and all its new shoots are sown and buried in the soil, so that about 100 seedlings with uniform specifications can be obtained. These seedlings were separated from their mother after two years. After l-2 years of recovery and recuperation, the original mother tree can be used to raise seedlings again. Osmanthus fragrans can also be propagated by high pressure method. However, there are too many artificial flowers, the number of reproduction is limited, and sometimes it will hurt the mother tree. Therefore, it is generally only suitable for the breeding of osmanthus fragrans.

Grafting propagation: Grafting is the most commonly used method to propagate osmanthus seedlings. Specifically, it can be divided into two methods: docking and cutting. Grafting rootstocks mainly include Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum lucidum, water wax, Liu Su Chimonanthus praecox, ash and so on. The practice shows that the grafting survival rate of Ligustrum lucidum rootstock is high, and the initial growth is fast, but the affinity is poor, the interface healing is not good, and it is easy to be blown off by the wind. Rootstocks such as Ligustrum lucidum, small wax and water wax have high survival rate and good affinity in the initial stage, but they are not coordinated enough in the later stage, which will form the phenomenon of "small feet" in the upper position; Rootstocks such as willow and Fraxinus mandshurica also showed good affinity in the early stage, but they were still not coordinated enough in the later stage, often forming a "big foot" phenomenon of renting at the top and renting at the bottom. 4. Cuttage propagation: Since 1970s, the survival rate of osmanthus fragrans cuttings has been steadily increased to over 90% after the introduction of the new technology of high and low double shade shed and closed cuttage seedling raising, so cuttage propagation has been widely used in production. The conventional cutting of hanging flowers is mostly twig cutting, which is carried out from mid-June to late August. Generally speaking, it is appropriate to take 20-30-year-old flowering mother trees with excellent varieties and strong plants as cuttings and cut semi-mature branches of the year in the middle and upper part of the crown.

Osmanthus fragrans branches have the habit of producing l-5 roots at the same time (3 branches are mostly). Generally, the terminal central branch should be chosen because such branches take root quickly and have high survival rate. The length of cuttings is generally 8~ 10 cm and the thickness is 0.3 ~ 0.5 cm. If the cutting has three nodes, it is better to put two nodes in the soil and 1 node outside when cutting, so as to win more roots. Cutting density: row spacing 10-20cm, plant spacing of 3cm, and about 65,438+10,000 cuttings per mu. Be sure to shade in time after cutting. Nowadays, various places often design and use double shade sheds to shade the sun. That is, build a shade shed with a height of 2 meters (people can walk under it), and cover or hang curtains on and around it; Then under the high shade shed, according to the specifications of each bed, build a low shade shed with a height of 0.7 meters and cover it with curtains. Practice has proved that the survival rate of cutting in double shade shed is much higher than that in single shade shed. The temperature in the double shade shed should be kept at 25-28℃ and the relative humidity should be kept at 84-89%. After shading for 2 months, the cuttings produced healing tissue and gradually grew new roots. In June 5438+ 10, the low shade shed was demolished, and in June 165438+ 10, the high shade shed was demolished, and the shed was rebuilt to prepare for winter. Under the condition of double shade shed facilities, several groups of closed plastic film annular sheds can be added. Under the protection of this step-by-step triple shed, the best temperature and humidity can be obtained by hanging flower cuttings, and the ideal seedling effect can be achieved. At present, nine provinces and cities including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Guizhou, Anhui, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Henan and Shanghai have applied it in production, which is called "closed cutting method".

Planting hanging flowers in the most suitable environmental conditions for their growth; At the same time, arrange and improve the planting environment to make it more suitable for the growth of hanging flowers. This is the principle and direction of cultivating hanging flowers. Before developing hanging flowers, we should carefully consider the requirements of hanging flowers on geographical climate zone and altitude, as well as the soil conditions and allowable range of air pollution in specific planting sites. Generally speaking, the north of Nanling Mountain and the south of Qinling Mountain are suitable cultivation and distribution areas of osmanthus fragrans. The elevation of the basin should be below 500 meters; The south-central region requires an altitude below 1500m; The southwest plateau is required to be between1500-2500m. The pollution in the planting area should be light, the content of sulfur dioxide in the air should be less than 0. 1 mg/L, and the amount of dustfall should be less than 20 tons /km2/ month. The soil layer should be deep, the groundwater should be below L, O- 1.5m, the drainage should be good, and there should be no stagnant water sticking plate under the topsoil. The ground should be unpaved; If it is really necessary to pave, it should be outside the crown of adult trees. The bulk density of garden soil should be less than 1.4g/cm3 in order to close management and keep soil sulfur loose. If the above conditions can be met, it will flourish and bloom well, and there will be no phenomena of scorched tip withering and flowering failure. Osmanthus fragrans planting holes should be dug deep and wide, and more manure should be applied as base fertilizer. When planting, carefully plant large seedlings with soil balls.

Planting should not be too deep. If necessary, pile soil on the flat ground for planting. If the planting is tall, it needs to be fixed with wooden stakes, and a large number of Ryukyu branches should be trimmed at the same time. Osmanthus fragrans transplantation is often carried out from mid-March to late April or after flowering in autumn, and can also be transplanted in rainy season if necessary. Transplanting is forbidden in winter to avoid poor growth and delay flowering for 1-3 years. Osmanthus fragrans is fertilized twice a year. Apply base fertilizer in winter, and LL-65438+sufficient fertilizer in February to promote flourishing branches and leaves and flower bud differentiation in the coming year; Top dressing in summer in July promotes the prosperity of autumn flowers. Pay attention to irrigation for flower sulfur and osmanthus; However, watering should be controlled when flowering, otherwise it is easy to drop flowers. After plastic surgery, sweet-scented osmanthus should not be pruned intensively, but only the branches of diseases and insect pests, thin and weak correction, incomplete skills, endogenous branches and virtual branches. In the annual flowering period, it is forbidden to break the branches of osmanthus fragrans to prevent the tree from declining. It is necessary to prevent and control all kinds of pests and diseases in time in combination with garden cleaning.

The main pests and diseases that harm bloom flowers are red spider, whitefly, scale insect, cobia and Fusarium. In recent years, more and more people cut osmanthus in family pots. Especially in the northern areas where it is difficult to overwinter in the open air, pot scissors and hanging flowers are more popular. Hanging flowers and potted plants are well managed, and they are placed in the courtyard sunshine in summer without shading. It is safe to overwinter indoors in winter. The proportion of soil for hanging flowers in potted plants is not strict, and it can usually be composed of garden soil, manure pile and river sand, each accounting for 1/3. If the acidity is too high (such as latosol in Lingnan area), some lime powder or plant ash can be added; If the alkalinity is too heavy (such as brown soil in North China), some aluminum sulfate or ferrous sulfate can be added. In spring, after potted osmanthus fragrans, it should be watered enough to make it permeable, and then moved to the shade for about 10 days to make it "on the pot". During the period of holding the basin, you can not water it, let alone fertilize it. Water and fertilizer can only be applied after the growth has resumed and new leaves have grown.

The specific requirements for watering are: generally water every corner for 3-4 days in spring and autumn, every l-2 days in summer, every 7- 10 days in winter, and water every time. When using fertilizers, organic fertilizers, such as compost manure, must be completely decomposed and fermented before they can be used (marked by black manure juice). When using chemical fertilizer, it is necessary to make clear the composition and content of the fertilizer and use it reasonably according to the different growth and development stages of osmanthus fragrans. The safe concentration of urea is 0.5- 1.0%, and that of calcium superphosphate is 2%.

Pruning of potted osmanthus fragrans should be done after autumn flowers. For plants with high trunk, hollow lower branches and bad tree shape, all the top branches can be cut off at 2/3-3/4 of the trunk height to stimulate new branches to grow at the lower part of the trunk. For plants with too large crown and "top-heavy" shape, you can cut off the branches that are too thick above and keep the branches below to balance the tree. Plants with too dense branches can be thinned to make the remaining branches flourish. Practice has proved that overall pruning, especially heavy pruning combined with comprehensive management of water and fertilizer, has a good effect on improving the growth of osmanthus fragrans.

After the first frost in the north of China (Huanghuai Valley is behind beginning of winter), potted osmanthus should be kept in a cold room for the winter. Room temperature should be kept at 0-5℃ and relative humidity at 50-80%. The indoor light is better in winter, especially before the buds begin to sprout in early spring, so more sunshine is needed. The following spring, after Grain Rain in North China (before and after the shock), potted osmanthus was arranged to leave the room. After leaving the room, put it in the outdoor leeward and sunny place, and then put it in rows to gradually adapt to the external environment. Potted osmanthus has a certain development prospect. It can expand the cultivation range of osmanthus fragrans and effectively control the flowering period of osmanthus fragrans. According to reports, Beijing moved osmanthus fragrans into the greenhouse 1 month before it bloomed, maintained a proper high temperature, and often called the leaves to water them. Take it out of the greenhouse two weeks before flowering, cool it, and keep the low temperature of 18℃, then it can bloom on National Day.

Some osmanthus varieties can bear fruit after flowering, while others can't. Flower anatomy proves that the fruiting of osmanthus fragrans varieties is mainly related to the structure of flower organs.

Taking the analysis of osmanthus fragrans cultivars in East China as an example, the stamens and pistils of' Zaohuang' and' Zaoyinjia' were extremely delayed and could not bear fruit. The stamens of varieties such as' Late Yinjia' and' Jinhua' developed normally or a few abnormally, while the pistils degenerated and could not bear fruit. The pistils of' Zigui' and' Yueluo' developed normally and could bear fruit after flowering. In addition, there are also factors such as terroir and plant heredity that can affect the seed setting rate. To do a good job in the breeding of osmanthus fragrans, we must first understand the mechanism and principle of variety sterility.

Osmanthus fragrans is evergreen all year round, with lush foliage, crisp autumn air and overflowing fragrance, which can be described as "monopolizing Sanqiu over others". It is widely used in gardens, often used as landscape trees, including single planting, opposite planting and cluster planting. In the classical gardens of China, hanging flowers are often collocated with buildings and rocks, and clustered shrubs are located near pavilions, terraces, buildings and pavilions. Old-style gardens are often used for happiness, which is called "double hanging court" or "double laurel leaves fragrance" Planting hanging trees around the house or behind the house can get the effect of "golden wind delivering fragrance". Osmanthus fragrans is resistant to harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen nitride, and it is also a good greening flower in industrial and mining areas. Osmanthus fragrans is also a raw material for food processing, which can be used to soak wine, harm tea and make various cakes and sweets. Its flowers, fruits and roots can be used as medicine.